考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考前自测提分卷77(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题It is usually a good thing when a discussion is taken firmly by the hand and led down from the heights of to （ ）the level ground of hard fact.问题1选项A.ridiculousnessB.fantasyC.audacityD.mountaintops【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。ridiculousness “荒谬”；

2、fantasy “幻想；幻觉”；audacity “厚颜无耻”；mountaintop “山顶”。句意：当讨论以务实严谨的方式进行，并且从幻想的高崖下到事实的平地时，这通常是一件好事。空格处所填单词应与hard fact形成对比，故B项正确。2.单选题While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not（ ） ; she concedes the strength of opposing arguments when she exposes weaknesses inherent in her own.问题1选

3、项A.validityB.arrogantC.congenialD.fanatical【答案】B【解析】考查名词和形容词词义辨析。validity “有效性；正确；正确性”；arrogant“自大的；目中无人的”; congenial“意气相投的；一致的”；fanatical “狂热的”。句意：尽管Parker在自己所关心的问题上非常直言不讳，但是她却_；当自身的内在短处被暴露时她会承认对立观点的优点。由 She concedes the strength of opposing arguments when she exposes weaknesses inherent in her own

4、. 当自身的内在短处被暴露时她会承认对立观点的优点。可推断Parker不是一个傲慢无礼的人。故B项符合题意。3.单选题Sigmund Freud lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. He was trained in medicine and established the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1910. This excerpt is from a translation of a 1923 work, The Ego and the Id.There are certain

5、 people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an a

6、ttempt to prove their superiority to the physician, but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced, not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation, but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to re

7、sult; and in other people does result, in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the exacerbation of their illness; they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. The exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction.”There is no doubt that

8、there is something in these people that sets itself against their recovery, and its approach is dreaded as though it were a danger. We are accustomed to say that the need for illness has got the upper hand in them over the desire for recovery. If we analyze this resistance in the usual way then, eve

9、n after allowance has been made for an attitude of defiance towards the physician and for fixation to the various forms of gain from illness, the greater part of it is still left over; and this reveals itself as the most powerful of all obstacles to recovery, more powerful than the familiar ones of

10、narcissistic inaccessibility, a negative attitude towards the physician and clinging to the gain from illness.In the end, we come to see that we are dealing with what may be called a“moral”factor, a sense of guilt which is finding satisfaction in the illness and refuses to give up the punishment of

11、suffering. We shall be right in regarding this disheartening explanation as final. But as far as the patient is concerned this sense of guilt is dumb; it does not tell him he is guilty; he does not feel guilty, he feels ill. This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which

12、 is extremely difficult to overcome. It is also particular difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill, he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case.1.A good title for this passage might be （

13、 ）.2.From the passage we can learn that Freud means that these patients（ ）.3.Freuds study of this syndrome leads him to think that（ ）.4.Does Freud feel that analysis is not right for the patients he describes?问题1选项A.An Inverse Reaction to ProgressB.The Need for AnalysisC.Guilt and SufferingD.Introdu

14、ction to Freuds Ideas问题2选项A.act contrary to a physicians expectationsB.get worse when they should get betterC.get better when they should get worseD.both A and B问题3选项A.most patients respond badly to praiseB.patients need to trust their physiciansC.patients guilt may keep them from getting wellD.the

15、patients personal emotions need to be analyzed问题4选项A.Yes, he feels they are in love with their illness.B.Yes, he feels that they are too ill to recover.C.Yes, he senses that they need another remedy.D.No, but the patients often feel that way.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段中This excerpt is f

16、rom a translation of a 1923 work, The Ego and the Id. “本文节选自1923年的作品自我与本我。”与第二段There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment, they show signs of discontent an

17、d their condition invariably becomes worse. “在分析工作中，有些人的行为举止相当奇特。当人们满怀希望地与他们交谈，或对治疗的进展表示满意时，他们就会表现出不满的迹象，病情总是会恶化。” 可推知D项“对弗洛伊德观点的介绍”正确。其他三项都是文中未提及的内容。2.判断推理题。定位到第二段中的but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. “但是它们对治疗过程的反应是相反的。”和they get worse during the treatment instead of get

18、ting better. “他们在治疗过程中病情恶化，而不是好转”。可知A项与B项正确，故答案为D。3.判断推理题。由最后一段中We shall be right in regarding this disheartening explanation as final. 我们将正确地把这个令人沮丧的解释作为最后的解释”。 和“This sense of guilt expresses itself only as a resistance to recovery which is extremely difficult to overcome. 这种内疚感只表现为对恢复的抗拒，而恢复是极其难以

19、克服的”。可知C项正确。4.细节事实题由最后一段中It is also particular difficult to convince the patient that this motive lies behind his continuing to be ill, he holds fast to the more obvious explanation that treatment by analysis is not the right remedy for his case. 要让病人相信他继续患病的动机是非常困难的，他坚持更明显的解释，即通过分析治疗并不是对他的病例的正确治疗”。

20、可知D项正确。4.单选题Paradoxically, Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite （ ）them.问题1选项A.reflective aboutB.skeptical ofC.enamored ofD.offended by【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。reflective反射的；沉思的；become skeptical of开始非常怀疑 ； enamored of迷恋；become offended b

21、y 感到被冒犯。句意：自相矛盾的是，罗宾逊对早期科幻作品价值的过度否认表明她已经开始非常怀疑它们。由Paradoxically和Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that可知B符合语境。5.单选题Paleontologists assumptions about the equable nature of the climate on the primeval island of Pangaea are（ ） computer simulations indica

22、ting that the islands temperatures tended to fluctuate during the course of a year.问题1选项A.undermined byB.bolstered byC.bolstered byD.challenged by【答案】A【解析】考查动词词组辨析。undermined by被推翻。bolster支持，支撑。confirm确认，确定。challenge挑战。句意：古生物学家认定泛大陆早期岛屿的气候是恒定的，而计算机模拟表明岛上的温度整年都处于变化中。这结果推翻了之前的认定。根据句意可知A项符合题意。6.单选题The

23、woman wearing it could experience a change of personality similar to a fuzzy green caterpillars （ ）into a mature butterfly.问题1选项A.metamorphosisB.aviationC.transcendenceD.rumination【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。metamorphosis “变形”；aviation “飞行术”； transcendence“超越；超然存在”；rumination“ 沉思”。句意：任何穿上它的女士都能体验到一种类似于从毛茸茸的绿色毛虫

24、蜕变为成年蝴蝶的个性转变。由 “change、caterpillar及butterfly之间的关系可知A项符合。7.单选题The chemical formula of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is now well established. The molecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. To each sugar is attached a nitrogenous

25、base, which can be of four different types. Two of the possible basesadenine and guanine are purines, and the other two thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines. So are as is known, the sequence of bases along the chain is irregular. The monomer unit, consisting of phosphate, sugar and base, is known as

26、 a nucleotide.The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two. These two chains are both coiled around a common fiber axis. It has often been assumed that since there was only one chain in the chemical formula there would only be on

27、e in the structural unit. However, the density, taken with the X-ray evidence, suggests very strongly that there are two.The other biologically important feature is the manner in which the two chains are held together. This is done by hydrogen bonds between the bases. The bases are joined together i

28、n pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains. If a pair cons

29、isted of two purines, for example, there could not be room for it.We believe that the bases will be present almost entirely in their most probable forms. If this is true, the conditions for forming hydrogen bonds are more restrictive, and the only pairs of bases possible are: adenine with thymine, a

30、nd guanine with cytosine. Adenine, for example, can occur on either chain; but when it does, its partner on the other chain must always be thymine.The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. It follows that in a

31、long molecule many different permutations are possible, and it therefore seems likely that the precise sequence of bases is the code which carries the genetical information. If the actual order of the bases on one of the pair of chains were given, one could write down the exact order of the bases on

32、 the other one, because of the specific pairing. Thus, one chain is, as if were, the complement of the other, and it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule might duplicate itself.1.The authors use the word “backbone” (underlined in 1th and 5th paragraphs) to indicate t

33、hat （ ）.2.In the second paragraph, what do the authors claim to be a feature of biological interest?3.Based on the passage, the authors statement “If a pair consisted of two purines, for example, there would not be room for it” (italicized) implies that pair（ ）.4.The authors9 use of the words “exact

34、,” “specific,” and “complement” blackened in the final paragraph functions mainly to（ ）.问题1选项A.only very long chains of DNA can be taken from an organism with a spinal columnB.the main structure of a chain in a DNA molecule is composed of repeating unitsC.a chain in a DNA molecule consists entirely

35、of phosphate groups or of sugars.D.nitrogenous bases form the main structural unit of DNA问题2选项A.DNA consisting of two chains.B.The common fiber axis.C.The X-ray evidence.D.The chemical formula of DNA问题3选项A.of purines would be larger than the space between a sugar and a phosphate groupB.of purines wo

36、uld be larger than a pair consisting of a purine and a pyrimidineC.of pyrimidines would be larger than a pair of purinesD.consisting of a purine and a pyrimidine would be larger than a pair of pyrimidine问题4选项A.confirm that the nucleotide sequences are known for most molecules of DNAB.counter the cla

37、im that the sequences of bases along a chain can occur in any orderC.support the claim that the phosphate-sugar backbone of the authors model is completely regularD.emphasize how one chain of DNA may serve as template to be copied during DNA replication【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由第一段中 The m

38、olecule is a very long chain, the backbone of which consists of a regular alternation of sugar and phosphate groups. DNA 分子是一个非常长的链条，其支柱由糖和磷酸基有规律的交替组合构成。与第五段中The phosphate-sugar backbone of our model is completely regular, but any sequence of the pairs of bases can fit into the structure. 我们人类的DNA分子

39、模式的磷酸糖支柱完全是有规律的，不过成对的含氮碱基的任何排序都可以纳入该结构。可知与B选项对应。2.细节事实题。定位到第二段中的 “The first feature of our structure which is of biological interest is that it consists not of one chain, but of two.”在生物学研究方面我们人类 DNA结构令人感兴趣的第一个特征是它由两个链条而不是一个链条组成。可知与A项对应。3.判断推理题。从第三段中 “The bases are joined together in pairs, a single

40、 base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other. The important point is that only certain pairs of bases will fit into the structure. One member of a pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine in order to bridge between the two chains.” 这些碱基成对地联结在一起，一条链上的一个碱基与另一条链上的一

41、个碱基氢键连接。重要的一点是，只有某些对碱基才能适合这个结构。一对中的一个成员必须是嘌呤，另一个是嘧啶，以架起两个链之间的沟通桥梁。可知B项“由嘌呤和嘧啶组成的比一对嘧啶大”正确。4.推理判断题。A项“证实大多数DNA 分子的核苷酸序列是已知的”；B项“反对这样一种说法，即沿着链的碱基序列可以以任何顺序出现”；C项“支持作者模型的磷酸盐-糖骨架是完全规则的这一说法” ；D项“强调一条DNA链是如何在DNA复制过程中作为模板被复制的”定位到最后一段中 “.it is this feature which suggests how the deoxyribonucleic acid molecul

42、e might duplicate itself.正是这种特征表明脱氧核糖核酸分子（DNA）可以自我复制。”可知D项正确。8.单选题Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substance must be verified by （ ）experiments, even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.问题1选项A.evolutionaryB.humanC.randomD.replicated【答案】B【解析】考查

43、形容词辨析。evolutionary进化的，发展的；human人类的；random任意的，胡乱的；replicated重复的。句意：我们生物的唯一性要求一种物质的效用必须被人类实验所证明，甚至是在经过对该物质在动物身上千万次的试验以后。根据句意可知B项符合题意。9.单选题Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in this particular experiment she let a number of （ ）results slip by.问题1选项A.anomalousB.sa

44、lientC.redundantD.verifiable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。anomalous 异常的；不恰当的；不一致的；salient 显著的；跳跃的；redundant 多余的；累赘的；verifiable 可证实的；可检验的。句意：她经常最先发现与其他调查结果不一致的数据，不过在这个特殊的试验中她却让一些不一致的结果溜走了。由Usually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings可知A项正确。10.单选题Although she gives badly（ ）titles to

45、her musical compositions, they incorporate unusual combinations of materials including Gregorian chant, Asian scale patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.问题1选项A.exoticB.eccentricC.imaginativeD.conventional【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。exotic异国的，外来的eccentric古怪的，反常的；imaginative虚构的，富于想象的；conventional符合习俗的，日常的。 句意：尽管她糟糕地给她的音乐作品赋以寻常的（传统的）题目，但是这些作品却体现出对一些材料的不寻常整合，比如罗马教的圣歌、亚洲的音阶风格节奏、 古怪的声响和鸟鸣。由although 及unusual可知 空格处所填单词应与unusual相反，故答案为D。