2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题94（附答案详解）

《2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题94（附答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题94（附答案详解）（42页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Every modern government, liberal or otherwise, has a specific position in the field of ideas; its stability is vulnerable to critics in proportion to their ability and persuasiveness.问题1选项A.futileB.susceptibleC.feasibleD.flexible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词vulnerable

2、意为“易受攻击的，易受的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的”；A选项“futile”意为“无用的；无效的；没有出息的”；B选项“susceptible”意为“易受影响的；易感动的；容许的”；C选项“feasible”意为“可行的；可能的；可实行的”；D选项“flexible”意为“灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的”。句意：每一个现代政府，无论是自由的还是不自由的，在思想领域都有一个特定的位置；它的稳定性易受批评家的影响，与他们的能力和说服力成比例。由题干可知，its stability（政府的稳定性）与critics（批评家）之间应该是被影响的关系，也就是批评家的能力和说服力越强，政府的稳定性越容易受影响受伤

3、害。由此可知，vulnerable在此处最可能是“易受伤害的”的意思。因此B选项符合题意。2. 不定项选择题Researchers disagree on whether the “use it or lose it” philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines. At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K

4、. Warner Schaie, have studied 5000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively af

5、fluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel.Education helps too. Researchers say because it instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage wi

6、th a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor.Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before” Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often

7、yields higher scores on tests of mental function. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says.If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hours tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose s

8、kills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested.Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visuo-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, and playing brid

9、ge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows.Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.1. In the passage, the author

10、 mainly discusses （ ）.2. The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (paragraph 1) refers to （ ）.3. According to the researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?4. From this passage we may safely infer that （ ） might help prevent mental declines.5. According to the author

11、, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that （ ）.问题1选项A.the role of mental stimulation in preventing mental agingB.gradual loss of mental skills with normal agingC.the relationship between mental function and spatial skillsD.effective ways to keep intellectual vigor问题2选项A.brain

12、powerB.cognitive developmentC.mental simulatingD.intellectual function问题3选项A.EducationB.Chronic illnessC.Standard of livingD.All of the above问题4选项A.physical exercisesB.social interconnectionsC.rigid daily routinesD.a healthy diet问题5选项A.wisdom may be thought of as a special form of abilities and know

13、ledge completely developed with life experienceB.wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging startedC.wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such inductive reasoning and spatial skillsD.wisdom makes up an important part of brain power【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:主旨

14、大意题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines有证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄有关的衰退”，可知A项与原文相符。A项“智力的刺激在防止智力老化方面的作用”；B项“随着年龄的增长心智能力逐渐丧失”，与原文不符；C项“智力功能和空间技能之间的关系”，与原文不符；D项“保持智力活力的有效方式”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Researchers disagree on whether the use i

15、t or lose it philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines. 研究人员对要么使用它，要么失去它的理论是否适用于认知老化持不同意见，但有证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄有关的衰退。”可推知it在这里指代“智力的能力”。A项“脑力”；B项“认知的发展”；C项“脑力的模拟”；D项“智力功能”，因此A选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“People lucky enou

16、gh to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function幸运地没有患慢性疾病的人在智力功能方面可能进展得更好”可知B项“慢性疾病”与原文相符；由第一段中“those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better那些足够幸运的相对富裕的人也过得更好”可知C项“生活水平”与原文相符；由第二段中“Education helps too教育也有帮助”可知A项“教育”与原文相符，A、B、C选项均正确。A项“教育”；B项“慢性疾病”；C项“生活水平”

17、；D项“以上所有各项”，因此D选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第五段中“Other ways to stay sharp playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows. 还有其他保持思维敏捷的方法比如靠记忆打桥牌，或者在家与电视游戏节目中的玩家斗智。”可知B项“社会联系”与原文相符。A项“身体锻炼”；B项“社会联系”；C项“固定的日常生活”；D项“健康的饮食”，因此B选项正确。第5题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Even though y

18、ou may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s. 虽然随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智能力，但你也会在一个关键领域获得收获：智慧。在40、50，甚至60岁，心智力都在不断增长。”，可知A项“智慧可以被认为是完全由生活经验发展而来的能力和知识的一种特殊形式”、B项“即使大脑开始老化，智慧仍然会增长”及D项“智慧是脑力的重要组成部分

19、”均与原文相符；而C项“智慧的重要性高于归纳推理和空间技能等心理技能”原文并未提及，因此C选项符合题意。3. 单选题Fool （ ） Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.问题1选项A.whoB.asC.thatD.like【答案】B【解析】考查连词和代词辨析。A选项who“谁；什么人”；B选项as“如同，像一样；虽然”；C选项that没有实意；D选项like“像，如同”。由本句前后语义关系可知，前半句应该是一个让步状语从句。句意：尽管吉英很蠢，她也不会做出这种事来。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题One（ ）needed when makin

20、g a cake is flour, another is sugar.问题1选项A.containerB.ingredientC.contentD.equivalent【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项container“集装箱；容器”；B选项ingredient“原料；要素；组成部分”；C选项content“内容，目录；满足；容量”；D选项equivalent“等价物，相等物”。句意：制作蛋糕所需的一种原料是面粉，另一种原料是糖。根据句中“making a cake制作蛋糕”可知“原料”符合语境，因此B选项正确。5. 单选题He was interested only in the s

21、tory and skipped all those passages of landscape description.问题1选项A.thought badly ofB.went overC.went throughD.passed over【答案】D【解析】考查动词和词组辨析。skip“跳过；遗漏”；A选项think badly of “认为不好”；B选项go over“复习；仔细检查”；C选项go through“参加；经受；仔细检查；通过”；D选项pass over“越过；忽略；宽恕；回避”。句意：他仅仅对这个故事感兴趣，因此他跳过了所有那些描述风景的段落。由“He was inter

22、ested only in the story他仅仅对这个故事感兴趣”可推断出skip在这里有“跳过”的意思，因此D选项正确。6. 不定项选择题Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the

23、 reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is of interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals understanding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of

24、this skill of self-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not de

25、pendent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children.The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup

26、 exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and pic

27、king at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, “Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves

28、 up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril.”Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The

29、mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further ev

30、idence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and to have responded to the marks because they no

31、ticed changes in their appearance.1. The idea this passage discusses is whether （ ）.2. The first sentence of Paragraph 2 (“The evidence indicates .”) may be interpreted to mean that nearly all animals have（ ）.3. The word “prior” (in last paragraph) can best be replaced by （ ）.4. The writers of this

32、passage probably （ ）.5. The authors purpose in this passage is to （ ）.问题1选项A.dogs recognize themselves in minorsB.the grooming practices of chimps can be alteredC.nonhumans have a self-conceptD.chimps change their behavior when a mirror is present问题2选项A.some self-conceptB.no self-conceptC.an awarene

33、ss of the uses of mirrorsD.a fear of mirrors问题3选项A.“important”B.“rich”C.“former”D.“temporary”问题4选项A.prefer dogs to chimpsB.have done more research with chimps than dogsC.enjoyed the experience involved in working with animalsD.want to see more research in nonhuman self-awareness问题5选项A.compare dog be

34、havior to chimp behaviorB.defend an ideaC.explore recent research no nonhuman self-awarenessD.evaluate a hypothesis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第五句“Apart from curiosity about the level of animals understanding, research on self-recognition in animal has several benefits. 除了对

35、动物认知水平的好奇，对动物自我认知的研究还有很多好处。”是文章讨论的观点，可知C项“非人类有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“狗认出镜子中的自己”；B项“黑猩猩梳毛的习惯可以改变”；D项“黑猩猩在有镜子时会改变自己的行为”。因此C选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句“The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. 该证据表明，狗和几乎所有其他非人类动物都不认识自己。”可知B项“没有自我意识”与原文相符。A项“一些自我意识”；C项“对镜子使用的

36、认识”；D项“害怕镜子”。因此B选项正确。第3题:词汇题。单词prior的意思是“较早的；先前的”，因此C项“先前的”正确。A项“重要的”；B项“富有的；丰富的”；D项“暂时的”。因此C选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第一句“Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. 然后，研究人员设计了一个进一步的自我认知测试。”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知作者“想看到更多关于非人类自我意识的研究”，D选项符合题意。A项“相比黑猩猩更喜欢狗”；B项“对黑猩猩的研究多于对狗的研究”；C项“

37、喜欢与动物打交道的经历”。因此D选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第三句“But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? 但是，狗能认出自己吗？还是说，反射只是一个潜在的同伴或威胁的信号？”和全文围绕“动物是否有自我意识”来叙述可知D项“评估一种假设”与原文相符。A项“比较狗和黑猩猩的行为”；B项“维护一个观点”；C项“探索有关非人类自我意识的最近研究”。因此D选项正确。7. 不定项选择题A timely study

38、 in the journal Human Factors suggests why texting while driving is riskier than talking on a cell phone or with another passenger. Ergonomics （人类工程学）researchers at the University of Utah found that texters in a driving simulator had more crashes, responded more slowly to brake lights on cars in fro

39、nt of them, and showed more impairment in forward and lateral control than did drivers who talked on a cell phone while driving or drove without texting. Researchers Frank Drews and colleagues found evidence that attention patterns differ for drivers who text versus those who converse on a cell phon

40、e. In the latter case, the researchers say, “drivers apparently attempt to divide attention between a phone conversation and driving, adjusting the processing priority of the two activities depending on task demands.” But texting requires drivers to switch their attention from one task to the other.

41、 When such attention-switching occurs as drivers compose, read, or receive a text, their overall reaction times are substantially slower than when theyre engaged in a phone conversation. The type of texting activity also appears to make a difference; in this study, reading messages affected braking

42、times more than did composing them.The hazards of texting while driving continue to receive broad national and international attention as accident rates attributed to this practice increase. As a result, a growing number of U.S. cities and states, as well as Canadian provinces, ban texting while ope

43、rating a vehicle. Drews et al, noted that according to CTIA, more than 1 trillion text messages were sent in 2008 in the United States alone. To find why and how much drivers are impaired during texting, the researchers engaged 20 men and 20 women between the ages of 19 and 23 in both a single task

44、(straight driving) and a dual task (driving and texting) in a high-fidelity simulator. The participants, experienced texters with an average of 4.75 years of driving experience, received and sent messages while the researchers observed their brake onset time, following distance, lane maintenance, an

45、d collisions.The crash risk attributable to texting is substantial. One possible explanation is that drivers who text tend to decrease their minimum following distance and also experience delayed reaction time. For example, in the Drews et al. study, drivers median reaction time increased by 30% whe

46、n they were texting and 9% when they talked on the phone, compared with their performance in a driving-only condition.Notwithstanding the safety risk of texting while driving, previous research by Drews and colleagues at the University of Utahnot to mention crash data and widespread legislationmakes

47、 clear that using a phone while driving is dangerous.1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true?2. A texter while driving intends to （ ）.3. Why texting while driving is more dangerous than conversing on a cell-phone?4. The underlined phrase in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to （ ）.5. Wh

48、at does the last paragraph suggest?问题1选项A.Compared with talking on a cell-phone, it is more dangerous to talk with another passenger.B.While driving, texting is riskier than talking on a cell-phone.C.More accidents happened due to texting while driving.D.While driving, people tend to react more slow

49、ly when they are texting.问题2选项A.be able to pay enough attention to cars coming from both sides of his/her carB.keep proper distance with the car in front of his/hersC.be steady in driving along the proper laneD.be less conscious of the brake lights on car in front of him/hers问题3选项A.Because texting m

50、ay tend to slow down the drivers reaction.B.Because reading messages affected braking time.C.Because attention-switching for texting is riskier than is attention-dividing for conversing.D.Because composing a message while driving may be more risky.问题4选项A.to repair the roadB.keeping the road in good

51、conditionC.to stick to the roadD.driving steadily along the same driving lane问题5选项A.Many cars crashed due to the use of a cell-phone while driving.B.Relative laws should be made.C.Texting is as dangerous as is talking on a cell-phone.D.Texting may lead to safety problems.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:

52、D【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第一段的第一句话“why texting while driving is riskier than talking on a cell phone or with another passenger”（为什么开车时发短信比打电话或与其他乘客通话更危险）可知，本文是将发短信与其他两者之间进行相比，而不是将“与用手机交谈相比，与其他乘客交谈更危险”这两者之间相比，所以A选项符合题意。B选项“开车时发短信比打电话更危险”、C选项“更多的事故是由开车时发短信造成的”、D选项“开车时，人们在发短信时反应往往更慢”三项内容文中都有提及，所以说法是正确的。因此A选

53、项符合题意。第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段的第二句话“University of Utah found that texters in a driving simulator had more crashes, responded more slowly to brake lights on cars in front of them, and showed more impairment in forward and lateral control than did drivers who talked on a cell phone while driving or drove w

54、ithout texting”（犹他大学发现，与边开车边打电话或开车时不发短信的司机相比，在驾驶模拟器中发短信的人发生的车祸更多，对前面汽车的刹车灯反应更慢，在前进和横向控制方面表现出更大的障碍）可知他们不太在意他/她前面车上的刹车灯。A选项“能够对从他/她的车的两边来的车给予足够的注意”、B选项“与他/她前面的车保持适当的距离”、C选项“在正确的车道上开车要稳”三项内容没有原文依据。因此D选项正确。第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到第一段的第三、四句话“Researchers Frank Drews and colleagues found evidence that attention pa

55、tterns differ for drivers who text versus those who converse on a cell phone. In the latter case, the researchers say, drivers apparently attempt to divide attention between a phone conversation and driving, adjusting the processing priority of the two activities depending on task demands.”（研究人员Fran

56、k Drew及其同事发现，发短信的司机和打电话的司机注意力模式不同。研究人员说，在后一种情况下，“司机显然试图将注意力分散在打电话和开车之间，根据任务需求调整这两种活动的处理优先级”）可知因为在发短信时转移注意力比在交谈时分散注意力风险更大。A选项“因为发短信可能会减慢司机的反应速度”、B选项“因为读取信息会影响制动时间”、D选项“因为边开车边写信息可能更危险”三项内容说法也都是开车时发短信的危害，但是不够全面。因此C选项正确。第4题:语义推测题。由题干定位到第二段最后一句话“The participants, experienced texters with an average of 4.

57、75 years of driving experience, received and sent messages while the researchers observed their brake onset time, following distance, lane maintenance, and collisions”（参与者是有经验的短信用户，平均有4.75年的驾驶经验，他们接收和发送信息，同时研究人员观察他们的刹车开始时间、跟车距离、沿路行使和碰撞情况）可知lane maintenance为不变地沿着同样的驾驶道路驾驶。A选项“修护道路”、B选项“保持道路状况良好”、C选项“

58、不偏离道路”语义错误。因此D选项正确。第5题:判断推理题。由题干定位到最后一段“Notwithstanding the safety risk of texting while driving, previous research by Drews and colleagues at the University of Utahnot to mention crash data and widespread legislationmakes clear that using a phone while driving is dangerous”（尽管开车时发短信存在安全风险，但德鲁和他在犹他大

59、学的同事之前的研究更不用说撞车数据和广泛的立法明确表明开车时使用手机是危险的）可知驾驶时发短信会导致安全问题。A选项“许多汽车因开车时使用手机而发生撞车事故”、B选项“应该制定相关的法律”没有原文依据；C选项“发短信和打电话一样危险”错误，这两者之间本文没有明确表述。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题Brushing removes larger particles, but dentists suggest brushing the back of the tongue as well, where food residues and bacteria _.问题1选项A.flourishB.col

60、laborateC.embarkD.congregate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“flourish”意为“繁荣，茂盛；处于旺盛时期；炫耀”；B选项“collaborate”意为“合作；勾结，通敌”；C选项“embark”意为“上船（或飞机）；（使）上船（或登机）；从事”；D选项“congregate”意为“聚集”。句意：刷牙可以清除较大的颗粒，但牙医建议也要刷舌头后部，那里有食物残渣和细菌聚集。由题干可知，food residues and bacteria（食物残渣和细菌），可以推测出是有这些东西的聚集，所以牙医建议也要刷舌头的后部。因此D选项符合题意。9. 不定项选择题Man

61、y Americans harbor a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great

62、as some people believe, “the streets would be littered with people lying here and there”.Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10% of a plants w

63、eight is made up of natural pesticides. Says he, “Since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare.” And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogens a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: “Were got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything m