2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前模拟强化练习题76（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The disparity between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a（ ）that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.问题1选项A.predictabilityB.re

2、dundancyC.conflictD.wisdom【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。predictability 可预测性；redundancy 冗余，裁员；conflict冲突；wisdom智慧。强调独立性和个性的教育目标与强调服从规则并与他人合作的教育目标，这两者的不一致说明存在分歧，冲突。故C项正确。句意：强调独立和个性的教育目标与强调服从规则和与他人合作的教育目标之间的差异反映了这些目标所基于的价值观之间的冲突。2. 单选题Galaxy clusters are the most massive structures in the universe and exert such a p

3、owerful（ ）pull that they warp the space time around them and act as cosmic lenses that can magnify, distort and bend the light behind them.问题1选项A.gravitationalB.exceptionalC.motivationalD.sensational【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项gravitational表示“重力的，引力的”；B选项exceptional表示“超常的，异常的，例外的”；C选项motivational表示“动机的，激发

4、性的”；D选项sensational表示“轰动的，耸人听闻的，使人感动的”。由句意可知，星系团是宇宙中最巨大的结构，它能产生巨大的引力，扭曲周围的时空，就像宇宙透镜一样放大、扭曲和弯曲后面的光线。因此，A选项gravitational的含义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。3. 单选题Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year（ ）than automobile accidents.问题1选项A.seven more timesB.over seven timesC.seven times

5、 moreD.seven times【答案】C【解析】考查倍数的表达。由句意可知，吸烟对个人健康的危害如此之大，每年导致的死亡人数是汽车事故的7倍。而倍数的常用表达形式为：A+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than+B，由此可知，本题正确答案为C选项。4. 单选题Located in the Free Trade Zone, the trade center sells goods imported from Europe, offering nearly 17,000 products from 52（ ）European brands.问题1选项A.well-knownB.overseasC.

6、ready-madeD.counterfeit【答案】A【解析】A选项well-known表示“著名的，众所周知的”；B选项overseas表示“海外的，国外的”；C选项ready-made表示“现成的，做好的，平凡的，陈旧的”；D选项counterfeit表示“仿造的，假冒的”。 分析句子可知，空缺处单词修饰European brands，因此只有A选项最符合句意。故本题正确答案为A选项。句意：该贸易中心位于自由贸易区，销售从欧洲进口的商品，提供来自52个知名欧洲品牌的近17000种产品。5. 单选题Up until a few decades ago, our visions of-the

7、 future were largely - though by no means uniformly-glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, f

8、rom asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we? Take a broader look a

9、t our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the Red List of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature（IUCN）, and you will read: Lis

10、ted as Least Concern, as the species is .very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that ques

11、tion. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays te

12、chnology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view

13、 and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which

14、our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic View of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to

15、 improve the lot of those to come.1. We used to have a positive vision of the future because of（ ）.2. According to the IUCNs “Red List”, human being（ ）.3. Paragraph 5 suggest that（ ）.4. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（ ）.5. The best title for the text would be（ ）.问题1选项A.our faith i

16、n science and technologyB.our desire for lives of fulfillmentC.our awareness of potential risksD.our belief in equal opportunity问题2选项A.are the worlds dominant powerB.will threaten the environmentC.face no major threatsD.are a misplaced race问题3选项A.Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studiesB.t

17、echnology offers solutions to social problemC.the interest in science fiction is on the riseD.our immediate future is hard to conceive问题4选项A.explore our planets abundant resourcesB.draw on our experience from the pastC.adopt an optimistic view of the worldD.curb our ambition to reshape history问题5选项A

18、.The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindB.Evolution of the Human SpeciesC.Uncertainty about Our FutureD.Science, Technology and Humanity【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由原文第一段可知，直到几十年前，我们对未来的看法大多是积极的。科学和技术将治愈人类的所有疾病，为所有人带来满足和充满机会的生活。由此可以判断，我们通常对未来拥有积极的态度是因为我们相信科技的力量。因此，本题正确答案为A选项。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定

19、位到原文第三段，由第三段最后一句“.there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”可知，人类目前并没有什么主要的威胁可以导致整体人口下降。故本题正确答案为C选项。3.推理判断题。由第五段第一句“Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.”可知考虑时间跨度比较长的未来要比考虑近期的未来更容易。由此可判断D选项正确。其他选项

20、均不能由第五段内容得出，因此本题正确答案为D选项。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到原文第六段第二句。由“the past holds the key to the future”可知，我们的过去掌握着通往未来的钥匙。因此，要确保人类的未来，非常关键的一点就是要从过去总结经验，因此本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是因为科技的进步，人类的未来充满光明，我们现在拥有足够的知识来减少许多威胁人类生存的风险，并且能够改善未来人类的命运。因此，A选项“人类永远光明的未来”最适合作为文章的题目。故本题正确答案为A选项。6. 单选题If a school posts a students

21、name and test score without obtaining student（or parental）（ ）, it can violate FERPA, a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records.问题1选项A.condemnationB.confirmationC.consentD.confine【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项condemnation表示“谴责，定罪，征用”，B选项confirmation表示“确认，事实，证明，批准”，C选项consent表示“准许，赞同

22、，正式批准文件”，D选项confine表示“边界，范围，限制”。由句意可知，如果学校在未取得学生（或家长）（ ）情况下公布学生的姓名和考试成绩，它就违反了联邦法律。由此可知，C选项词义最符合原句句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。7. 单选题Brussels warned that action is needed to avoid the risks of（ ）effects on the French economy, in view of the countrys current economic difficulties and its excessive deficit.问题1选项A.vu

23、lgarB.spiralC.divineD.adverse【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项vulgar表示“粗俗的，通俗的”；B选项spiral表示“盘旋的，螺旋的”；C选项divine表示“神圣的，非凡的”；D选项adverse表示“不利的，相反的，敌对的”。由后文中的“the countrys current economic difficulties and its excessive deficit”可知，目前法国的经济状况已经不佳，所以法案的提出需要避免对法国经济产生不利影响。因此，本题正确答案为D选项。8. 单选题Recently a number of cases h

24、ave been reported of young children（ ）a violent act previously seen on television.问题1选项A.duplicatingB.acceleratingC.stimulatingD.modifying【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。duplicate复制；accelerate加速，促进；stimulate刺激，鼓舞；modify修改，修饰。从前后语义可推测儿童与从电视上看到的暴力行为之间的关系，应该是儿童模仿电视上的暴力行为。故A项正确。句意：最近有一些儿童模仿电视上的暴力行为的报道。9. 单选题Salary incr

25、eases are useful to retain and employees, and（ ）are also a method of recognizing the employees contribution to a company.问题1选项A.motivateB.modulateC.multiplyD.mobilize【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项motivate表示“刺激，激励，促进”；B选项modulate表示“调节，调整”；C选项multiply表示“乘，繁殖，增加”；D选项mobilize表示“动员，集合，组织”。由句意可知，涨工资有利于保持和激发员工积极性，同

26、时也是对员工贡献的认可。因此，motivate的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为A选项。10. 单选题Colorado state lawmakers will debate a bill, which will treat cyber-bullying as（ ）.问题1选项A.humiliationB.hypocrisyC.hierarchyD.harassment【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项humiliation表示“耻辱，侮辱”；B选项hypocrisy表示“虚伪，伪善”；C选项hierarchy表示“层级，等级制度”；D选项harassment表示“骚扰，烦恼”。由tr

27、eatas可知，空缺处部分应为cyber-bullying（网络欺凌）的近义词，所以harassment的词义最符合，故本题正确答案为D选项。11. 单选题Wrestler Jake “The Snake” Roberts told TMZ.com that he will（ ）emergency surgery to remove a cancerous tumour.问题1选项A.upholdB.undergoC.transferD.trigger【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项uphold表示“支撑，鼓励，赞成”；B选项undergo表示“经历，经受，忍受”；C选项transf

28、er表示“转让，转移”；D选项trigger表示“触发，引起”。由句意可知，这位摔跤手告诉TMZ.com网站说，他将进行紧急手术，切除癌症肿瘤。因此，只有undergo的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为B选项。12. 单选题For years Kaufer, an associate professor at U.C. Berkeley, has been working on how stress affects the brain and body, and the complexity of the（ ）instinct to fight or flee.问题1选项A.ethicalB.

29、militaryC.politicalD.human【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项ethical表示“伦理的，道德的”；B选项military表示“军事的，军人的”；C选项political表示“政治的，党派的”；D选项human表示“人的，人类的”。分析句意可知，这位副教授一直都致力于研究压力如何影响大脑和身体，以及人类战斗和逃跑本能的复杂性。因此human的词义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为D选项。13. 单选题Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial

30、 materials through contact with the Earths atmosphere, biota and waters. Weathering occurs in situ, or with no movement, and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind and gravity.Two important classifications

31、of weathering processes exist - physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure. The second classification, chemical weathering, involves the direct

32、 effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals（also known as biological weathering）in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals.The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil. The mineral content of the soil is determined by the p

33、arent material, thus a soil derived from a single rock type can often be deficient in one or more minerals for good fertility, while a soil weathered from a mix of rock types（as in glacial, aeolian or alluvial sediments）often makes more fertile soil. In addition many of Earths landforms and landscap

34、es are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re-deposition.Chemical weathering changes the composition of rocks, often transforming them when water interacts with minerals to create various chemical reactions. Chemical weathering is a gradual and ongoing process as the mineral

35、ogy of the rock adjusts to the near surface environment. New or secondary minerals develop from the original minerals of the rock. In this the processes of oxidation and hydrolysis are most important.The process of mountain block uplift is important in exposing new rock strata to the atmosphere and

36、moisture, enabling important chemical weathering to occur; significant release occurs of Ca+ and other minerals into surface waters.Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall PH is around 5.6

37、. Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the PH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can become sulfuric

38、 acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls.Some minerals, due to their natural solubility（e.g. evaporites）, oxidation potential（iron-rich minerals, such as pyrite）, or instability relative to surficial conditions（see Goldich dissolution series）will wea

39、ther through dissolution naturally, even without acidic water.1. Which of the following is NOT true about weathering?2. Soil is created by（ ）.3. In chemical weathering,（ ）.4. Rainwater（ ）.5. Which of the following might serve as an appropriate title for this passage?问题1选项A.It is erosion with no move

40、ment when it is caused by water.B.There exist two important classifications of weathering processes.C.It occurs through contact with the Earths atmosphere, biota and waters.D.Both physical and chemical weathering involve the breakdown of rocks and soils.问题2选项A.erosion and re-depositionB.minerals der

41、ived from rocksC.organic material left over by weatheringD.the breakdown of rocks combined with organic material问题3选项A.oxidation and hydrolysis are most important processesB.chemical reactions happen only in waterC.chemical reactions occur very quicklyD.new rocks are formed from reactions问题4选项A.cont

42、ains weak acid when it is found in areas affected by volcanic eruptionsB.is acidic when it is found in polluted environmentsC.can lower the PH of underground waterD.can cause solution weathering to rocks问题5选项A.Rainwater PollutionB.Weathering of RockC.The Creation of Fertile SoilD.Physical and Chemic

43、al Weathering【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。根据原文第一段第一句可知，风化作用是指岩石、土壤、矿物以及人工材料通过与地球大气、生物群和水的接触而进行分解，可判断C选项表述正确。由原文第二段第二句可知，风化发生在原地，或“发生时没经过运动”，因此不应与侵蚀相混淆，后者涉及水、冰、雪、风和重力等因素造成的岩石和矿物的运动，由此可以判断A选项正确。由第二段第一句可知，存在两种重要的风化作用类型物理风化和化学风化，所以可判断B选项正确。根据原文第二段第二句可知，机械或物理风化包括岩石和土壤通过直接接触大气条件而分解，如热，水，冰和压力。而

44、化学风化（也称为生物风化）主要涉及大气化学物质或生物产生的化学物质对岩石、土壤和矿物的破坏的直接影响。由此可以判断D选项表述错误。故本题正确答案为D选项。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键信息可定位到原文第三段第一句“The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic material creates soil”。由此可知，岩石分解后剩下的物质与有机物质结合形成了土壤。因此本题正确答案为D选项。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键信息“Chemical weathering”定位到原文第四段。由原文信息可知，化学风

45、化改变了岩石的成分，当水与矿物相互作用时，常常使岩石发生变化，产生各种化学反应。化学风化是岩石矿物学逐渐适应近地表环境的过程。新矿物或次生矿物由岩石的原始矿物发展而来。在这个过程中，氧化和水解过程是最重要的。由此可判断A选项表述正确。化学反应在水与矿物相互作用是发生的，并不是在水里，因此可判断B选项错误。化学风化是逐渐发生的过程，因此可判断C选项表述错误。而这些化学反应的产物是新矿物或者次生矿物，并不是岩石，由此可判断D选项表述错误。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。4.细节事实题。根据原文第六段第三句“These oxides react in the rain water to produc

46、e stronger acids and can lower the PH to 4.5 or even 3.0.”可知，这些氧化物在雨水中发生反应，产生更强的酸，可以将PH值降低到4.5甚至3.0。由此可知，雨水可以降低地下水的PH值。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。5.主旨大意题。这篇文章主要讲述的是风化作用的定义，分类以及影响因素，都是围绕风化作用进行的描述。因此B选项最适合作为文章的题目。14. 单选题When Titanic was hit by an iceberg during her maiden voyage, the captain was forced to（ ）it.问题1

47、选项A.abandonB.tow awayC.renounceD.overturn【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。abandon “放弃”；tow away “拖走”；renounce “宣布放弃”；overturn “颠覆，推翻”。句意：当泰坦尼克号被冰山袭击时，船长被迫放弃她。选项A符合题意。15. 单选题“We plan to put the First World War on stage, said the film producer,”（ ）we forget the 16 million men from around the world who left for a rea

48、l war 100 years ago and never came home.问题1选项A.lestB.whenC.whileD.unless【答案】A【解析】考查连词。lest以防；when当时候；while尽管，当时候；unless除非。句意：“我们计划把第一次世界大战搬上舞台，”这位电影制片人说，“以免我们忘记了来自世界各地的1600万人，他们在100年前参加了一场真正的战争，但再也没能回家。”前半句是结果，后半句是目的，只有A项符合逻辑。16. 单选题We can distinguish three different realms of matter, three levels o

49、n the quantum ladder. The first is the atomic realm, which includes the world of atoms, their interactions, and the structures that are formed by them, such as molecules, liquids and solids, and gases and plasmas. This realm includes all the phenomena of atomic physics, chemistry, and, in a certain

50、sense, biology. The energy exchanges taking place in this realm are of a relatively low order. If these exchanges are below one electron volt, such as in the collisions between molecules of the air in a room, then atoms and molecules can be regarded as elementary particles. That is, they have “condi

51、tional elementarity” because they keep their identity and do not change in any collisions or in other processes at these low energy exchanges. If one goes to higher energy exchanges, say 104 electron volts, then atoms and molecules will decompose into nuclei and electrons; at this level, the latter

52、particles must be considered as elementary. We find examples of structures and processes of this first rung of the quantum ladder on Earth, on planets, and on the surfaces of stars.The next rung is the nuclear realm. Here the energy exchanges are much higher, on the order of millions of electron vol

53、ts. As long as we are dealing with phenomena in the atomic realm, such amounts of energy are unavailable, and most nuclei are inert: they do not change. However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, and the processes of radioactivity occur; ou

54、r elementary particles then are protons, neutrons, and electrons. In addition, nuclear processes produce neutrinos, particles that have no detectable mass or charge. In the universe, energies at this level are available in the centers of stars and in star explosions. Indeed, the energy radiated by t

55、he stars is produced by nuclear reactions. The natural radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into space by a major stellar explosion.The third rung of the quantum ladder is the subnuclear realm. Here we are dealing with energy excha

56、nges of many billions of electron volts. We encounter excited nucleons, new types of particles such as mesons, heavy electrons, quarks, and gluons, and also antimatter in large quantities. The gluons are the quanta, or smallest units, of the force（the strong force）that keeps the quarks together. As

57、long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert. But at subnuclear energy levels, the nucleons and mesons appear to be composed of quarks, so that the quarks and gluons figure as elementary particles.1. The primary topi

58、c of the passage is（ ）.2. According to the passage, radioactivity that occurs naturally on Earth is the result of（ ）.3. According to the passage, which of the following can be found in the atomic realm?4. According to the author, gluons are not（ ）.5. The passage speaks of particles as having conditi

59、onal elementarity if they（ ）.问题1选项A.the interaction of the realms on the quantum ladderB.atomic structures found on Earth, on other planets, and on the surfaces of starsC.levels of energy that are released in nuclear reactions on Earth and in starsD.particles and processes found in the atomic, nucle

60、ar, and subnuclear realms问题2选项A.the production of particles that have no detectable mass or electric chargeB.high energy exchanges on the nuclear level that occurred in an ancient explosion in a starC.processes that occur in the center of the Sun, which emits radiation to the EarthD.high-voltage dis

61、charges of electricity that took place in the atmosphere of the Earth shortly after the Earth was formed问题3选项A.More than one level of energy exchangeB.Exactly one elementary particleC.Exactly three kinds of atomic structuresD.No particles smaller than atoms问题4选项A.found to be conditionally elementary

62、B.produced in nuclear reactionsC.encountered in subnuclear energy exchangesD.related to the strong force问题5选项A.remain unchanged at the given level of energy exchangeB.cannot be decomposed into smaller constituentsC.release energy at a low level in collisionsD.belong to the nuclear level on the quantum ladder【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。本篇开头介绍了我们可以区分物质的三个不同领域，在量子阶梯上的三个层次。接着三段分别阐述了原子能领域，原子核领域以及亚核领域的物质及物质产生过程。故D项“在原子、原子核和亚核领域中发现的粒子和过程”符合题意。2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第二段However, if one applies energies of millions of electron volts, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion,