考研考博-考博英语-吉林大学考前自测提分卷45(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-吉林大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Doctors are often under sharp criticism nowadays for people believe they always （ ） too many medicines for minor illnesses.问题1选项A.prescribeB.orderC.deliverD.advise【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。prescribe “规定；开药；开处方”；order “命令；整理；定购”；deliver “交付；

2、递送”；advise “建议”。句意：如今医生经常遭受尖锐的批评，因为人们认为他们总是针对小病开很多药。选项A符合题意。2.单选题The roof（ ） under the weight of the snow.问题1选项A.fellB.submergedC.collapsedD.descended【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。fall “跌下，掉落”；submerge “淹没，沉浸”；collapse “倒塌”；descend “下降，下去”。句意：在大雪的压迫下，房顶坍塌了。选项C符合题意。3.单选题The wealth of a country should be measured

3、 （ ）the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.问题1选项A.in line withB.in terms ofC.regardless ofD.by means of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。In line with “符合，与 一致”；in terms of “依据，根据，在 方面”；regardless of “不顾，不管”；by means of “借助于，凭借”。根据句意“一个国家的财富应该依据人民的健康和幸福以及它所生产的商品来衡量”，选项B符合题意

4、。4.单选题（ ）of the grassland dwellers of the North American continent is the antelope, or pronghorn.问题1选项A.TypicalB.The typicalC.Typical isD.While【答案】A【解析】考查倒装句。分析句子可知，这是一个倒装句，正常的语序是：the North American antelope，or pronghorn is typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent。选项A符合题意。句意：美洲羚羊，又叫叉角羚，是北美

5、大陆典型的草原动物。5.单选题His criticism injured Jennys（ ） .So she is feeling sad now.问题1选项A.divinityB.indignityC.egoD.mind【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。divinity “神圣， 神性”；indignity “侮辱，轻蔑”；ego “自尊心，自我意识”；mind “精神，理智，决心”。句意：他的批评伤害了Jenny的自尊心。所以她现在非常伤心。选项C符合题意。6.单选题Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that

6、 our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those pr

7、ivate citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that Gift means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length awa

8、y from others, Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, busine

9、ss and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public: buildings or monuments, we do not have multilingual waiters bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation sys

10、tems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The, attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our busin

11、ess dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But al

12、l that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are, slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand i

13、n the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably（ ） .2.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their（ ） .3.American people ignore

14、cultural differences in other countries because （ ）.4.According to the author, Americans culture blindness and linguistic ignorance will （ ）.5.The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that（ ） .问题1选项A.stand stillB.step forwardC.jump asideD.draw back问题2选项A.cultural se

15、lf-centerednessB.indifference towards foreign affairsC.casual mannersD.arrogance towards other cultures问题3选项A.they can afford it with powerful economy and great wealthB.they are aggressive by nature and proud of their own cultureC.people in other cultures respect the American cultureD.people in othe

16、r cultures are particularly tolerant问题4选项A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollars问题5选项A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is important to maintain their leading role in w

17、orld affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章第二段Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable提到拉丁裔人和中东人喜欢靠得更近并且彼此接触，这让美国人感到不舒服，因此可以推测，当美国

18、人遇上中东人这种靠近的行为会后退。选项D符合题意。2.stand still “站着不动，静止不动”；step forward “走出，向前进”；jump aside “闪开”；draw back “后退”。文章中的例子主要是用来批判美国人对自己文化的过分自信，而对他国文化的忽视（linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness）。选项A中的“文化自我中心”符合题意。3.文章第六段For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and l

19、inguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.提到美国和美国人的文化愚昧和语言无知能够维系是因为美国是世界上最强的国家，是资金和物资的提供者。由此可知，美国人之所以这样文化自信，忽略他国文化，是因为本国的经济实力足够强大。选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with whic

20、h we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world提到由于语言和文化的无知和看到他国的品味、姿势、习俗和语言等的态度，使得美国正在世界中失去朋友、生意和尊重。选项C符合题意。5.文章提到了美国对他国文化的盲目和无知导致他们会在生活上失去伙伴，会影响美国在世界事务中的地位，因此，熟悉他国的文化非常有必要。选项D符合题意。7.单选题A number o

21、f factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and i

22、deas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking

23、 before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipat

24、hy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation d

25、erived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, percep

26、tion of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding b

27、ehind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the

28、happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What does the author mean by stating that, at interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 8-9)?3.Why

29、does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 15?4.According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a persons5.According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?问题1选项A.The function of the voice in performanceB.The

30、 connection between voice and personalityC.Communication stylesD.The production of speech问题2选项A.Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.B.The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.C.A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.D.Feelings are m

31、ore difficult to express than ideas.问题3选项A.As examples of public performance.B.As examples of basic styles of communicationC.To contrast them to singingD.To introduce the idea of self-image问题4选项A.general physical healthB.personalityC.ability to communicateD.vocal quality问题5选项A.lethargyB.depressionC.

32、boredomD.anger【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话便是全文的中心句A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.（与说话嗓音有关的一些因素显露出说话者的个性）。选项B “嗓音与个性的联系”符合题意。2.文章第一段Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack

33、of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener提到交谈者的语气有意或者无意地表达出直观的同情或反感，冷漠或感兴趣，疲劳、紧张、热情或激动等等。选项B “语气可能带着超越言语意思的信息”符合题意。3.文章第一段Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techn

34、iques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture提到公开表演是一种高度专业的交流方式，需要通过声音的技巧或手势来取得所需要的效果，题目中 artistic, political等都属于这一类公开表演。选项A符合题意。4.文章第二段Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits

35、提到自我形象可以通过语气来表明，比如自信、傲慢、害羞、挑衅、友好等等，这些都是个性的特点。选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段by constricted and harsh sound of the angry可知选项D符合题意。8.单选题Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it ma

36、y take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton.Many physicists say the next Einstein hasnt been born yet,or is a baby now. Thats because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathe

37、matics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein emerging anytime soon.For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einsteins day, there were only a few thousand physicists

38、worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to share.Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einsteins training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenagerKant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, am

39、ong others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasnt long before he became a philosopher himself.“The independence created by philosophical insight is in my opinion the mark of distinction between a mere artisan (IE) or specialist and a real seeker a

40、fter truth，” Einstein wrote in 1944.And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well-known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem.Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There arent many jobs in

41、science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practicaland rewarding efforts.“ Maybe there is an Einstein out there today,” said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene,“ but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard.”Especially conside

42、ring what Einstein was proposing.“The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea!” Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. “It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe youll find the solution. ”Perhaps the best ex

43、amples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his “miracle year” of1905. These “thought experiments” were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.What might happen to such a submissi

44、on today?“We all get papers like those in the mail,” Greene said. “We put them in the junk file. ”1.What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?2.What was critical to Einsteins success?3.What does the author tell us about physicists today?4.What does Brian Greene imp

45、ly by saying “it would be a lot harder for him to be heard”(Para. 9) ?5.When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein （ ）.问题1选项A.Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B.It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C.No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 ye

46、ars.D.It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.问题2选项A.His talent as an accomplished musician.B.His independent and abstract thinking.C.His untiring effort to fulfill his potential.D.His solid foundation in math theory.问题3选项A.They tend to neglect training in analytical skills.B.They are ver

47、y good at solving practical problems.C.They attach great importance to publishing academic papers.D.They often go into fields yielding greater financial benefits.问题4选项A.People have to compete in order to get their papers published.B.It is hard for a scientist to have his papers published today.C.Pap

48、ers like Einsteins would unlikely get published today.D.Nobody will read papers on apparently ridiculous theories.问题5选项A.forgot to make footnotes and citationsB.was little known in academic circlesC.was known as a young genius in math calculationsD.knew nothing about the format of academic papers【答案

49、】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段第三句话 A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. “科学家们说一个新的爱因斯坦将会出现。但是需要很长一段时间”，根据这句话可知选项D符合题意。2.文章第五段提到了爱因斯坦所受的教育不同。在他青少年时期他时常阅读卡特、叔本华、斯宾诺莎这些哲学家的作品。这些作品教会了他如何独立以及抽象地去思考时间与空间。由此可推知爱因斯坦“独立以及抽象的思维”是他成功的关键。所以选项B符合题意。3.文章第八段提到There arent

50、many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practical and rewarding efforts. 今天的物理学家们很多都去华尔街和硅谷，把他们的分析能力运用到了实践，并且不断努力来获得（经济）回报。选项D符合题意。4.文章最后一段提到如果我们收到像爱因斯坦那样纸上都是演算公式，没有脚注，没有参考文献的科学论文(get papers like those)，我们会把这些直接放到垃圾邮件里（junk

51、 file）。由此可以推知，Brian Greene是在暗示现在的学术环境人们不会接受看似非常荒唐的想法。选项D符合题意。5.文章倒数第三段 “by a virtual unkown”,指的是当时的爱因斯坦还默默无闻，选项B符合题意。9.单选题Hill slopes were cleared of forests to make way for crops, which now only （ ）the crisis.问题1选项A.acceleratesB.prevailsC.ascendsD.precedes【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。Accelerate “加速，促进”；prevai

52、l “流行，占上风”；ascend “上升”；precede “领先”。根据句意“山坡上的树木因为要种庄稼而被砍伐”，因而加速了这个危机。选项A符合题意。10.单选题Banking is about money; and no other familiar commodity arouses such excesses of passion and dislike. Nor is there any other about which more nonsense is talked. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is nor

53、mally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict peoples behavior and its consequences. Indeed most social sciences and, for example, medicine could probably be described in the same way.However, it

54、is common to hear assertions of the kind “if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more use to you than a million pounds” as though this proves something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very f

55、ew of us are at all likely to find ourselves. Money in fact is a token, or symbolic object, exchangeable on demand by its holders for goods and services. Its use for these purposes is universal except within a small number of primitive agricultural communities.Money and the price mechanism, i.e., th

56、e changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services, are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things. Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other. To take random examp

57、les: the price of house-building has over the past five years risen a good deal faster than that of domestic appliances like refrigerators, but slower than that of motor insurance or French Impressionist paintings. This fact has complex implications for students of the industry, trade unionism, town

58、 planning, insurance companies, fine art suctions, and politics. Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different.In general, in modern industrialized societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high service-

59、content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant) are scale. It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall. The discomfort this truth causes has been an important source of t

60、ension in western political life for many years and is likely to remain so for many more.1.According to the passage economics is（ ）.2.In the writers view, the assertion that money would be useless on a desert inland（ ） .3.Modern societies control supply and demand（ ） .4.The writer suggests that econ

61、omics is concerned with（ ） .5.In developed economies, service industries（ ） .问题1选项A.similar to other social sciences because a lot of nonsense is talked about itB.different from social sciences which try to forecast the way people behaveC.similar to other social sciences because it can foretell the

62、tomorrowD.different from sciences such as medicine问题2选项A.illustrates one limitation to the importance of moneyB.is only of importance to people stranded in such placesC.proves that there are many situations in which money is irrelevantD.tells us nothing of significance about money in a certain situation问题3选项A.by direct intervention in the pricing of goods and servicesB.by means of money and the price mechanismC.by keeping a watchful eye on relative price changesD.by fixing prices in specific industries问题4选项A.explaining to bankers the price changesB.understanding