考研考博-考博英语-大连理工大学考前自测提分卷18(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-大连理工大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to dispose of it. But the designers of the Johnstown campus of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem of how to

2、 collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which utilizes not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs and refrigerators as well. The system works so well that no conventional fuel is needed to make the campuss six buildings comfortable. Some parts of mos

3、t modern buildings-theatres and offices as well as classrooms-are more than amply heated by people and lights and sometimes must be air-condition even in winter. The technique of saving heat and redistributing it is called “heat recovery”. A few modern building recover heat but the Universitys syste

4、m is the first to recover heat from some buildings and re-use it in others.Along the way, Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students emit more heat than female students, and the larger a student, the m

5、ore heat he produces. It is tempting to conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be a hard-working, overweight male genius.1.Until recently, body heat has caused problems because it（ ）2.Which of the following is true of the heating system of the Johnstown campus?3.At Johnsto

6、wn campus, how many of the buildings are heated entirely by the heat collection system?4.In line 6, “conventional” most nearly means （ ）.5.According to the passage, which of the following would produce the LEAST amount of heat?问题1选项A.was difficult to collectB.came in a variety of formsC.was difficul

7、t to get rid ofD.tended to be absorbed by physical objects问题2选项A.The heat is supplied by human bodies onlyB.The best is supplied by both human bodies and other heat-emitting objectsC.The heat is supplied by both human bodies and conventional fuel.D.The heat is supplied by human bodies, other heat-em

8、itting objects, and conventional fuel问题3选项A.noneB.twoC.fourD.six问题4选项A.ordinaryB.powerfulC.electricalD.extra问题5选项A.A fat female who studies hardB.a fat male who does not studyC.A thin female who does not studyD.A thin male who studies hard【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段第二句 The usual problem

9、 is how to dispose of it提到关于热量的问题是如何处理它，选项C符合题意。2.文章第一段They have designed a collection system which utilizes not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as light bulbs and refrigerators as well提到热量主要来源于人体热量，和像电灯泡、冰箱这类物体，选项B符合题意。3.文章第一段the system works so well that no conventional fuel

10、 is needed to make the campuss six buildings comfortable 提到学校的六栋建筑物，选项D符合题意。4.题干中conventional的意思是“常见的”；所以选项A符合题意。5.文章最后一句话It is tempting to conclude that the hottest prospect for the Johunstown campus would be a hard-working, overweight male genius 提到根据推测可得知一个超重的、勤奋的男性产生的热量是最多的。因此可以推测一个瘦小的、不勤奋的女性产生的

11、热量是最少的。选项C符合题意。2.单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”，the social sciences as “soft”, and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems,

12、 and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity of sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.We are able to

13、 sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the fol

14、k knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built

15、upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” of our image of various p

16、arts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the

17、 least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things as they were long age, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to suc

18、h a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.1.The word “paradox” (Line 1, Para. 1) means “ （ ）”2.According to the

19、 author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because（ ）.3.The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because（ ）4.The chances of the physical sciences being subject to grea

20、t changes are the biggestbecause（ ） .5.We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social systembecause（ ） .问题1选项A.implicationB.contradictionC.interpretationD.confusion问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences.B.our knowledge of physic

21、al systems is more reliable than that of social systems.C.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct.D.we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena.问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experience.B.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social s

22、ciences.C.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data.D.the records of social systems are more reliable.问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the time.B.new information is constantly coming in.C.the direction of their development is difficult to predict.D.our knowledge of the p

23、hysical world is inaccurate.问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are varied.B.our knowledge of it is highly insecure.C.only a very small sample of it has been observed.D.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.paradox “矛盾，悖论”。implication “含义”；cont

24、radiction “矛盾，否认”；interpretation “解释”；confusion “混淆”。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句话we are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated 提到我们能够在调查地球的社会体系时自信地认为我们有整个领域作为合理的样本供研究；该段倒数第二句话our image of the astronomical u

25、niverse is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological systems提到我们对于天文领域的研究是最不靠谱的，因为我们观察的是一个不切实际的小样本。从这两句话可知，研究社会知识的样本比研究天文知识的样本要大并且实际，所以我们能更好地去研究社会现象，选项D符合题意。3.文章第二段第二句our knowledge of social syste

26、ms, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries 提到在社会体系中，它不太可能被新的发现严重颠覆。选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段in contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes a

27、s new data come in and new theories are worked out 提到我们对于天文宇宙或者地球的地理历史的概念，当新的数据和理论进入时都很容易遭受革命性的变化，选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records of biological

28、 systems提到我们对于天文领域的研究是最不靠谱的，因为我们观察的是一个不切实际的小样本。选项C符合题意。3.单选题He attends to the （ ）of important business himself.问题1选项A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。transaction “交易，业务”；transition “过渡，转变”；transmission “传送，播送”；transformation “转换”。句意：他亲自参与重要的商务会议。选项A符合题意。4.单选题Th

29、e process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities

30、, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being n

31、oticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed persons behavior with the known others behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses

32、are called for; deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the persons responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover informatio

33、n about another person-questions, self-disclosures (自我表露)，and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little ab

34、out him. If we accept the idea that we wont ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironi

35、cally (讽刺性地)，those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).1

36、.The word “pinpoint”(Para. 1，Line 3) basically means（ ） .2.What do we learn from the first paragraph?3.It can be inferred from Bergers suggestions that（ ） .4.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the authors opinion, are（ ）5.The authors purpose in writing the passage is（ ）

37、 .问题1选项A.appreciateB.obtainC.interpretD.identify问题2选项A.People are better described in cold, objective terms.B.The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C.One should not judge people by their appearances.D.One is usually subjective when assessing other peoples personality.问

38、题3选项A.People do not reveal their true self on every occasion.B.in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly -C.the best way to know a person is by making comparisons.D.face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person问题4选项A.personal matters

39、that should be seriously dealt withB.barriers that should be done away withC.as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD.things people should guard against问题5选项A.to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB.to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC.to call

40、the readers attention to the negative side of peoples charactersD.to discuss the various aspects of getting to know people【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.根据上下文可推断 pinpoint 的意思与perceive “了解，认知”相似。第一段提到pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters深入内心确定他的态度、情

41、感、动机、能力、想法和性格。所以选项D符合题意。2.第一段最后一句we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance 提到人们常常以为短短几秒钟就能够了解他人，然而事实却远非这样，这显然是低估了了解他人的难度。所以选项B符合题意。3.Berger建议了几种了解他人的方法，但是仅从一个方面去了解他人是行不通的，因为大部分人都在不断改，而我们用来获得信息的这些方法不够精确（getting to know someone is a ne

42、ver-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise），选项A符合题意。4.文章最后一句话提到对于建议一段良好的人际关系而言，他人的秘密和欺骗与他人的自我表露和实话一样重要，这非常具有讽刺意味。选项C符合题意。5.文章主要讨论了了解他人的不同方面，如：识人的困难、方法及隐瞒和欺骗的积极方面等。所以选项D符合题意。5.单选题It only takes a （ ） of a second for

43、the computer to do the calculation which a humanwill spend days to do.问题1选项A.fictionB.reductionC.functionD.fraction【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。fiction “小说”；reduction “减少，下降”；function “功能”；fraction “小部分”。句意：电脑只需要一会就完成了人类需要几天才能完成的运算。选项D符合题意。选项D符合题意。6.单选题（ ） for your help, wed never have been able to get over th

44、e difficulties.问题1选项A.Had it notB.If it were notC.Had it not beenD.If we had not been【答案】C【解析】考查虚拟语气的用法。虚拟语气的从句可以省略if，采用倒装形式，选项C符合题意。7.单选题Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions,（ ） have been mentioned inprevious pages.问题1选项A.a few of itB.a few of thatC.a few of themD.a few of which【

45、答案】D【解析】考查定语从句的用法。此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词是chemical reactions, 所以应该用which 引导。选项D符合题意。8.单选题Physics is the present-day equivalent of （ ）used to be palled natural philosophy, fromwhich most of the present-day science arose.问题1选项A.thatB.allC.whichD.what【答案】D【解析】考查宾语从句。空格所在处的词是引导介词后的宾语从句，所以选项D符合题意。句意：物理学以前被称为是自然哲

46、学的同等物，从中出现了如今大部分的科学。9.单选题Speakers at graduation ceremonies are always among the most （ ）members of thecommunity.问题1选项A.discouragedB.dissatisfiedC.distinguishedD.disappointed【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。discouraged “气馁的”；dissatisfied “不满的”；distinguished “尊敬的”；disappointed “失望的”。句意：毕业典礼上的发言人都是团体中最受尊敬的成员。选项C符合题意。10.单选题Movie directors use music to（ ） the action on the screen.问题1选项A.contaminateB.complimentC.contemplateD.complement【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。contaminate “污染”；compliment “恭维”；contemplate “沉思，注视”； complement “补充”。句意：电影导演用音乐来补充荧幕上的动作。选项D符合题意。