2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷96（附答案带详解）

《2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷96（附答案带详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷96（附答案带详解）（23页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The reception was attended by various prominent members of the ideal community and representatives of regional industries.问题1选项A.congestedB.projectingC.conspicuousD.outstanding【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。横线单词prominent意为“突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的”；A选项“congested”意为“堵塞的，拥挤的”；B选项“

2、projecting”意为“突出来的；伸出的”；C选项“conspicuous”意为“显著的；显而易见的”；D选项“outstanding”意为“杰出的；显著的；未解决的；未偿付的”。句意：出席招待会的有理想社区的杰出人士和区域行业代表。由题干可知，and是并列连词，and前后意思相近。所以可推测出prominent members与representatives（代表）意思相近。由此可知，prominent在此处最可能是“杰出的，卓越的”的意思，四个选项中outstanding具有“杰出的”的意思，与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题Her panic was transient, a

3、nd ceased when she began to speak.问题1选项A.beyond descriptionB.unnoticedC.passing quicklyD.vague【答案】C【解析】考查形容词和词组辨析。transient“短暂的；路过的”；A选项beyond description“无法形容，难以形容”；B选项unnoticed“被忽视的；不引人注意的；未被注意的”；C选项passing quickly“飞逝的”；D选项vague“模糊的；含糊的”。句意：她的惊慌是暂时的，一开口就停止了。由题干中的“ceased when she began to speak一开口就

4、停止了”可推知transient在这里有“短暂的”的意思，因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.问题1选项A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。adverse“不利的；相反的；敌对的”；A选项“local 当地的；局部的；地方性的”；B选项unfamiliar“不熟悉的；不常见的”；C选项good“好的；优良的；愉快的”；D选项unfavorable“不利的；令人不快的；不顺利的”。句意：由于天气

5、条件恶劣，旅行者们停下来露营。根据句中“the travelers stopped to camp这些旅客停下了去扎营”可知adverse在这里的意思为“不利的”，因此D选项正确。4. 单选题An eighteenth-century traveler to Annapolis reported on the splendor of this southern city.问题1选项A.magnificenceB.corruptionC.dimensionsD.provincialism【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。横线单词splendor意为“光彩；壮丽；显赫”；A选项“magnificen

6、ce”意为“壮丽；宏伟；富丽堂皇”；B选项“corruption”意为“贪污，腐败；堕落”；C选项“dimensions”意为“规模，大小；尺寸规格”；D选项“provincialism”意为“方言；地方风格；乡下习气”。句意：一位18世纪去过安纳波利斯的旅行者报道了这座南方城市的辉煌壮丽。由题干可知，Annapolis（安纳波利斯，是美国马里兰州的首府和港口，是一座历史名城），所以可以推测出splendor在此处最可能是“壮丽”的意思，四个选项中magnificence具有“壮丽宏伟”的意思，与此相近。因此A选项符合题意。5. 不定项选择题The Americans no longer ex

7、pect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest books, Doing Our Own Thing, The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and contr

8、oversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the mode

9、stly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both o

10、ral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should Li

11、ke, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressivethere exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think str

12、aight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language i

13、s not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “one paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.1. According to McWhorter, the decline of form

14、al English（ ）.2. The word “talking” (paragraph 1) denotes （ ）.3. To which of the following statements is McWhorter most likely to agree?4. The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the authors （ ）.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as（ ）.问题1选项A.is inev

15、itable in radical education reformsB.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s问题2选项A.modestyB.personalityC.livelinessD.informality问题3选项A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to th

16、e way we talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.问题4选项A.interest in their languageB.appreciation of their effortsC.admiration for their

17、 memoryD.contempt for their old-fashionedness问题5选项A.“temporary” is to “permanent”B.“radical” is to “conservative”C.“functional” is to “artistic”D.“humble” is to “noble”【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由本文最后一段的最后一句话“A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one”（也许这是一种遗憾，但也许是不可避免的）可知，在语言

18、发展过程中，正式英语的衰落是非常正常的，这段介绍了正式英语的衰落，最后一句话是对这个衰落过程的总结。A选项“在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的”没有原文依据、C选项“引发了反主流文化的争议”、D选项“在20世纪60年代改变了公众的态度”均说法错误，20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利是正式英语衰落的原因。因此B选项正确。第2题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“talking”定位到第一段第四句话“But the cult of the authentic and the personal, doing our own thing, has spelt the death of formal speech,

19、writing, poetry and music”（但是，“做我们自己的事”这种对真实和个人的狂热已经宣告了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡）再联系本段最后一句话“In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft”（在英语口语和书面语中，说胜于演讲，自发性胜于技巧）可以推测talking对应的是非正式的意思。A选项“谦逊”、B选项“个性”、C选项“活力”均为干扰项，与语义不符。因此D选项正确。第3题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第二段最后一句话“He is n

20、ot arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper”（他并不像许多人那样，认为我们不能再正确地思考，因为我们说话不恰当）可知McWhorter认为逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关。B选项“黑人英语可能比标准英语更有表现力”说法错误，文中提到黑人这样的非官方语言具有强大的表现力，但没有与标准英语作比较；C选项“各种非标准的人类语言也同样有趣”；D选项“在所有的变体中，标准英语最能传达复杂的思想”均为干扰项，没有原文依据。因此A选项正确。第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键

21、词“love of memorizing poetry”定位到最后一段第二句话“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful”（麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的，也没有提出激进的教育改革他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤）可知是表示了对他

22、们努力的欣赏，所以才会对这些事物的丧失感到悲伤。A选项“对他们语言的兴趣”说法过于表面，且文中没有详细描述；C选项“对他们记忆的钦佩”没有原文依据；D选项“蔑视他们的守旧”说法错误，没有体现出蔑视的感情。因此B选项正确。第5题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“paper plates”和“china”定位到最后一段第二、三句话“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reformshe is really grieving

23、over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English one paper plates instead of china.”（麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的，也没有提出激进的教育改革他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤。我们现在用我们的英语是“一个纸盘子，而不是瓷器”）可知纸盘子是功能型的，而瓷器是艺术型的，所以是功能与艺术之间的比较。A选项“暂时的和永久的”；B选项“激进的和保守的”；D选项“谦虚的与高尚的”为干扰项，不符合语义。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题Heav

24、y rains were causing inundation and much damage throughout the country.问题1选项A.much inconvenienceB.serious concernC.overflow of waterD.human misery【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。inundation“洪水”；A选项much inconvenience“很多不便”；B选项serious concern“高度关注”；C选项overflow of water“水的泛滥”；D选项human misery“人类的苦难”。句意：暴雨在整个国家造成洪水和很多损毁。

25、由题干中的“Heavy rains暴雨”可推知inundation在这里有“洪水”的意思，因此C选项正确。7. 单选题Chinese farmers are mostly living a simple and thrifty life as it is today.问题1选项A.miserableB.economicalC.luxuriousD.sensible【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。thrifty“节俭的；节约的”；A选项miserable“悲惨的；痛苦的”；B选项economical“经济的；节俭的”；C选项luxurious“奢侈的；丰富的；放纵的”；D选项sensible“

26、明智的；合乎情理的；意识到的”。句意：中国农民大多像今天这样过着简单节俭的生活。根据句中“simple简单的”可知thrifty在这里的意思为“节俭的”，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题The ongoing negotiation relied on unorthodox channels, avoiding the dull State Department, which he disdained.问题1选项A.respectedB.neglectedC.deniedD.despised【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。disdain“鄙视，轻视”；A选项respect“尊敬，尊重；遵守”；B选

27、项neglect“疏忽，忽视；忽略”；C选项deny“否定，否认；拒绝给予”；D选项despise“轻视，鄙视”。句意：正在进行的谈判依赖非正统渠道，避开了他鄙视的沉闷的国务院。题干说到“dull State Department呆滞的国务院”，可推知disdain在这里有“鄙视”的意思，因此D选项正确。9. 单选题His remarks were（ ）annoy everybody at the meeting.问题1选项A.so as toB.such as toC.such toD.as much as to【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项 so as to“以便；以致”；B选项s

28、uch as to“达到这样的程度以致”；C选项such to，没有这样的搭配，可排除；D选项as much as to“就像是”。由本句关键词“annoy everybody”（惹恼了所有人）可知，他的评论到达了很严重的程度以致惹恼所有人。句意：他的话让会议上的每个人都很恼火。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题When the Pacific War broke out, Edward was drafted by navy and served four full years on a big aircraft carrier.问题1选项A.enlistedB.mobilizedC.appro

29、vedD.attracted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。draft“起草；制定；征募”；A选项enlist“征募；赞助”；B选项mobilize“动员；调动；使流通”；C选项approve“批准；赞成”；D选项attract“吸引；引起”。句意：太平洋战争爆发时，爱德华应征入伍，在一艘大型航空母舰上服役了整整四年。由题干中的“served four full years on a big aircraft carrier在一艘大的航空母舰上服役了整整四年”可知was drafted在这里是“被征募”的意思，因此A选项正确。11. 单选题During the World War II, th

30、e shabby little bar successfully harbored many Jews who would otherwise have been slaughtered by Hitler.问题1选项A.shiveredB.shoveledC.shelteredD.shuttled【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。harbor“庇护；怀有”；A选项shiver“颤抖；打碎”；B选项shovel“铲除；用铲挖”；C选项shelter“保护；使掩蔽；庇护”；D选项shuttle“使穿梭般来回移动；短程穿梭般运送”。句意：第二次世界大战期间，这家破旧的小酒吧成功地收留了许多犹太人，否

31、则他们可能会被希特勒屠杀。文中提到“slaughtered by Hitler被希特勒屠杀”，可推知harbored在这里有“庇护”的意思，因此C选项正确。12. 单选题There were no tickets（ ）for Fridays performance.问题1选项A.preferableB.possibleC.considerableD.available【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的；更合意的”；B选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；C选项considerable“相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的”；D选项available

32、“可获得的；可购买的；可找到的；有空的”。句意：周五的演出已没有票可购买。根据句中“There were no tickets没有票”可知“可购买的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。13. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One of the strangest aspects of our life is the widespread lack of concern about the danger of total destruction by nuclear wea

33、pons, a possibility people are aware of. The explanation, I believe, is that they are more proud of than frightened by the gadgets of mass destruction. Also, they are so frightened of the possibility of their personal failure and humiliation that their anxiety about personal matters prevents them fr

34、om feeling anxious about the possibility that everybody and everything may be destroyed. Perhaps total destruction is even more attractive than total insecurity and never-ending personal anxiety.【答案】我们生活中最奇怪的一个方面是，人们普遍不关心核武器可能带来彻底毁灭的危险，而人们也知道这种可能性。我认为，可以解释为，他们对大规模毁灭性武器与其说感到害怕，不如说感到自豪。此外，他们对个人失败和被羞辱的

35、可能性是如此恐惧，以至于他们对个人事务的焦虑阻碍了他们去担忧每个人、每件事都可能被摧毁的可能性。也许彻底的毁灭比完全的不安全感和无休止的个人焦虑更有吸引力。14. 单选题Professor Smith and Professor Brown will（ ）in giving the class lectures.问题1选项A.exchangeB.alterC.shiftD.alternate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项exchange“交换；交易；兑换”；B选项alter“改变；变更”；C选项shift“转移；改变；替换”；D选项alternate“交替；轮流”。句意：史密斯教授和布

36、朗教授将轮流给这个班级讲课。根据句中“giving the class lectures给这个班级讲课”可知“轮流”符合语境，因此D选项正确。15. 单选题Next semester, Susan must take three compulsory courses.问题1选项A.formalB.voluntaryC.practicalD.required【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。compulsory“义务的；必修的；被强制的”；A选项formal“正式的；拘谨的；有条理的”；B选项voluntary“自愿的；故意的”；C选项practical“实际的；实用性的”；D选项require

37、d“必需的；必修的”。句意：下学期，苏珊必须修三门必修课。根据句中“courses课程”可知compulsory在这里的意思为“必修的”，因此D选项正确。16. 不定项选择题There is a question, however, that must be answered before this synthesis is attempted, namely, which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics? It is easy to be misled in this respect. Much

38、 of our social behavior is automatic. Some may be instinctive, that is, organically determined. Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily

39、unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. Thus, a critical examination of what is generally valid for all humanity and what is specifically valid for different cultural types comes to be a matter of great concern to students of society. This is one of the problems that induce

40、us to lay particular stress upon the study of culture that are historically as little as possible related to our own. Their study enables us to determine those tendencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only.Another vista opens if we ask ourselves wheth

41、er the characteristics of human society are even more widely distributed and found also in the animal world. Relations of individuals or of groups of individuals may be looked at from three points of view: relations to the organic and inorganic outer world, relations among members of the same social

42、 group, and what, for lack of a better term, may be designated as subjectively conditioned relations. I mean by this term those attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities, as good or bad, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, purposive or causally determined. Relations w

43、ith the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geographical limitations of varied kinds. The relations of members among the same social group include the relation of sexes, habits of forming social grou

44、ps and their forms. Obviously, these phases of human life are shared by animals. Their food requirements are biologically determined and adjusted to the geographical environment in which they live. Acquisition and storage of food are found among animals as well as in man. The need of protection agai

45、nst climate and enemies is also operative in animal society, and adjustment to these needs in the form of nests or dens is common. No less are the relations between members of social groups present in animal life, for animal societies of varied structure occur. It appears, therefore, that a consider

46、able field of social phenomena does not by any means belong to man alone but is shared by the animal world, and the questions must be asked: what traits are common to human and animal societies?1. Which of the following statements is true? Our social behavior is （ ）.2. Why is social behavior difficu

47、lt to change?3. In order to answer the question: “which are the social tendencies that are general human characteristics?” we have to emphasize on the study of （ ）.4. The three points of view that indicate the relations of individuals are （ ）.5. Form the definitions of the three points of view, acco

48、rding to the passage, we can infer that （ ）.问题1选项A.more based on learned reactions than natural tendencyB.more inherently determined than early impressedC.more spontaneous than inbornD.more based on inherent than constitutional behavior问题2选项A.Ones behavior is inborn so that nothing can be done about

49、 it.B.Ones behavior is instinctive so that he/she cant act differently.C.Ones behavior is taught from childhood so that it is fixed as normal in his/her childhood.D.If one never changes his/her geographical dwelling, his/her social behavior can never be changed.问题3选项A.human behaviorB.human organsC.c

50、ultureD.environment问题4选项A.relations characterized by natural development; relations that are culturally determined; socially accepted behavior among the groupB.relations to natural and unnatural world; relations among people; conditioned relationsC.relations to organic and inorganic outer world; rel

51、ations among human behavior; objectively conditioned relationsD.relations to living environment; relations among members of the same social group; subjectively conditioned relations问题5选项A.conditioned relations are acquiredB.relations to the organic and inorganic outer world are instinctiveC.relation

52、s among members or the same social group are learnedD.all of the above【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the

53、 behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上，也就是说，条件反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“更多的是基于习得的反应，而不是自然倾向”；B项“更多的是内在的决心而不是早期的印象”，与原文不符；C项“自发的多于天生的”，与原文不符；D项“更多地基于天生而不是本质的行为”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位

54、到文章第一段中“Much more is based on conditioned responses, that is, determined by situations so persistently and early impressed upon us that we are no longer aware of the character of the behavior and also ordinarily unaware of the existence or possibility of a different behavior. 更多的是建立在条件反应的基础上，也就是说，条件

55、反应是由长期的和早期的情况所决定的，我们不再意识到行为的特征，通常也没有意识到不同行为的存在或可能性。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“一个人的行为是与生俱来的，因此没有什么可以改变它。”，与原文不符；B项“一个人的行为是本能的，所以他/她不会有不同的行为。”，与原文不符；C项“一个人的行为是从小就被教导的，因此在他/她的童年就被固定下来，作为正常的行为。”；D项“如果一个人永远不改变他/她的居住地，他/她的社会行为也永远不会改变。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Their study enables us to determine those ten

56、dencies that are common to all mankind and those belonging to specific human societies only. 他们的研究使我们能够确定哪些倾向是全人类共有的，哪些只属于特定的人类社会。”可推知C项与原文相符。A项“人类行为”；B项“人类器官”；C项“文化”；D项“环境”，因此C选项正确。第4题:推理判断题。最后一段中提及的三个观点：relations to the organic and inorganic outer world、relations among members of the same social g

57、roup和conditioned relations（有机和无机外部世界的关系、同一社会群体成员之间的关系和条件关系），B、C、D三个选项均不符合题干要求，所以A项与原文相符。A项“以自然发展为特点的关系；由文化决定的关系；群体间被社会所接受的行为”；B项“与自然和非自然世界的关系；人们之间的关系；条件关系”，与题意不符；C项“与外部世界有机和无机的关系；人类行为的关系；客观条件的关系”，与题意不符；D项“与生活环境的关系；同一社会群体成员之间的关系；主观条件关系”，与题意不符，因此A选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“I mean by this term those

58、attitudes that arise gradually by giving values and meanings to activities我用这个术语意指那些通过赋予活动价值和意义而逐渐产生的态度”，可知A项“条件关系是获得的”与原文相符；由题干定位到文章最后一段中“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining of sustenance, protection against rigor of the climate, and geogr

59、aphical limitations of varied kinds. 与有机和无机外部世界的关系主要是通过获得食物、抵御严酷的气候和各种地理限制来建立的。”可知B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”与原文相符；最后一段提到“Relations with the organic and inorganic outer world are established primarily by the obtaining”，即成员与群体间的关系是习得的，C选项正确。所以D项“以上各选项”正确。A项“条件关系是获得的”；B项“与有机和无机外部世界的关系是本能的”；C项“成员或同一社会群体之间的关系

60、是习得的”；D项“以上各选项”，因此D选项正确。17. 单选题Driving a car without insurance can have （ ）consequences.问题1选项A.uncertainB.disastrousC.potentialD.unworthy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项uncertain“无常的；靠不住的；迟疑不决的”；B选项disastrous“损失惨重的；悲伤的”；C选项potential“潜在的；可能的”；D选项unworthy“不值得的；无价值的”。句意：在没有保险的情况下驾车可能产生损失惨重的后果。根据句中“Driving a car wi

61、thout insurance在没有保险的情况下驾车”可知“损失惨重的”符合语境，因此B选项正确。18. 不定项选择题A timely study in the journal Human Factors suggests why texting while driving is riskier than talking on a cell phone or with another passenger. Ergonomics （人类工程学）researchers at the University of Utah found that texters in a driving simulat

62、or had more crashes, responded more slowly to brake lights on cars in front of them, and showed more impairment in forward and lateral control than did drivers who talked on a cell phone while driving or drove without texting. Researchers Frank Drews and colleagues found evidence that attention patt

63、erns differ for drivers who text versus those who converse on a cell phone. In the latter case, the researchers say, “drivers apparently attempt to divide attention between a phone conversation and driving, adjusting the processing priority of the two activities depending on task demands.” But texting requires drivers to switch their attentio