考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考前自测提分卷99(含答案详解）

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1、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题The statistics（ ）that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.问题1选项A.provesB.is provingC.are provingD.prove【答案】D【解析】句意:这些统计数据表明这个地方的生活标准在最近已经彻底地改善。语法题。考查时态。主语为statistics (数据(复数),句意为“数据表明”,因此此处应该用一般现在

2、时。故选D。2.单选题Very few people could understand the lecture delivered by the professor because its subject was very（ ）.问题1选项A.intriguingB.indefiniteC.obscureD.dubious【答案】C【解析】句意:几乎没有人能听懂教授的讲座，因为其主题很晦涩难懂。考查形容词辨析。intriguing 有趣的，引人入胜的，神秘的；indefinite无期限的，不明确的，表示因定义不明确而引起理解上的模糊；obscure 不淸楚的，模糊的，晦涩的，强调费解；dubi

3、ous 可疑的，含糊的，强调因可疑而引起的不确定。根据前半句句意“几乎没有人能听懂教授的讲座”可知C正确。3.单选题When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance. In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Des

4、erts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and

5、 disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate

6、 has changed in the past and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planets environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a

7、 time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant t

8、urning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates （灵长目动物）some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some sc

9、ientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign （宜人的）global environment that has existed ov

10、er the past 10,000 yearsduring which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appearedis a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certain

11、ly go through dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged（ ）.2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate（ ）.3. Scientists believe that human evolution（ ）.4. Evidence of past climatic ch

12、anges indicates that（ ）.5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that（ ）.问题1选项A.to give up his former way of lifeB.to leave the coastal areasC.to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD.to abandon his original settlement问题2选项A.is going through a fundamental changeB.has been getting

13、warmer for 10,000 yearsC.will eventually change from hot to coldD.has gone through periodical changes问题3选项A.has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB.has exerted little influence on climatic changesC.has largely been affected by climatic changesD.had had a major impact on climatic changes问题4选

14、项A.human activities have accelerated changes of Earths environmentB.Earths environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC.Earths climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD.Earths climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future问题5选项A.human civilization remains

15、glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB.mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC.man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD.human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第

16、4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第段指出: After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease (在迫使自己周边的很多动物几乎绝灭后，人类被迫放弃旧的生活方式而选择导致大范围饥荒和疾病的全新生存策略),因此选A:放弃自己向前的生

17、活方式。2.判断推理题。第二段指出:Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planets environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years (研究者

18、己开始去拼凑一副有启示性的图片，展示了强大的地质和天文力量，这些力量共同改变了地球的环境，从热到冷，从湿到干，再到几亿年前的某个时期)。由此可知D “已经历阶段性的变化”正确。3.细节事实题。第三段指出: Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it (一些科学家认为，人类的历史确实不仅受全球气候变化的影响，且在某些情况下还受到它的推动),由此可知C项

19、“很大程度上受气候变化的影响”正确。4.细节事实题。最后一段指出:In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity(事实上，过去气候变化的形式显示，甚至在没有人类活动影响的情况下，地球的气候在未来几乎肯定地会经历急剧变化。”知C项“地球的气候在将来必然会显著地变化”正确。5.

20、判断推理题。最后一段指出: In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earths climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the futureeven without the influence of human activity (事实上，过去气候变化的形式显示，甚至在没有人类活动影响的情况下，地球的气候在未来几乎肯定地会经历急剧变化),由此可知作者想要传递的信息是:人类在而对气候的巨大变化吋实际上是无助的。4.单选题As

21、the climate in the Middle East changed beginning around 7000 B. C” conditions emerged that led to a more complex and advanced form of civilization in both Egypt and of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia became drier, producing river-side lands that were both habitable and fertile, and at

22、tracting settlers armed with the newly developed technique of agriculture. This migration was further encouraged by the gradual transformation of the once-hospitable grasslands of these regions into deserts. Human population became increasingly concentrated into pockets of settlement scattered along

23、 the banks of the great rivers.The rivers profoundly shaped the way of life along their banks. In Mesopotamia, the management of water in conditions of unpredictable drought, flood, and storm became the central economic and social challenge. Villagers began early to build simple earthworks, dikes, c

24、anals, and ditches to control the waters and reduce the opposing dangers of drought during the dry season (usually the spring) and flooding at the harvest time.Such efforts required a degree of cooperation among a large number of people that had not previously existed. The individual village, contai

25、ning only a dozen or so houses and families, was economically vulnerable; but when several villages, probably under the directions of a council of elders, learned to share their human resources in the building of coordinated network of water-control systems, the safety, stability, and prosperity of

26、all improved. In this new cooperation, the seeds of the great Mesopotamian civilizations were being sown.Technological and mathematical invention, too, were stimulated by life along the rivers. New devices were first developed here for use in irrigation systems. Similarly, the earliest methods of me

27、asurement and computation and the first developments in geometry were stimulated by the need to keep track of land holdings and boundaries in fields that were periodically inundated.The livers served as high roads of earliest commerce. Traders used boats made of bundles of rushes to transport grains

28、, fruits, fibers, and textiles from one village to another, transforming the rivers into the central spines of nascent commercial kingdoms. Trade expanded surprisingly widely; we have evidence suggesting that, even before the establishment of the first Egyptian dynasty, goods were being exchanged be

29、tween villagers in Egypt and others as far as Iran.Similar developments were occurring at much the same time along the great river valleys in other parts of the world - for example, along the Indus in India and Hwang Ho in China. The history of early civilization has been shaped to a remarkable degr

30、ee by the relationship of humans and rivers.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to explain（ ）.2.Which of the following social effects did the unpredictability of water supplies in Mesopotamia have?3. The earliest geometers were supported primarily by（ ）.4. It can be inferred from the passage th

31、at the emergence of complex civilizations in the Middle East was dependent upon the previous development of（ ）.5. The author refers to emerging civilizations in India and China primarily in order to emphasize（ ）.问题1选项A.how climatic changes led to the founding of the earliest recorded citiesB.the inf

32、luence of river life on the growth of early civilizationsC.some of the recent findings of researchers into early human historyD.the similarities and differences among several ancient societies问题2选项A.It led to warfare over water rights among rival villages.B.It encouraged cooperation in the creation

33、of water management systems.C.It drove farmers to settle in fertile grasslands far from the uncontrollable rivers.D.It had the actual effect of increasing the population there.问题3选项A.mechanical artisansB.traders and merchantsC.farm laborersD.land owners问题4选项A.basic techniques of agricultureB.symboli

34、c systems for writing and mathematical computationC.tools for constructing houses quickly and easilyD.a method for storing and transferring wealth问题5选项A.the importance of water transportation in the growth of early tradeB.the relatively advanced position enjoyed by the Middle East spread to other pl

35、acesC.the rapidity with which social systems developed in the Middle East spread to other placesD.the crucial role played by rivers in the development of human cultures around the world【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍河流对于文明和发展的作用。因此B项“河流生命对于早期文明发展的影响”符合本文主旨大意。2.判断推理题。题干问的是:下列哪项是美索不达米亚

36、中供水的不可预测性所产生的社会影响?第三段指出: Such efforts required a degree of cooperation among a large number of people that had not previously existed. The individual village, containing only a dozen or so houses and families, was economically vulnerable; but when several villages, probably under the directions of a

37、 council of elders, learned to share their human resources in the building of coordinated network of water-control systems, the safety, stability, and prosperity of all improved. In this new cooperation, the seeds of the great Mesopotamian civilizations were being sown (这种努力需要大量人员的前所未有的合作。只有十几户家庭的小村

38、庄容易受到经济冲击，但是在年长村民的指导下，这些村庄可能会学着在建立协调的水治理系统中进行人力资源共享，这吋候乡村的安全和稳定性以及繁荣度都得到了提升。在新的合作下，美索不达米亚的文明之种正被播散开来)。故选 B “它激发了水资源管理体系创新的相互合作”。3.细节事实题。通过题干关键词geometers定位至第四段: Similarly, the earliest methods of measurement and computation and the first developments in geometry were stimulated by the need to keep tr

39、ack of land holdings and boundaries in fields that were periodically inundated (同样，早期的测量和估算方法，以及几何学的初期发展，都是因为需要记录土地的所有权和记录被周期性淹没的土地边界范围而刺激发展的。因此，最初几何学主要是为了记录土地的所有权和实际情况而发展的)。故选D “土地所有者”。4.判断推理题。题干为:中东地区的复杂文明的出现主要依赖于之前的哪项的发展？第一段指出: As the climate in the Middle East changed .Jed to a more complex and

40、advanced from of civilization in both. Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia became drier, producing river-side lands that were both habitable and fertile, and attracting settlers armed with the newly developed technique of agriculture (随着中东地区的气候变化，出现的状况导致了复杂和先进 的文明形式。当美索不达米亚的幼发拉底河变得更干旱后，产生了宜居且肥沃的河岸土地，并且吸

41、引了拥有先进农业技术的移民。即中东地区的先进文明的发展有依靠农业技术的支持),故选A“基本的农业技术”。5.作者意图题。题干为: 作者谈及印度和中国的文明出现主要是为了强调什么？根据题干定位至最后一段: Similar developments were occurring at much the same time along the great river valleys in other parts of the world for example, along the Indus in India and Hwang Ho in China (同吋，世界其他地方也有沿大河而居所产生的类

42、似的发展，比如：印度西北部河流，中国的黄河)。因此,文章中谈及印度和中国，是为了说明河流同样在这些国家的发展中起到的作用,因此D项 “在世界各地人类文化的发展中，河流发挥关键的作用”正确。5.单选题As a junior assistant manager, he had been selected for（ ）.问题1选项A.interruptionB.promotionC.considerationD.intuition【答案】B【解析】句意:作为一个年轻的副经理,他已被选中为提拔对象。考查名词辨析。Interruption 中断时间,打扰,插嘴; promotion 提升,提拔,晋升;

43、consideration仔细考虑,深思,斟酌; intuition直觉力,(一种)直觉。故B符合句意。6.单选题A recent history of the Chicago meat-packing industry and its workers examines how the industry grew from its appearance in the 1830s through the early 1890s. Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects f

44、or advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious. Because the history maintains that conditions were above standard for the era, the frequency of labor disputes, especially in the mid-1880s, is not accounted for. The work i

45、gnores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the packing-house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform.In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high disease and infant morta

46、lity rates in the industrial community, due to low wages and unhealthy working conditions. Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work. The government investigation commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt which eventually led to t

47、he adoption of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act found the packing-houses unsanitary, while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked.The history may be too optimistic because most of its data from the 1880s and the information provided from that decade are insuffic

48、iently analyzed. Conditions actually declined in the 1880s and continued to decline after the 1880s, due to a reorganization of the packing process and a massive influx of unskilled workers. The deterioration in worker status, partly a result of the new availability of unskilled and hence cheap labo

49、r, is not discussed. Though a detailed account of work in the packing-houses is attempted, the author fails to distinguish between the wages and conditions for skilled workers and for those unskilled laborers who comprised the majority of the industrys workers from the 1880s on. While conditions for

50、 the former were arguably tolerable due to the strategic importance of skilled workers in the complicated slaughtering, cutting, and packing process (though worker complaints about the rate and conditions of work were frequent), pay and conditions for the latter were wretched. The authors misinterpr

51、etation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty generalizations.The pride and contentment the author remarks upon were, arguably, less the products of the industrial world of the packers the giant yards and the intrica

52、te plants - than of the unity and vibrancy(活跃)of the ethnic cultures that formed a viable community on Chicagos South Side. Indeed, the strength of this community succeeded in generating a social movement that effectively confronted the problems of the industry that provided its livelihood.1. The pa

53、ssage is primarily concerned with discussing（ ）.2.The author of the passage mentions all of the following as describing negative conditions in the meat-packing industry EXCEPT（ ）.3.The author of the passage mentions the “social movement” (in the last paragraph) generated by Chicagos South Side commu

54、nity primarily in order to（ ）.4.According to the passage, the working conditions of skilled workers in the meat-packing industry during the 1880s were influenced by（ ）.5. The author of the passage uses the second paragraph to（ ）.问题1选项A.how historians ought to explain the origins of the conditions in

55、 the Chicago meat-packing industryB.why it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industryC.why a particular account of the conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry is inaccurateD.what ought to be included in any account of the Chicago meat-p

56、ackers role in the national labor movement问题2选项A.data from the University of ChicagoB.social workersC.a recent history of the meat-packing industryD.historical sources for the late nineteenth century问题3选项A.inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat-packing industry after the period of tim

57、e covered by the historyB.introduce a new issue designed to elaborate on the good relationship between the meat-packers and Chicagos ethnic communitiesC.salvage the historys point of view by suggesting that there were positive developments in the meat-packing industry due to worker unityD.suggest th

58、e historys limitations by pointing out a situation that the history failed to explain adequately问题4选项A.the workers determined complaints about the rate and conditions of their workB.the efforts of social workers to improve sanitation in the packing-housesC.the workers ability to perform the industry

59、s complex tasksD.improvements in the industrys packing process that occurred in the 1880s问题5选项A.summarize the main point of the history discussed in the passageB.explain why the history discussed in the passage has been disparaged by criticsC.evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine th

60、e premises of the history discussed in the passageD.present evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the passage【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。第一段指出: The work ignores the fact that the 1880s were crucial years in American labor history, and that the pack

61、ing-house workers efforts were part of the national movement for labor reform (这个作品忽视了十九世纪八十年代是美国劳工 历史上重要时期的事实和肉类加工工人的努力是美国全国性劳工改革运动的一部分)以及第三段指出:The authors misinterpretation of the origins of the feelings the meat-packers had for their industrial neighborhood may account for the historys faulty gen

62、eralizations (作者对肉类加工商对其工业区的感受的起源的误解，可能是历史错误概括的原因)。因此该文章主要讨论“为何有关芝加哥肉类加工业情况的叙述是错误的”。2.细节事实题。题干问:本文作者提到以下所有描述肉类包装行业负面状况的内容，除了。A:来自芝加哥大学的资料,第二段指出: Additional data from the University of Chicago suggest that the packing-houses were dangerous places to work(来自芝加哥大学的附加资料表明肉类加工厂的工作环境是危险的),因此A符合原文所述。B:社会工作

63、者, 由第二段中 “while social workers observed that most of the workers were poorly paid and overworked(与此同吋，社会工作者发现大多数工人收入非常差且工作过度)”可知B正确。C:肉类加工业的近代史, 第一段指出: Meat-packers, the author argues, had good wages, working conditions, and prospects for advancement within the packing-houses, and did not cooperate with labor agitators since labor relations were so harmonious(作者（即近代史的作者）辩称，肉类加工工人的工资待遇、工资条件和发展前景都不错，且肉类加工工人没有与劳工纠纷鼓动者合作的 原因是该行业的劳工关系非常和睦),因此C项错误。D:第二段指出:In fact, other historical sources for the late-nineteenth century record deteriorating housing and high dise