考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷21(含答案详解）

《考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷21(含答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷21(含答案详解）（11页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题For some time past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”； and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed th

2、at effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words，a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to

3、behave in ways that produce re- sults in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements，such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed t

4、hat a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So hebegan to study the childrens response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn thei

5、r heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights一and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly

6、 in front of the babies and he made the in- teresting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the succe

7、ss that they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.1.According to the author, babies learn to do things which（ ）.2.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby（ ）.3

8、.In Papouseks experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to（ ）4.The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because . （ ）.5.According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflec-tion of （ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to pleasureB.will meet their

9、physical needsC.will bring them a feeling of successD.will satisfy their curiosity问题2选项A.would make learned response when it saw the milkB.would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC.would continue the simple movements without being given milkD.would turn its head to right or left

10、 when it had enough to drink问题3选项A.have the lights turned onB.be rewarded with milkC.please their parentsD.be praised问题4选项A.the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”B.the sight of the lights was interestingC.they need not turn back to watch the lightsD.they succeeded in “switching on”

11、the lights问题5选项A.a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB.the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC.their strong desire to solve complex problemD.a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第二段指出：Babies will learn to behave in

12、ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.婴儿学会做某些动作，是因为这些动作在周围世界能产生成功结果，除此之外，并无其他奖励。据此可知，婴儿能学会做那些会给他们带来成功的感觉的事情，C项正确。2.根据题干关键词“Papousek, studies”定位至第三段：Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the

13、 learned response with clear signs of pleasure（有足够牛奶喝的婴儿尽管会拒绝牛奶，但仍会愉快地继续做学会的动作）。因此，没有得到牛奶的婴儿会继续做简单的动作，C项正确。3.根据题干定位至第三段：He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights（普塞克很快发现，如果他们的动作能“打开”灯，四个月大

14、的婴儿也能学会左右转头）。因此，让婴儿转头是为了把灯打开，A项正确。4.根据题干“smile and bubble”定位至第四段：they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that.bring it

15、 under intentional control（当打开光源时，婴儿们尽管会“咯咯笑着吐泡泡”，但他们有时不会转过头来紧盯灯光。普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，并不是灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿会笑是因为他们成功地打开了灯，D项正确。5.根据题干定位至第四段：Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achievi

16、ng in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control（普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，不是灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿从成功完成某件事中获得的乐趣反映了人类想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。2.单选题He is holding a（ ）posit

17、ion in the company and expects to be promoted soon.问题1选项A.subordinateB.succeedingC.successiveD.subsequent【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意:他如今在公司任一个（ ） 职位，他期望能够尽快升职。subordinate 下级的，次要的；succeeding 以后的；successive 连续的，接替的；subsequent后来的，随后的。根据后半句 “他期望能够尽快升职”推测，A项subordinate次要的符合句意。3.单选题Mrs.Green received an（ ）letter th

18、reatening to expose her private life if she refused to pay $10,000.问题1选项A.anonymousB.apparentC.arbitraryD.artificial【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。句意：格林太太收到了一封匿名信，威胁说如果她拒绝支付10000美元，就要揭露她的私生活。因此选A。 4.单选题Lyme disease is caused by bacteria that are（ ）by deer tick.问题1选项A.emittedB.transmittedC.communicatedD.distributed【

19、答案】B【解析】动词辨析。B选项transmitted意为“传播，传染（疾病）”。句意：莱姆病是一种由鹿蜱传播的细菌所（ ）的疾病。A选项emitted发出，发射；B选项transmitted 传播，传染（疾病）； C选项communicated传达，表达；D选项distributed分配，散布。B选项transmitted符合句意5.单选题Beth worked hard to（ ）in with the locals during her visit.问题1选项A.encounterB.blendC.mergeD.adapt【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意：贝丝在她的访问期间努力地（ ）当

20、地人中。encounter遭遇，邂逅，遇到；blend混合，协调，融入；merge合并，使合并，吞，没；adapt适应，改变。选项B blend in with为固定搭配，表示“融入，融合”，符合句意。 6.单选题Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, therefore, the choice of an （1 ）should be made even before choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, （2 ），most

21、 people make several job choices during their working lives, （3 ）because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve （4 ）position. The “one perfect job” does not exist. Youngpeople should （5 ） enter into a broad flexible training program that will （6 ） them for a field of work rather th

22、an for a single （7 ）Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans （8 ） benefit of help from a competent vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing （9 ） about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss （10 ）. Some drift from job t

23、o job.Others （11 ） to work in which they are unhappy and for which they are not fitted.One common mistake is choosing an occupation for （12 ） real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students or their parents for them choose the professional field, （13 ） both the relatively small proportion o

24、f workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal （14 ） The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a “white-collar” job is （15 ） good reason for choosing it as lifes work. （16 ），these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mecha

25、nical and manual work, the （17 ）of young people should give serious （18 ）to these fields.Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants （19 ） life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some want security; others are willing to take （20 ） for financ

26、ial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its rewards问题1选项A.identificationB.entertainmentC.accommodationD.occupation问题2选项A.howeverB.thereforeC.thoughD.thereby问题3选项A.entirelyB.mainlyC.partlyD.especially问题4选项A.itsB.hisC.ourD.their问题5选项A.sinceB.thereforeC.furthermoreD.forever问题6选项A.

27、makeB.fitC.takeD.leave问题7选项A.jobB.wayC.meansD.company问题8选项A.toB.forC.withoutD.with问题9选项A.littleB.fewC.muchD.a lot问题10选项A.chanceB.basisC.purposeD.opportunity问题11选项A.applyB.appealC.stickD.turn问题12选项A.ourB.itsC.yourD.their问题13选项A.concerningB.followingC.consideringD.disregarding问题14选项A.preferencesB.requ

28、irementsC.tendenciesD.ambitions问题15选项A.aB.anyC.noD.the问题16选项A.ThereforeB.HoweverC.NeverthelessD.Moreover问题17选项A.majorityB.massC.minorityD.multitude问题18选项A.proposalB.suggestionC.considerationD.appraisal问题19选项A.towardsB.againstC.out ofD.without问题20选项A.turnsB.partsC.choicesD.risks【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题

29、:D第5题:B第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:B第13题:D第14题:B第15题:C第16题:D第17题:A第18题:C第19题:C第20题:D【解析】1.此处句意为：职业的选择应该先于高中课程的选择。因此，D项occupation符合句意。2.空前空后句意为：职业的选择应该先于高中课程的选择，实际上，大多数人在职业生涯中都会做出多种工作选择。因此前后两句为转折关系。表转折关系的只有A、C项，但是C项though后面直接跟句子，不能有逗号，因此A项正确。3.这里是由and连接的两个原因“because of. changes”和“partly to i

30、mprove. ”。And前后连接的原因部分结构或者逻辑上应对称。因此，C项partly正确。4.此处句意为：一部分是因为经济和工业的变化，另一部分是为了升职。因此，D项their（他们的）正确。5.句意：不存在一份完美的工作。年轻人应该参加丰富多彩的培训项目。前后为因果承接关系。因此，B项therefore正确。6.句意：这些培训项目将训练他们适应某领域的工作，B项fit与后面的for是固定搭配，表示“适应、胜任（工作等）”，故B项正确。7.rather than“而不是”，表转折，前面提到a field of work，所以推测这里是a single job, 因此A项正确。8.句子开头为

31、Unfortunately，因此推测此处句意应为：许多年轻人没有得到帮助而不得不做出职业选择，因此C项正确。9.句子后面出现了hit-or-miss（随意的；漫不经心的），因此推测前面句意为：他们对职场了解不深，此处应填一个表示“很少”的词，C、D项排除。因此，A项正确。10.句意：他们随意地选择毕生的事业。on a .basis表示“基于的原则”。11.句意：有些人频繁跳槽，而另一些人则 自己不喜欢且不适合的工作。apply to适用于，申请；appeal to呼吁，诉诸；stick to坚持；turn to转向。因此，C项符合句意。12.句意：人们在选择职业时常犯的一个错误是，根据该职业实

32、际情况或想象中的职业声望进行选择。因此，B项its正确，指代“occupations”。13.前面指出了人们在选择职业时常犯的一个错误，接下来这句则具体说明这个错误：忽视了职业中相对较少的工人比例和极高的教育和个人要求。因此，D项正确。14.句意：许多高中生或他们的父母在选择职业时忽视了教育水平程度和对自身的要求。preference偏爱，优先权；requirement要求；tendency倾向，趋势；ambitions雄心，抱负。因此，B项正确。15.前面提到人们根据职业的实际情况或想象职业声望，进行职业选择是错误的，所以，可以推测这里的句意为：“白领”工作的想象中的或真实的声望，并不是选择

33、它作为生活工作的好理由。因此C项正确。16.句意：“白领”工作的想象中的或真实的声望，并不是选择它作为生活工作的好理由。 ，这些职业往往工资不高。因此前后两句呈递进关系，D项正确。17.句意：大部分工作都是机械或体力劳动，大多数年轻人应。majority多数；mass大量的；minority少数；multitude群众，多数的。虽然D项multitude也表示“多数的”,但一般用“a multitude of”。因此，A项正确。18.此处为固定搭配：give serious consideration to慎重考虑。19.句意：在做出职业选择之前，一个人应该大体清楚他想要从生活中获得什么。C项

34、out of正确。20.句意：一些人想要安稳，而另一些人则愿意承受风险以获取更大的收益。此处为固定搭配：take risks for 为冒险。7.单选题Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately，the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced

35、 gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time

36、 to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be enc

37、ouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the dis

38、ease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential to make the area，which has been pruned, smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by rough

39、ness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this

40、 does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.1.Pruning should be done to（ ）.2.Trees become unhealthy if the gardener（ ）.3.Why is a special substance painted on the tree?4.A good gardener prunes a tree（ ）.5.What was the authors purpose when writing this passage?问题1选项A.make the tr

41、ee grow tallerB.improve the shape of the treeC.get rid of the small branchesD.make the small branches thicker问题2选项A.allows too many branches to grow in the middleB.does not protect them from windC.forces them to grow too quicklyD.damages some of the small side branches问题3选项A.To make a wound smooth.B

42、.To prevent disease entering a wound.C.To cover a rough surface.D.To help a wound to dry.问题4选项A.at intervals throughout the yearB.as quickly as possibleC.occasionally when necessaryD.regular every winter问题5选项A.To give practical instruction for pruning a tree.B.To give a general description of prunin

43、g.C.To explain how trees develop diseases.D.To discuss different methods of pruning.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Pruning should be done”定位至第二段：pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size（修枝是为了确保树木按照所需要的形状或大小生长）。因此，B项为正确答案。2.根据题干关键词“Trees become unhealthy”定位

44、至第二段：The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre（剪去堵塞中心的树枝可以促进树木的健康）。因此推测，树木中心的树枝太多不利于树木的生长，A项为正确答案。3.根据题干关键词“special substance painted on the tree”定位至第三段：One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry f

45、or disease.and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.由此可知，在树木切口表面漆上特殊的材料就是为了防止病害从树木切口进入，B项为正确答案。4.第一段指出：more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way（不必要的剪枝会给树木带来更多的伤害）。由此推测，好的园丁只是

46、在必要的时候才修剪树木，C项为正确答案。5.通篇作者在阐述什么情况下修剪树木并且详细介绍了原因和方法。因此，作者的目的是在修剪树木方面给予实践指导，A项为正确答案。 8.单选题Of the thousands of different kinds of animals that exist in the world man has learned to make friends with an enormous number. Some are pets, which offer him companion- ship; some give protection, and some do ha

47、rd work which man cannot do for himself. Dogs, which serve man in all three capacities, are found in various breeds in all countries of the world. The Husky can live in the cold polar regions, and the Saluki is at home in the hottest parts of Central Africa. The inhabitants of certain countries are

48、dependent for their very lives on the camel. In the West Indies the little donkey, strong and sure-footed ,carrying heavy loads even in mountainous places,is a familiar sight.Trained and tamed for many generations, domestic animals are not accustomed to roa- ming in search of food and shelter. They

49、look to their masters to provide for their needs, and as long as these are supplied, they are content to do what their masters require.All domestic animals need proper food. It must be suitable for them, sufficient in quantity，fresh and clean. Some people feed a pet dog or cat on odds and ends of ta

50、ble scraps, and then wonder why the animal seems listless and dull. The quantity of food de- pends on the size of the animal and the amount of exercise it takes. Overfeeding is as bad as underfeeding. Containers for food and water must be washed regularly if the animal is to maintain good health.Eve

51、n well cared animals may sometimes fall ill. If this happens, the wise master seeks the best advice he can get. All sorts of medicines and treatments are available for sick ani- mals, and in some countries organizations exist to provide them free or at a cheap price. Useful, friendly，hardworking ani

52、mals deserve to have some time，money and at- tention spent on their health.1.What main idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?2.When an animal is underfed, it will probably（ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true of dogs according to the passage?4.To keep a domestic animal physic

53、ally fit, its owner is advised（ ）.5.Which of the following would be best TITLE for this passage?问题1选项A.There exists thousands of species of animals in the world.B.Man came to establish a close relationship with a number of animals.C.In some regions a donkey seems to be a very useful beast.D.An anima

54、l will be useless unless domesticated.问题2选项A.refuse to obey its masterB.immediately fall illC.require its master to offer some foodD.seek for food on its own问题3选项A.They can act as friends, guards, and servants to man.B.They have great adaptation for the environment.C.There live a great variety of br

55、eeds of dogs on the globe.D.The Husky and the Saluki are the strongest breed ever known in the world.问题4选项A.not to hesitate to spend enormous amount of money on itB.to pay attention to its proper feedingC.not to allow it to take excessive amounts of exerciseD.to join some sort of pet-keeping organiz

56、ations问题5选项A.Domesticated AnimalsMans Best FriendB.Proper Dietthe Road to HealthC.The Advantages of Raising Domestic AnimalsD.Some Tips on Pet-keeping【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】6. 文章开篇指出：Of the thousands of different kinds of animals that exist in the world man has learned to make friends with

57、 an enormous number（世界上现存的动物种类成千上万，人类和其中很大一部分成为朋友）。据此可知，B项正确。7. 根据文中第二段：They look to their masters to provide for their needs, and as long as these are supplied, they are content to do what their masters require.（家养的动物指望主人给它们提供需要的东西，只要这些需要满足了，他们就会听从主人）。据此可以推测，A选项为正确答案。8. 根据D选项中的Husky and the Saluki定

58、位至文中第一段：The Husky can live in the cold polar regions, and the Saluki is at home in the hottest parts of Central Africa. 文中并未提及这两种犬是世界上已知的最强壮品种。据此可知，D项是不正确的。9. 根据第三段：All domestic animals need proper foodContainers for food and water must be washed regularly if the animal is to maintain good health. （

59、所有家养的动物都需要合适的食物放置食物和水的容器必须定期清洗，这样才能使动物们保持健康。）据此可知，B项为正确答案。10. 本文开篇就点明了文章的主题，即世界上现存的动物种类成千上万，人类和其中很大一部分成为朋友。而且这里说的动物主要是指家养的动物，因此A项是本文的最佳标题。9.单选题They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.问题1选项A.debateB.clashC.disagreementD.contest【答

60、案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：关于公司是否应该恢复数年前破裂的贸易关系，他们进行了一场激烈的 。debate讨论，辩论；clash 争论；disagreement 分歧；contest 竞争。因此，A项符合句意。10.单选题Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I in the thirteen

61、th century, it may be hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exist