2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题99（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-云南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题Read the following Paragraph carefully and then translate it into Chinese.The period of adolescence, i.e.，the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity

2、and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of ones life

3、. Furthermore，the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the 19th century in the United States, and more

4、 universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.【答案】青春期，即从童年到成年之间的这段时期，可能很长，也可能很短，这取决于社会的期望和社会对什么是成熟和成年的定义。在原始社会，青春期往往是相对较短的一段时间，而在人们受教育时间较长的工业社会，再加上反对童工的法律，青春期的时间要长得多，可能包括人生第二个十年的大部分时间。此外，随着社会和经济条件的变化，在特定社会中，青春期的长度和成年身份的定义可能会发生变化。这类变化的例子如：19世纪后半叶美国边疆的消失，更普遍的是农业社会的工业化。2. 单选题Changing f

5、rom solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this （ ）produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.disseminationC.assimilationD.interaction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。absorption “吸收”；dissemination “宣传”；assimilation “同化”；interaction “相互作用”。句意：水从固体变成液体需要吸入周围所有物质的热量，这一吸收

6、过程产生的低温。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题This is a difficult job, if you try your best, you will learn how to do it（ ）.问题1选项A.on timeB.behind timeC.at timesD.in time【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。on time“准时”；behind time“迟到”；at times“有时偶尔”；in time“及时”。本句意为“这是一份困难的工作，但只要你尽力，你就能很快学会的”，in time符合句意，表达“及时”的意思。因此选项D正确。4. 单选题The early retir

7、ement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an early age. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified worke

8、rs begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century.Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, and the population o

9、f those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 2001 and 2020. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massi

10、ve early retirement among baby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early

11、 retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgen

12、tly needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401(k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stock market on Wa

13、ll Street, and the likelihood of large inheritance, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the repo

14、rts recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income, provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greater healthcare benefits. However, it, m

15、ay take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.1.According to Hudson Institute researcher, the effect of the early retirement of qualifie

16、d workers in the US economy is（ ）.2.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may（ ）.3.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that （ ）.4.The word hinder” in the last sentence of Paragraph 1 refers to （ ）.5.Which of the following statements

17、 is true?问题1选项A.constructiveB.significantC.inconclusiveD.detrimental问题2选项A.do harm to younger generationsB.end up with few or no benefitsC.give- play to their potentialsD.shed light on social trends问题3选项A.there will be an acute labor shortage in the near futureB.baby-boomers contribute much to the U

18、S economic outputC.government policies concerning older people are outdatedD.older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits问题4选项A.helpB.preventC.promoteD.drag问题5选项A.Some government policies at present discourage work and savingsB.Senior citizens occupy the largest percentage of the

19、population now.C.Income seldom rises with additional years of work.D.The Hudson Institute belongs to the Government Administrations【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “根据哈德逊研究所研究报道，在美国经济中有经验的合格工作人员提前退休的影响是什么？”文章第一段第一句话提到 “有经验的工作人员提前退休严重损害了美国的经济发展”(The early retirement of experienced work

20、ers is seriously harming the U.S. economy)。因此，选项D符合题意。constructive “建设性的” ；significant “重大的，有效的” ；inconclusive “不确定的” ；detrimental “有害的”。2.细节事实题。题目所问的是 “年龄大的经验工人往往会提前退休是因为他们的长期服务可以会怎么样？”文章第三段最后一句提到 “尽管随工作年限增长工资会增加，但是他们所缴纳的税也会增加，所获得的利润变少” （Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work,

21、any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits）。因此，选项B “获得很少甚至没有好处”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “第二段主要是为了表明什么？”第二段作者通过对比老年人（65岁）和青壮年（11-44岁）的人口增长率，分别是60%和4%，说明美国社会劳动力的短缺。选项A “在不久的将来劳动力将会急剧短缺”符合题意。4.词义题。题目所问的是 “ hinder的意思是什么？ ” hinder 出现的句子

22、是there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century，在该句中，hinder的主语是a labor shortage，宾语是economic growth，根据前文可知这里提到的是年老工人的提前退休对经济发展有害，因此hinder在这里是否定意义， hinder the economic growth “阻碍经济发展”。因此，选项B符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “下列说法哪个是正确的？” 根据文章最后一段第一句提到“哈德逊研究所提倡改革政府那些不

23、鼓励工作和存储的政策” （The Hudson Institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings）可知美国政府目前所存在的问题就是 “目前一些政策阻碍了工作和存储”，因此选项A符合题意。5. 单选题He knew that he was poor, and would admit it; he would have died sooner than confess any（ ）to the rich.问题1选项A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.pri

24、orityD.preference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。superiority“优越”；inferiority“自卑”；priority“优先权”；preference“偏爱、优先权”。本句意为“他知道自己穷，也愿意承认；他宁愿死也不愿承认自己比富人低一等”，inferiority的意思让本句逻辑成立。选项符合题意。6. 单选题For a while everyone was screaming, tugging, beating and kicking and then Mother came in from the kitchen and said firmly，”（ ）! It

25、s time for a rest.”问题1选项A.DoB.Have doneC.DoingD.Done【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。Have done “够了吧；算了吧”。句意：不多一会儿，又是尖叫声，又是东西拖地声，又是敲打，踢东西声，然后母亲从厨房出来站在那里大叫：“你们够了吧！休息时间到了！”。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Universities are institutions that teach a wide variety of subjects at advanced levels. They also carry out research work aimed （1）ex

26、tending mans knowledge of these subjects. The emphasis given to each of these functions（2）from university to university, according to the views of the people in（3） and according to the resources available.The smaller and newer universities do not（4）the staff or equipment to carry out the（5） research

27、 projects possible in larger institutions.（6） most experts agree that some research activity is（7） to keep the staff and their students in （8） with the latest developments in their subjects.Most students attend a university mainly to（9） the knowledge needed for their chosen（10）. Educationists believ

28、e that this aim should not be the（11） one. Universities have always aimed to produce men and women（12） judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge.For this reason, they（13） students to meet others with differing（14）and to read widely to（15） their understanding in many fields of study.（16） a secondary s

29、chool course, a student should be interested enough in a subject to enjoy gaining knowledge for its own（17） . He should be prepared to（18）every effort to study his chosen（19） in depth. He should have an ambition to make some（20） contribution to mans knowledge.问题1选项A.atB.byC.toD.in问题2选项A.turnsB.range

30、C.movesD.varies问题3选项A.prospectB.placeC.controlD.favor问题4选项A.occupyB.possessC.involveD.spare问题5选项A.maximumB.mediumC.virtualD.vast问题6选项A.ButB.AsC.WhileD.For问题7选项A.naturalB.essentialC.functionalD.optional问题8选项A.coordinationB.accordanceC.touchD.grasp问题9选项A.acquireB.acceptC.endureD.ensure问题10选项A.processi

31、onB.professionC.possessionD.preference问题11选项A.typicalB.trueC.mereD.only问题12选项A.withB.underC.onD.through问题13选项A.promptB.provokeC.encourageD.anticipate问题14选项A.historiesB.expressions.C.interestsD.curiosities问题15选项A.broadenB.lengthenC.enforceD.specify问题16选项A.amidB.afterC.overD.upon问题17选项A.objectB.course

32、C.effectD.sake问题18选项A.takeB.makeC.sufferD.pay问题19选项A.fieldB.scopeC.targetD.goal问题20选项A.radicalB.truthfulC.meaningfulD.initial【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D第6题:A第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:D第12题:A第13题:C第14题:C第15题:A第16题:D第17题:D第18题:B第19题:A第20题:B【解析】（1）考查固定搭配。动词aim后面一般可以跟两个介词，aim at或者aim to，如果是后者的话，后面的动词应

33、该用动词原形，根据extending可知此处用at, aim at “针对；旨在”,因此选项A符合题意。（2）考查动词词组。空格处所在句子的大意是：不同大学对这些功能的重视程度不一样。vary from to “因而异”，选项D符合题意。（3）考查固定搭配。the people in charge “负责人”，选项C符合题意。（4）考查动词词义辨析。句子缺少一个谓语动词，主语是universities, 宾语是the staff or requirement，根据主语跟宾语的关系，可知possess “拥有”符合要求。（5）考查形容词词义辨析。maximum “最高的；最多的”；medium

34、“中间的，中等的”；virtual “实质上的”；vast “巨大的，大量的”。Smaller and newer universities (小规模并且是新建的大学)与后文的larger institutions (较大的机构)形成对比，空格处是较大机构做的事情，因此选项D符合题意。（6）考查逻辑连接词。空格处需根据上下文填入一个逻辑连接词。前面提到新建的小规模的大学因缺乏人力物力无法做大量的研究项目，后面提到大部分专家认为科研很重要，二者是有一个转折关系，选项A符合题意。（7）考查固定搭配。natural “自然的”；essential “基本的，必要的”；functional “功能的”

35、；optional “可选择的，随意的”。空格处所在句子的大意是：大部分专家认为搞科研对于教师和学生及时了解最新信息非常，由此可知，科研对于教师和学生来说是非常有必要的, be essential to “对很有必要”，选项B符合题意。（8）考查固定搭配。搞科研是为了让教师和学生能够及时了解最新的信息，keep in touch with为固定搭配，意思是 “与.保持联系”。选项C符合题意。（9）考查动词词义辨析。acquire “获得，取得”；accept “接受”；endure “忍耐”；ensure “确保”。所填动词后面的宾语是knowledge (知识)，acquire knowle

36、dge 搭配恰当，“获得知识”符合题意。（10）考查名词词义辨析。procession “队伍，行列”；profession“职业，专业”；possession “拥有；财产”；preference “偏爱，倾向”。前半句提到获取知识，后半句提及“他们选择的”，根据语境可知选项B符合题意。（11）考查形容词词义辨析。后文提到大学的目的是教育具有判断力和智慧、知识的男女，说明目的不止一个，选项D符合题意。（12）考查介词词义辨析。空格前面提到 men and women，后面是 judgment and wisdom as well as knowledge, 前者与后者是所属关系，用介词wit

37、h。（13）考查动词词义辨析。prompt “促进”；provoke “驱使；激怒”；encourage “鼓励，怂恿”；anticipate “预料，预期”。前文提到教育的目的不只一个，所以学校鼓励学生去结交那些兴趣不同的朋友，选项C符合题意。（14）考查名词词义辨析。history “历史”；expression“表达”；interest “兴趣爱好”；curiosity “好奇心”。“学校鼓励学生去结交那些兴趣不同的朋友”，因此选项C符合题意。（15）考查动词词义辨析。broaden “扩大”；lengthen “使延长”；enforce “实施”；specify “指定，详细说明”。前

38、面提到结交兴趣不同的朋友，会使得他们在研究领域的理解“扩大”。选项A符合题意。（16）考查介词词义辨析。需要填入一个表时间的介词，on a secondary school course “在中学课程时”，因此选项D符合题意。（17）考查固定搭配。for ones own sake “为了自己的利益”。选项D符合题意。（18）考查固定搭配。make effort to do “努力做”，选项B符合题意。（19）考查名词词义辨析。field “领域”；scope “范围”；target “目标”；goal “目标”。空格处所在句子的大意是：深入研究他所在的领域。选项A符合题意。（20）考查形容词

39、词义辨析。radical “根本的”；truthful “真实的，诚实的”；meaningful “有意义的”；initial “最初的”。空格处所在句子的大意是：他应该有抱负去为人类的知识做出真实的贡献。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Since teacher behavior is（ ）for public display, teachers must be cautious in their personal lives.问题1选项A.held upB.used upC.kept upD.dressed up【答案】A【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项hold up“举起”；B选项use up“

40、用完”；C选项keep up“保持、处于”；D选项dress up“打扮、穿戴整齐”，句意：由于教师的行为是公开展示的，教师在个人生活中必须谨慎。hold up“举起”符合题意，因此选项A正确。9. 单选题With this sensitive machine, we can find the （ ）of a milligram of aspirin in an Olympic-size swimming pool.问题1选项A.counterpartB.equivalentC.averageD.installation【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。A选项counterpart “对应的事物

41、，副本”;B选项equivalent “ （价值、数量、意义、重要性等）相等的”；C选项average “平均数，平均水平”；D选项installation“安装，就职”。题目强调的是与游泳池中的一毫克的阿司匹林相等重量的物质， 所以B选项。10. 单选题The last half of the nineteenth century （ ）the steady improvement in the means of travel.问题1选项A.toldB.declaredC.viewedD.witnessed【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项tell“告诉、讲述”；B选项declare“宣

42、布、申明”；C选项view“观察”；D选项witness“目击、见证”，句意为：19世纪后半期见证了交通工具的不断改进。D选项符合句意。11. 单选题The number of copies the paper seils seems to be in（ ）proportion to the amount of news it contains.问题1选项A.diverseB.inverseC.reverseD.averse【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。in reverse“相反”，本句意为“这份报纸的发行量似乎与它所包含的新闻量成反比”，这句话想要表达的是报纸发行量太少，in revers

43、e表达“相反”的意思使得句子逻辑成立。因此选项C正确。12. 单选题When the governor of the province arrived in the town hall he was immediately surrounded by local officials who tried every way to ingratiate themselves （ ）the governor.问题1选项A.withB.ofC.intoD.under【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。ingratiate oneself with sb. “奉承某人，讨好某人”。当省长到达大厅时，他立刻被

44、当地官员那些想讨好他的官员团团围住了。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the e

45、ye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime ea the side walk while perched on the top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual

46、distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are far-sighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both air and water because it is endowed with two foveae -areas of the eye, consisting mostly of con

47、es, that provide visual distinctions. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus bath eye, like binoculars, on it prey at the same ti

48、me. A frogs vision is distinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as bug detectors, a highly developed set of cells in a frogs eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldnt see them as food and would

49、 starve.The bee has a “compound eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facet, that divide what it seen into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as constantly measures the angle of its line of fight in relation to the sun. A bees eye also gauges

50、 flight speed. And if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 “perfect vision, paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we cant-ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be perfect vision is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still

51、much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasure of color vision.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.According to the passage, why might birds and animals consider humans very visually handicapped?3.According to the passage, which of th

52、e following is NOT true?4.The word that” in line 10 refer to （ ）.5.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.Eye variation among different speciesB.Limits of the human eyeC.Perfect visionD.Different eyes for different uses问题2选项A.Humans cant see very well in either air or water.B

53、.Humans eyes are not as well suited to our needs.C.The main outstanding feature of human eyes is color vision.D.Human eyes cant do what their eyes can.问题3选项A.Kingfishers have monocular vision.B.Hawks eyes consist mostly of cones that can allow it to scan with one eye at a time.C.Humans are farsighte

54、d in water.D.Bees see patterns of dots.问题4选项A.FoveaeB.Areas of the eyeC.ConesD.Visual distinction问题5选项A.Eyes have developed differently in each speciesB.Bees have the most complex eyesC.Humans should not envy what they dont needD.Perfect vision is not perfect.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.试题解析：

55、主旨大意题。文章第一段提到人类的视力与其他物种相比，并不是完美的，紧接着列举了几种不同动物的眼睛及其视力特征；第二段主要介绍了动物“蜜蜂”的眼睛特征，简要提到了只有人类和一些灵长类动物才能享受彩色视觉的乐趣。因此本文主要是介绍不同的眼睛有不同的用途，选D。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us

56、very visually handicapped.（但是，对其他物种来说，能够读懂眼图上的底线并不能接近完美。大多数鸟类会认为我们视力很差）可知人类的视力比其他动物的视力要差，具有局限性，因此选D。3.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的while the kingfisher. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air to scan the water below with one eye at a time.（然而翠鸟其中一个凹窝允许飞翔在空中的翠鸟不吋用一只眼瞳扫视水面的情况）可知B选项不是鹰眼的特征，而是翠鸟眼睛的特征，题干中问的是“NOT

57、 true”，因此选B。4.词义题。根据题干信息“that” in line 10”定位至文章第一段中，由And in water, humans are far-sighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both air and water because it is endowed with two foveae -areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions.（在水里，

58、人类是远视的，而俯冲到水里捉鱼的翠鸟在水上和水下都能看清景物，因为它的眼睛里有两凹窝区域，这两个凹窝主要由具有视觉分辨能力的圆锥细胞组成）可知句中的“that”为关系代词，修饰前面的先行词“cones”，引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，因此选C。5.推理判断题。本文主要介绍了人类眼睛的特点以及鹰、翠鸟、青蛙、蜜蜂这几种不同动物的眼睛特征与视力，因此A选项“每一物种的眼睛都有不同的发育”符合题意。14. 单选题In some countries customers dont pay （ ） for the services in restaurants or barber shops.问题1选项A

59、.gratuitiesB.stipendsC.bonusesD.allowances【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。Gratuities “小费，赠品”；stipends “薪水”；bonuses “奖金”；allowances “津贴”。句意：在一些国家，顾客不用为餐馆或理发店的服务付小费。选项A符合题意。15. 单选题The（ ）from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to the soaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.问

60、题1选项A.brain damageB.brain trustC.brain feverD.brain drain【答案】D【解析】考查语义。A选项brain damage“脑损伤”；B选项brain trust“智囊团”；C选项brain fever“脑膜炎”；D选项brain drain“人才外流”，句意为：由于发达国家对高科技专业人才的需求激增，来自不发达国家的人才外流很可能会增加。brain drain“人才外流”符合题意，因此选D。16. 单选题The government is expected to make new legislations to （ ）foreign inve

61、stment in real estate.问题1选项A.manipulateB.regulateC.dominateD.prevail【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项manipulate “操纵，控制”；B选项regulate “调节，管理”; C选项dominate “控制，支配”；D选项prevail “盛行，战胜”；空格前的“legislations法规”是这个动词的逻辑主语，所以跟“法规”搭配应该是B选项。17. 写作题Directions: Choose one of the two topics to develop an essay of about 300 words.1.“All you need in this life is ignorance and confidence; then success is sure.” How do you understand this statement? You can