考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷38（附带答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考试易错、难点名师剖析押密卷（附带答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.翻译题While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were tho

2、ught to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the

3、 attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.【答案】虽然魅力对于男性晋升是一个积极因素，但对女性却是不利因素。人们认为英俊的男性高管要比相貌平平的男性更正直;而且认为他们付出的努力和自身的能力使得他们成功。有魅

4、力的女性高管却被认为没有无吸引力的高管正直，她们取得成功不是归因于能力，而是运气等因素。所有无魅力的女高管要比有魅力的要正直，也更有能力。有趣的是，尽管如此，与有吸引力的女高管一夜取得成功相比，越来越多的无吸引力的女高管更多地因人际关系，较少因能力而获得成功。2.单选题Lateral thinking （迂回思维），first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edwards son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adve

5、nturous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspars parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teacher might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“We had to be careful and not overdo it.”Edward admits. Now Caspar is at Oxford which once looked unlikely because

6、he is also slightly dyslexic （诵读困难）. In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers though he had a chance.“So then we did several thinking sessions,”his father says, “using my techniques and，when he went up for the exam, he did exactly well.” Soon after, Edward de Bone decided

7、 to write his latest book, “Teach Your Child How to Think,”in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share.Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and knows that c

8、hildren arent very logical. So isnt it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think?“You know,”Edward de Bone says, “if you examine peoples thinking, it is quite unusual to find it of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! Often we think ineffectively because we take too limit view.”31. “T

9、each Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly see the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternative.1. What is “TRUE about Caspar?2. Caspar succeeded in applying to Oxford because（ ）.3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Edward（

10、）.4. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements express Edward de Bones view?5. Lateral thinking refers to the following EXCEPT（ ）.问题1选项A.He first described lateral thinking.B.He is often scolded by his teacher.C.He is Edwards son.D.He is an adventurous thinker.问题2选项A.he used in the

11、 exam the techniques provided by his fatherB.he read the book “teach Your Child How to Think” before the examC.he was careful and often overworkedD.all of his school teachers thought he had a chance问题3选项A.was prompted to study lateral thinking because his son was slightly dyslexicB.once taught busin

12、essmen how to think before he wrote for parents and childrenC.was likely to improve childrens logic with his bookD.gave a description of lateral thinking several years after his son was born问题4选项A.We often think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.B.Thinking is traditionally regarded as

13、 something executed in a logical sequence.C.Everybody knows that children arent very logical.D.It is an uphill battle trying to teach children to think.问题5选项A.seeing the implications of what you are sayingB.exploring the alternatives for what you are sayingC.improving ones logic in thinkingD.improvi

14、ng ones perception in thinking【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段Lateral thinking (迂回思维)，first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edwards son. You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspars pare

15、nts worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teacher might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“迂回思维”首次被爱德华与1967年提出，随后他的儿子出生了。你可能会想象Caspar会被抚养成一个冒险的思考者，但是爱德华是如此出名，以至于Caspar的父母担心每次他提出一些奇特的想法时，他的老师可能会打断他的话，并说“你从哪里学到这个想法的？”可知Caspar是Edward的儿子，故C项正确。A项“Capsar首次提出迂回思维错误，该观点是他

16、父亲提出来的。B项和D项文中未提及。2.推理判断题。由第二段“so then we did several thinking sessions,” his father says, “using my techniques and，when he went up for the exam, he did exactly well.”他的父亲说：“然后我们进行了几次思考的研讨会，当他考试时，用上我的技巧，他考得很好。”可知Caspae成功被牛津大学录取的原因是他在考试时用了他父亲教的技巧。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。由第二段“Soon after, Edward de Bone decided

17、to write his latest book, “Teach Your Child How to Think,” in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share. 不久之后，爱德华德伯恩(Edward de Bone)决定写他的新书教你的孩子如何思考(Teach Your Child How to Think)。在这本书中，他把自己为头脑风暴的商人们开

18、发的思考技巧转化成了供父母和孩子们分享的非正式练习。”可知爱德华曾经是教商业思维的。故B项正确。4.推理判断题。第三段“Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence, and knows that children arent very logical. So isnt it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think? 传统上认为思考是按照逻辑顺序进行的，并且知道孩子们不是很有逻辑。试着教他们思考，这不是一场艰苦的战斗吗?”由反问

19、句可知教孩子们学会思考是一件很难的事情。故D项正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段“Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly see the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternative. “教你的孩子如何思考”提供了改善感知能力的课程，让你清楚地看到你所说的话的含义，并探索其他选择。可知A项“弄清楚你所说的话的含义”；B项“探索你所说内容的替代方案”；D项“提升一个人的感

20、知能力”正确。C项“提高思维的逻辑性”文中没有提到。故答案C3.单选题The advancement of science and technology has demonstrated that a fact appearing to contradict to certain theory may actually be （ ） a more advanced formulation of that theory.问题1选项A.consistent withB.eliminated byC.in opposition toD.incompatible with【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配

21、。be consistent with与一致，符合；in opposition to与相反；be incompatible with与不相容的；句意：先进的科学技术证明了如果一个看似与某一理论相悖的事实，实际可能与一个更先进的理论形式相符。由actually可知前后有相反的意味，故此空意思应与contradict意义相反，故A项正确。4.单选题The natural disasters have immeasurably （ ） the social and economic development of our country.问题1选项A.impressedB.affectedC.effe

22、ctedD.interfered【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。impress“给予某人深刻印象”；affect“影响；感染；”; effect“产生; 达到目的”；interfere“冲突;介入”。句意：自然灾害会对我们国家的社会和经济产生不可估量的影响。由natural disasters可推知自然灾害会对经济和社会产生影响。故B项正确。5.单选题Here you may select the one which is most to your taste, and you are even allowed to（ ）them before coming to a decision.问题1

23、选项A.auctionB.sampleC.enforceD.wrap【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。auction“拍卖，竞卖”；sample“品尝，体验”；enforce“实施，执行，强迫”；wrap“包，缠绕”。句意：在这里你可以选择最合你口味的，在做决定之前，你甚至可以品尝他们。由“most to your taste”可知这里提及的是一种食物，然后可推知在决定购买之前可以品尝。故B项正确。6.单选题I have long believed that trouble between the races is seldom what it appears to be. It was not

24、 hard to see after my first talks with students that racial tension on campus is a problem that misrepresents itself. It has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest. And I think part of our concern over it comes from the fact that it has

25、 the feel of a relapse, illness gone and come again. But if we are seeing the same symptoms, I dont believe we are dealing with the same illness. For one thing, I think racial tension on campus is the result more of racial equality than inequality.How to live with racial difference has been Americas

26、 profound social problem. For the first 100 years or so following emancipation it was controlled by a legally approved inequality that acted as a buffer between the races. No longer is this the case. On campuses today, as throughout society, blacks enjoy equality under the lawa profound social advan

27、cement. No student may be kept out of a class or a dormitory or an extracurricular activity because of his or her race. But there is a paradox here. On a campus where members of all races are gathered, mixed together in the classroom as well as socially, differences are more exposed than ever. And t

28、his is where the trouble starts. For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time -bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial shame, anger, and guilt.

29、These feelings could lie hidden in the home, in familiar neighborhoods, in simpler days of childhood. But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition一the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer”is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial d

30、ifference and a setting, the campus itself, devoted to interaction and equality. On our campuses, such concentrated micro-societies, all that remains unresolved between blacks and whites, all the old wounds and shames that have never been addressed, present themselves for attention-and present our y

31、outh with pressures they cannot always handle.1. According to the author, （ ）.2. Nowadays racial tension on campus most probably starts with（ ）.3. The phrase “coming into their own on Line 8 of Paragraph 2 probably means（ ）.4. When young adults enter college for the first time, （ ） .5. The passage i

32、s mainly about（ ）.问题1选项A.people have misunderstood the causes of racial tensionB.people dont understand the causes of racial tensionC.racial tension keeps the same typical pattern in historyD.racial tension on campus is the same as racial tension in society问题2选项A.racial inequalityB.sudden awareness

33、of racial differencesC.white racismD.racial interaction and competition问题3选项A.entering their own homesB.showing their own valuesC.entering their own collegesD.having their own problems问题4选项A.they bring freedom and exploration to campusB.they suffer from racial inequality and differencesC.they bring

34、with them fear, anxiety and other feelingsD.they suffer from competitions in big exams问题5选项A.racial inequality in American societyB.racial tension in American societyC.racial equality on campus and in societyD.the causes of racial tension on campus【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.推理判断题。由第一段“It

35、 has the same look, the typical pattern, of Americas timeless racial conflictwhite racism and black protest.校园种族矛盾与美国永恒的种族冲突的经典模式-白人种族主义与黑人抗议是相同的。”可知种矛盾在历史上有相同的模式。故C项正确。A项“人们误解了种族紧张的原因”以及B项“人们不理解种族紧张的原因”是对“It was not hard to see after my first talks with students that racial tension on campus is a p

36、roblem that misrepresents itself. 在我第一次与学生交谈后，不难看出校园里的种族紧张是一个误传自身的问题。”的曲解。D项文中未提及。2.细节事实题。由第二段But the college campus, with its structures of interaction and adult-level competition一the big exam, the dorm, the “mixer”is another matter. I think campus racism is born of the rub between racial differenc

37、e and a setting, the campus itself, devoted to interaction and equality. 但大学校园,因其结构为社交和成人水平的竞争大型考试，宿舍，“大量混合”是另一回事。我认为校园种族主义源于种族差异和校园环境之间的摩擦，校园本身致力于社交和平等。可知如今校园种族矛盾是源于社交和竞争，故D项正确。3.推理判断题。For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time对于每一个不同种族的年轻人来

38、说，他们都是第一次离开家来到大学由此可知年轻人是第一次离开家进入大学。故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“For members of each race-young adults coming into their own, often away from home for the first time -bring to this site of freedom, exploration, and now, today, equality, very deep fears and anxieties, not fully developed feelings of racial sham

39、e, anger, and guilt. 对于每一个不同种族的年轻人来说，他们都是第一次离开家来到大学,他们给这个自由，探索和平等的地方带来了深深的恐惧和焦虑，以及还未完全发展的种族羞耻感，愤怒和内疚感。”可知年轻人第一次进入大学时，他们带去了恐惧，愤怒，内疚等感情。故C项正确。5.主旨大意题。本文主要分析了校园种族矛盾的原因，即在一个微型的社会里（校园里）种族平等使以前未解决的问题现在更加明显地暴露出来。故D项正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:7.单选题Many of the same techniques were the solution of industrial, scienti

40、fic and medical problems.问题1选项A.applied forB.applied toC.applying forD.applying to【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。apply for申请；apply to适用于，应用于；技术应该是运用于某些解决方案中，故先排除AC两项。技术与解决方案之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，B项正确。句意：许多相同的技巧被运用到工业，科技和医疗问题的解决方案里。8.单选题The United States is confronted by many economic problemsfor example, inflation, unemp

41、loyment, pollution, poverty, declining productivity, and rapidly increasing energy cost. In recent years, Americans have become increasingly aware of the fundamental economic problem facing humanity; scarce resources with which to meet the needs of ever growing numbers of people. For all practical p

42、urposes, human wants may be regarded as limitless. Scarcity has always been of major concern to economists.A given quantity of resources used to meet one need cannot simultaneously be used to meet another. A choice must be made: Which need will prevail? What will be produced? Filling one urgent need

43、 often means sacrificing the opportunity to satisfy another. Hence, the very important economic concept of opportunity cost arises. Every time one is forced by scarcity to make a choice, one is incurring （承受）opportunity costs. These costs are measured in terms of forgone （放弃的）alternatives.How are th

44、ese, difficult choices of priorities and forgone opportunities arrived at in a society? The answer to this question is the subject matter of microeconomic, or the study of resource allocation among individual sectors ad groups within the economic system. Microeconomics, analysis deals with the princ

45、iples and guidelines that help determine what and how much is produced, the method of production used, and the division of the resulting output （as income） among the members of the society. The combined effect of all these individual decisions provides the answer to the macroeconomic questions of wh

46、ether there is full employment, whether prices in general are rising, and whether the economy as a whole is growing.It is important to understand from the very story that economics is regarding government economic policy making, policy makers （usually elected officials） cause the government to inter

47、vene （or not to intervene） in the economy according to certain political, social, or economic goals with which economists may or may not agree. The economists role then is to point out the full economic effects of such actions so that policy decisions can be made more intelligently.1. The fundamenta

48、l problem of economics is, in short,（ ）.2. Opportunity cost（ ）.3. Even government policy measures have “opportunity costs” which means（ ）.4. The causes of general unemployment and inflation are topics studied in（ ）.5. Economic analysis of a policy proposal usually does not allow（ ）.问题1选项A.too many p

49、oor peopleB.finding jobs for allC.the scarcity of resources relative to wantsD.constantly rising prices问题2选项A.is measured by how much of one commodity you have to forgo in order to get some stated amount of another commodityB.measures how many different opportunities you have to spend your moneyC.me

50、asures opportunities in terms of their relative pricesD.is always the same as money cost问题3选项A.higher taxes will be necessaryB.moving toward one policy goal may require moving away from another policy goalC.government action is usually inefficientD.government action provides new opportunities问题4选项A.

51、resource allocationB.macroeconomicsC.opportunity castD.production possibilities问题5选项A.estimation of the costs of the proposalB.determination of whether a particular policy measure will contribute to its stated goalC.consideration of the side effects of the policyD.a “scientificchoice between alterna

52、tive goal【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“In recent years, Americans have become increasingly aware of the fundamental economic problem facing humanity; scarce resources with which to meet the needs of ever growing numbers of people. 近年来，美国人越来越意识到人类面临的根本经济问题用来满足日益增长的人口所需求的资源很稀缺。可知经济的根本问

53、题是资源稀缺。故C项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“Hence, the very important economic concept of opportunity cost arises. Every time one is forced by scarcity to make a choice, one is incurring opportunity costs. These costs are measured in terms of forgone alternatives. 因此，机会成本这一非常重要的经济学概念应运而生。每一次，当一个人因为稀缺而被迫做出选择时，他就会付出机会成

54、本。这些成本是用放弃的替代品来衡量的。”可知机会成本是指放弃一些替代品来衡量的。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。题干意为“甚至政府的政策措施也存在机会成本”意味着什么？这道题主要考查对机会成本的理解，上一题已经得知机会成本表示放弃一些替代品。纵观四个选项，只有B项“朝着一个政策目标前进可能需要远离另一个政策目标”符合机会成本的含义。故B项正确。4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第三段The combined effect of all these individual decisions provides the answer to the macroeconomic questions of whet

55、her there is full employment, whether prices in general are rising, and whether the economy as a whole is growing. 所有这些个人决策的综合效应为宏观经济问题提供了答案，这些问题包括:是否存在充分就业，总体物价是否在上涨，以及整体经济是否在增长。可知失业，通货膨胀是宏观经济的研究范畴。故B项正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段The economists role then is to point out the full economic effects of such actions

56、 so that policy decisions can be made more intelligently. 因此，经济学家的作用是指出这些行动的全部经济影响，以便更明智地作出决策。可知经济学家只是指出政策可能带来的经济影响，最终做决策的人是政策制定者。故D项不是经济学家要做的事。ABC三项都是经济学家该做的事。9.单选题When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was （ ） pale.问题1选项A.enormouslyB.startlinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically【答案】B【

57、解析】考查副词辨析。enormously非常地，极其，在极大程度上地；startlingly惊人地，使人惊奇地；uniquely独特地，珍奇地；dramatically显著地，剧烈的。前半句提到“他30天后才从洞穴里爬出来”可知出来的时候，他脸色看上去白得让人吃惊。故B项最符合题意。10.单选题The presidents compassion for the neighboring refugees caused him to admit a very large number of them into his country.问题1选项A.friendshipB.pityC.respectD.hostility【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。由后半句的结果“许多邻国难民都来到这个国家”可推知前面的原因应该是总统对邻国难民的同情。compassion 同情，怜悯；friendship友谊；pity怜悯，同情；respect尊重；hostility敌意。故B项正确。