考研考博-考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前自测提分卷91(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-沈阳药科大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The annual review of American company board practices by Korn Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance. This years review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley

2、act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enrons and WorldCom, has had an impact on the boardroomalbeit at an average implementation cost that Korn Ferry estimates at $5.l m per firm.Two years ago, only 41% of American firms said they regularly held meetings of di

3、rectors without their chief executive present this year the figure was 93%. But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals. For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their companys board, the percentage of Amer

4、ican firms where they do has actually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chief executive. Another survey of American boards published this week, by A.T. Kearney, a firm of consultants, found that in 2002 14% of the boards of

5、S&P 500 firms had separated the roles, and a further 16% said they planned to do so. But by 2004 only 23% overall had taken the plunge. A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standa

6、rd practice in Europe.Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing staggered boardsones where only one-third of the directors are up for reelection each year, to three-year terms. Invented as a defense against takeover, such boards, according to a new Harvard Law School study by Lucian

7、Bebchuk and Alma Cohen, are unambiguously “associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value”.Despite this, the percentage of S & P 500 firms with staggered boards has fallen only slightlyfrom 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003, according to the Investor Responsibility Research Centre. And

8、 many of those firms that have been forced by shareholders to abolish the system are doing so only slowly. Merck, a pharmaceutical company in trouble over the possible side-effects of its arthritis drug Vioxx, is allowing its directors to run their full term before introducing a system in which they

9、 are all reelected (or otherwise) annually. Other companies staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a shareholders vote. Anyone who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at be

10、st, naive.56. The Sarbanes-Oxley act is most probably about _.57. The word “backlash” most probably means _.58. According to the text, separating the roles between chairman and chief executive is _.59. We learn from the text that a “staggered” board _.60. Toward the board practice of American compan

11、ies, the writers attitude can be said to be _.问题1选项A.corporate costB.corporate scandalC.corporate governanceD.corporate management问题2选项A.a violent forceB.a strong impetusC.a firm measureD.a strong negative reaction问题3选项A.what many European companies doB.not a popular idea among American entrepreneur

12、sC.a common practice in American companiesD.a must to keep the health of a company问题4选项A.can be vote down by shareholdersB.gives its board members too much powerC.has been abolished by most American companiesD.is adverse to the increment of firm value问题5选项A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.biasedD.critical【答

13、案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】56.判断推理题。题干“Sarbanes-Oxley法案最有可能是关于_的”，可定位到第1段第2句This years review, published on November 12th, shows that the Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in 2002 to try to prevent a repeat of corporate collapses such as Enrons and WorldCom, has had an impact on the boardroom（今年11月12日公

14、布的审查结果显示，Sarbanes-Oxley法案对董事会产生了影响。Sarbanes-Oxley法案于2002年通过，旨在防止像Enron和WorldCom这样的公司倒闭事件重演。）由此可知，审查发现，该法案防止公司倒闭的措施对董事会产生了影响。根据此句前一句The annual review of American company board practices by Korn Ferry, a firm of headhunters, is a useful indicator of the health of corporate governance.（猎头公司Korn Ferry对美

15、国公司董事会做法的年度评估，是衡量公司治理健康与否的有用指标。）由此可知，该审查是衡量corporate governance（企业管治）的，由此推断，该法案是关于corporate governance（企业管治）的，C选项“corporate governance（企业管治）”与原文表述一致。干扰选项D “corporate management（企业管理经营）”，与原文表述有出入，由于原文使用的是corporate governance，所以，C选项比D选项更合适；A选项“企业成本”、B选项“企业丑闻”不符合语境，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为C。57.词义推测题。根据题干关键词定位到第2段

16、第2句But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals.（但令人惊讶的是，一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的_的影响。）后文有针对该观点进行举例。For example, despite a growing feeling that former chief executives should not sit on their companys board, the percentage of American firms where they do has act

17、ually edged up, from 23% in 2003 to 25% in 2004.（例如，尽管越来越多的人认为前首席执行官不应该进入他们公司的董事会，但他们进入董事会的美国公司的比例实际上已经从2003年的23%上升到2004年的25%。）由案例可知，前首席执行官进入董事会的比例并没有受到越来越多人反对的影响。由此推断“越来越多人持反对观点”是一种backlash，所以backlash的意思应该是负面的。另外，根据单词backlash中的back推断，该词的词义是“反，往回”，综合而言，D选项“一种强烈的负面反应”更符合语境。A选项“一种强烈的力量”、B选项“一个强大的动力”的情

18、感基调不对，排除；C选项“一个强力的措施”，没有依据说明是“措施”，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。58.判断推理题。题干“根据文章，拆分董事长和首席执行官的职位_”，可定位到第3段。A、B选项，可定位到第3段最后一句A survey earlier in the year by consultants at McKinsey found that 70% of American directors and investors supported the idea of splitting the jobs, which is standard practice in Europe.（今年早些时

19、候，麦肯锡咨询公司（McKinsey）的一项调查发现，70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法，这在欧洲是一种标准做法。）由此可知，拆分董事长和首席执行官的做法在欧洲是一种标准做法，所以A选项“许多欧洲公司这样做”表述符合原文。另外，70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法，说明这个观点还是比较受美国董事和投资者欢迎的，B选项“在美国企业家中并不受欢迎”表述不符合原文，排除；C选项“是美国公司的惯例”，可定位到第3段第1句Also, disappointingly few firms have split the jobs of chairman and chief executive.（

20、同样令人失望的是，很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。）由此可知，虽然不少美国的董事和投资者支持拆分职位，但是很少有公司真正这么做，选项表述与原文不符，排除；D选项“公司的健康发展是必不可少的”，原文并未提及，排除；因此，本题最佳选项为A。59.事实细节题。题干“我们从课文中得知，一个交错董事会_”，可定位到第4、5段。A选项“可以被股东投票否决”，可定位到第5段倒数第2句Other companies staggered boards are entrenched in their corporate charters, which cannot be amended by a sha

21、reholders vote.（其他公司的分级董事会制度在公司章程中根深蒂固，股东投票无法修改公司章程。）由此可知，“交错”董事会无法被股东投票否决，选项表述与原文不符，排除；B选项“给予董事会成员过多的权力”，可定位到第4段第1句staggered boardsones where only one-third of the directors are up for reelection each year, to three-year terms.（“交错”董事会每年只有三分之一的董事改选，任期为三年。）由此可知，按照“交错”董事会的规定，每年三分之一的董事需要改选，其实是限制了董事会成员

22、的权力的，选项表述不符合原文，排除；C选项“已经被大多数美国公司废除了”，可定位到第5段第1句Despite this, the percentage of S & P 500 firms with staggered boards has fallen only slightlyfrom 63% in 2001 to 60% in 2003（尽管如此，标准普尔500指数的公司实行分级董事会的比例仅略有下降从2001年的63%下降到2003年的60%）由此可知，到2003年还有60%（大多数）的公司实行“交错”董事会，选项表述与原文不符，排除；D选项“不利于企业价值的增长”，可定位到第4段最后

23、一句such boardsare unambiguously “associated with an economically significant reduction in firm value”.（这样的董事会无疑“与公司价值在经济上的显著下降有关”。）由此可知，“交错”董事会使公司经济价值下降，选项表述符合原文。因此，本题最佳选项为D。60.观点态度题。题干“对于美国公司的董事会实践，作者的态度可以说是_。”本题询问的是作者对于美国公司董事会实践的态度，可以从文中表达情感的词推断，第3段Also, disappointingly few firms have split the job

24、s of chairman and chief executive.（同样令人失望的是，很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。）由此定位到前一段，找到前一个令人失望的点，But some things have been surprisingly unaffected by the backlash against corporate scandals.（但令人惊讶的是，一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的强烈反对的影响。）第4段Another disappointment is the slow progress in abolishing staggered boards（另一个令人失望的是，

25、在废除“交错”董事会方面进展缓慢）由此可知，作者对美国公司董事会的实践非常失望；最后一段最后一句Anyone who expected the scandals of 2001 to bring about rapid change in the balance of power between managers and owners was, at best, naive.（如果有人认为2001年的丑闻会迅速改变经理和老板之间的权力平衡，往好了说，那也只是一种天真的想法。）由此可知，作者认为美国董事会改革比较难，综合而言，B选项“悲观的”最符合作者的观点。A选项“客观的”（一般要从正反两方阐

26、述观点）、C选项“带有偏见的”没有依据，排除；干扰选项，D选项“批判的,不赞成的”，作者并没有不赞成美国董事会的改革实践，只是觉得它进行比较难，比较慢；另外critical也可指有判断力的，公正的，充分考虑优缺点，而文章中只是表达作者的失望，从这一层意思来看，D选项也不合适。因此，本题最佳选项为B。2.单选题This focus on rote memorization can be _ to cultivating strong creative thinkers or coming up with their own way of doing things.问题1选项A.detriment

27、alB.conduciveC.confidentialD.perceptual【答案】A【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项detrimental“不利的；有害的”；B选项conducive“有益的；有助于”；C选项confidential“机密的；表示信任的”；D选项perceptual“感知的；有知觉的”。句意：专注于死记硬背，对于培养具有强大的创造性思维思考者是_的，对于形成他们自己的做事方式也是_的。想培养创造性思维不能只死记硬背，A选项detrimental“不利的；有害的”符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为A。3.单选题There is compelling evidence that po

28、llution is responsible for many deadly diseases, such as cancer.问题1选项A.convincingB.controversialC.consistentD.contradictory【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. convincing 有说服力的 B. controversial 有争议的C. consistent 始终如一的，一致的 D. contradictory 矛盾的，对立的【考查点】形容词辨析【解题思路】原词compelling修饰证据，意为“令人信服的，有说服力的”，A选项convincing“有说服力的”与该词意

29、义最接近。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合题意。【句意】有令人信服的证据表明，污染是许多致命疾病的罪魁祸首，如癌症。4.翻译题One of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the research community. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witne

30、ssed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage ones own research or the research of colleagues. More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, result in the imposition of co

31、unterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science.【答案】看到或怀疑同事违反了研究界的伦理标准是研究人员可能遇到的最困难的情况之一。找个借口什么都不做很容易，但目睹了不当行为的人，显然有义务采取行动。从最直接的层面来说，不当的行为可能严重阻碍甚至毁掉自己或同事的研究。从更广泛的层面来说，即使只是一个不当的行为，也可以损害科学家及其机构声誉，导致实施适得其反的规定，并且动摇公众对科学诚信的信心。5.单选题Peoples attitude towards drugs varies

32、 from person to person. Some _51_ them as miraculous; others think of them as dangerous. Then what is the sensible attitude toward drugs?I think the first thing to think about is the difference between drugs and wonder drugs. The antibiotics can really _52_ certain bacterial diseases. On the other h

33、and, the major diseases threatening Americans today are cancer, stroke, high blood pressure, coronary disease and etc. _53_ them, the doctors bag of tricks is limited. He has no wonder drugs.So the first important lesson is not to _54_ too much from drugs. If you can accept the fact that the war aga

34、inst many of our most devastating diseases is, at _55_ a holding operation rather than an inevitable triumph, it will _56_ a great deal to ease your life as well as that of your doctor. Too many _57_ exert great pressures on doctors to prescribe for every small symptom, even when such treatment is u

35、nwarranted or dangerous.Unfortunately, the medical profession is guilty of taking part, to a certain _58_, in the wrongful action. The patient who demands a shot of penicillin for every sniffle and sneeze may be _59_ the injection by a reluctant _60_ because he is certain that if he does not, the pa

36、tient will search until he finds a doctor who will.问题1选项A.regardB.regardsC.regardedD.regarding问题2选项A.careB.treatC.cureD.deal问题3选项A.TowardB.ProC.AgainstD.Dealing问题4选项A.expectB.exceptC.expertD.express问题5选项A.lastB.leastC.bestD.worst问题6选项A.makeB.doC.takeD.have问题7选项A.patienceB.patientC.patienthoodD.patie

37、nts问题8选项A.extentB.extensionC.extensiveD.extend问题9选项A.takenB.fetchedC.givenD.done问题10选项A.physicalB.physicC.physicsD.physician【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D第8题:A第9题:C第10题:D【解析】51. 考查时态。A选项regard“认为”，一般现在时；B选项regards，第三人称单数的一般现在时；C选项regarded，一般过去时；D选项regarding，现在分词形式，不能单独做谓语。本题所在分句没有动词，则空格处应填入

38、一个谓语动词，主语为Some“一些（人）”，排除B、D选项；根据后一个分句谓语think of“认为”判断，该处为一般现在时，且全文基本为一般现在时，排除B选项。因此，本题最佳选项为A。52. 考查动词辨析。A选项care“照顾；关心；顾虑”；B选项treat“治疗”，强调过程；C选项cure“治好”，强调结果；D选项deal“贩毒；发牌”，搭配介词with，构成短语deal with才有“处理，对付”的意思。句意：抗生素确实可以_某些细菌性疾病。抗生素可以用于某些细菌性疾病，强调结果，把病治好。因此，本题最佳选项为C。53. 考查介词辨析与上下文语义。A选项toward“向；对（某事的态度）

39、；（时间上）接近”；B选项pro“支持，赞成”；C选项against“反对；防备（令人不快的或有害的事物）”；D选项dealing“商业往来，交易”。句意：_它们，医生的手段是有限的。根据句意，此处应该是指治疗这些疾病（不是指对它们的态度），医生们的手段有限。C选项最符合语境，D选项搭配介词with，构成短语deal with才有“处理，对付”的意思。因此，本题最佳选项为C。54. 考查形近词辨析。A选项expect“期望，动词”；B选项except“除以外，介词”；C选项expert“专家，名词”；D选项express“表达，动词”。句意：第一个重要的教训是不要对药品_太多。根据句意，“期望

40、”最符合语义，本题解题的关键在于区别形近词。因此，本题最佳选项为A。55. 考查固定搭配与上下文语义。A选项at last“最终”；B选项at least“至少”；C选项at best“最多，充其量”，用于在情况很糟糕的时候，可能发生的最好的事情；D选项at worst“在最坏的情况下”。句意：对抗许多最具毁灭性疾病的战争_是一场维持现状的行动，而不是必然的胜利。原句想表达的是，在面对很多毁灭性的疾病的时候，能发生的最好的情况也只是维持现状，“充其量”与句意最搭配。因此，本题最佳选项为C。56. 考查固定搭配与上下文语义。A选项make“制作；使得”；B选项do“做”；C选项take“占据；拿

41、”；D选项have“有”。句意：如果你能接受这样一个事实，即的话，这将对减轻你和你的医生的生活负担_很多。根据句意，接受某个事实可以帮助减轻你和你的医生的生活负担。B选项do a great deal to做了很多，最符合句意，可引申为“有助于”。干扰选项A make a great deal意为“做了一笔大买卖”，或者make a great deal out of sth“小题大做”，总之没有“做了很多，有帮助”的意思。因此，本题最佳选项为B。57. 考查形近词辨析。A选项patience“耐心，名词”；B选项patient“病人，单数名词；有耐心的，形容词”；C选项patienthood

42、“病态心理，名词”；D选项patients“病人，名词复数”。句意：太多的_对医生施加了巨大的压力。根据句意，空格处应填入名词病人；原文空格前有many，所以填入的应为复数名词。因此，本题最佳选项为D。58. 考查固定搭配与上下文语义。A选项extent“程度，名词”；B选项extension“拓展，延伸，名词”；C选项extensive“广泛的；大量的，形容词”；D选项extend“延伸，动词”。句意：医务人员，_，犯有参与不法行为的罪行。“to a certain _”在原文中做插入语，固定搭配to a certain extent意为“在某种程度上”。因此，本题最佳选项为A。59. 考查

43、固定搭配与上下文语义。A选项taken“拿”；B选项fetched“取来”；C选项given“给”；D选项done“做”。句意：每次打喷嚏就要打一针青霉素的病人可能被_注射。不考虑空格处的词，句子也能表达完整的语义，“注射；打针”从医生的角度说是“give an injection”,从病人的角度说是“have/take an injection”。原文主语为病人，但用了被动语态，所以用动词用“give”更合适。因此，本题最佳选项为C。60. 考查形近词辨析。A选项physical“物理的，形容词”；B选项physic“药物，名词；给病人服药，动词”；C选项physics“物理学，名词”；D选

44、项physician“医生，内科医生，名词复数”。句意：被一个不情愿的_注射，根据句意和上下文，此处应该填医生。因此，本题最佳选项为D。6.单选题An international treaty signed several years ago bans trade in plants and animals of enlarged species.问题1选项A.promotesB.protectsC.forbidsD.eliminates【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. promotes 促进 B. protects 保护C. forbids 禁止 D. eliminates 消除【考查点】

45、动词辨析【解题思路】ban的主语是国际条约，宾语是更多物种的动植物贸易，原词ban“禁止，取缔”，C选项forbids“禁止”与原词最接近。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项与原词词义不相近。【句意】几年前签署的一项国际条约禁止更多物种的动植物贸易。7.翻译题体育的目的在于追求人类身心全面发展，并在此基础上促进社会的进步和发展。现代奥林匹克运动的创始人顾拜旦（Pieere de Coubertin）认为体育是全人类的一项伟大事业。他将奥林匹克运动的目标设定为促进不同国家、不同文化之间的相互理解，从而促进和维护和平，推进人类文明。【答案】The purpose of sports is to purs

46、ue the all-round development of human body and mind, and on this basis to promote the progress and development of society. The founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pieere de Coubertin, believed that sports was a great cause for all mankind. He set the goal of the Olympic Games as promoting mutual un

47、derstanding between different countries and cultures, thereby promoting and maintaining peace, and facilitating human civilization.8.单选题It is true that _ a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time.问题1选项A.multiplyingB.breedingC.magnifyingD.generating【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析与

48、上下文语义。A选项multiply“使大幅增加”；B选项breed“培养；培育（动植物）”；C选项magnify“放大；夸赞；夸大”；D选项generate“使形成；产生（电等能量）”。句意：确实_一种野生植物变成像小麦这样的主要粮食作物需要大量的研究时间。原文表达的是通过研究把野生植物培育成粮食作物，B选项breed“培养；培育（动植物）”最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为B。9.单选题How many people are suffering from labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentiou

49、s social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin

50、of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unqu

51、estionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority is from multiple earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counte

52、d by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of la

53、bor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing

54、 joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffers. For every person counted in the mont

55、hly unemployment tallies, there is another part-time working because of the inability to find fulltime work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working po

56、or, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failings in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the

57、 hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debatethat the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate f

58、or one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.16. Which of the following does “labor market problems” (Paragraph 1) refer to?17. The author contrasts the 1930s with the present in order to show that _.18. Which of the following proposals best responds to t

59、he issues raised by the author?19. The authors purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that _.20. According to the text, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over-predict the amount of economic hardship is the

60、 _.问题1选项A.Shortage of jobs providing adequate income.B.Deficiencies in the training of work force.C.Trade relationships among producers of goods.D.The overall causes of poverty.问题2选项A.more people were unemployed in the 1930sB.social programs are more needed nowC.unemployment now has less severe effe

61、ctsD.now there is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty问题3选项A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness an evil greater

62、than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.问题4选项A.there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor forceB.unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessnessC.recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can