专升本英语语法与词汇

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1、 专升本英语语法与词汇第一章 时态英语中谓语动词的时态(Tense)是一种动词的形式，不同的时态用以表示在不同的时间完成的动作或保持的状态。英语动词共有十六种时态，这里将重点讲解其中较常用的十种时态。现以动词do为例，将英语十六种时态列表如下： 一般时态进展时态完成时态完成进展时态现在dodoesamisaredoinghavehasdonehavehasbeen doing过去didwasweredoinghad donehad been doing将来shallwilldoshallwillbe doingshallwillhave doneshallwillhave been doing

2、过去将来woulddowouldbe doingwouldhave donewouldhave been doing一、一般现在时( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表示客观事实, 现在反复发生或习惯性的动作以与存在的特征、状态等,常与often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等时间状语连用。【例句】The earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty every morning.2.表示按

3、计划或安排好的将来的动作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等动词。【例句】There is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3. 用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monument, the minute, immediately, directly等引导的时间状语从句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, pr

4、ovided that等引导的条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。【例句】Ill ring you as soon as he comes back. If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.l 注：if条件句中，有will出现时，will是情态动词，意义为“愿意，“肯。二、一般过去时( The Past Indefinite Tense)一般过去时用于表示过去某时刻或某一时期的动作或状态, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。常与说明过去时间

5、的状语连用,如yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 1990, 或由when或while等引导的说明过去时间的状语从句。【例句】We met him last week.Where did you live when you were young?He used to do fourteen hours a day.l 提示：一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。三、一般将来时(The Future Indefinite Tense)一般将来时用来表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习

6、惯性的动作。【例句】We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term.l 提示：表示将来时态的其他形式与用法：1“be going to +动词原形表示能看出迹象很快就要发生的事情或打算要做的事。It is going to rain.2“be to +动词原形表示安排好的动作或安排别人去做的事。They ar

7、e to meet in front of the hall.You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.3“be about to +动词原形表示即将发生的或正要做的事。The conference is about to begin.4“be +现在分词有时可表示按计划即将发生的一个动作，但仅适用于少数的一些动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等而且常跟表示较近将来的时间状语连用。My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.l 提示：在美国英语中

8、第一、二、三人称都用“will+动词原形四、现在进展时The Present Continuous Tense现在进展时表示此刻或现阶段正在进展的动作。但表示后一种情况时，动作此刻不一定正在进展。【例句】We are making an experiment now.Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.另外，现在进展时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。【例句】He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He is always finding fault with his emp

9、loyees.l 提示：并非所有动词都有进展时，有些表示状态和感觉的动词通常无进展时，除非这类动词的词义发生变化。这类动词有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think认为, feel, seem等。【例句】Do you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off? see off 意为“为送行五、过去进展时(The Past Continuous Tense)过去进展时表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作，或过去某阶段正在发生或反复发生的动作。通常带有一个表示过去时间的状语或状语从句或能通过上下文判断的过去时间。

10、【例句】We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.She was writing a composition when you came in.Bill was coughing all night long.六、将来进展时(The Future Continuous Tense)将来进展时表示将来某时可能正在发生或持续的动作。【例句】Ill be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be me

11、eting them at the station.七、现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可以表示从过去某一时刻发生，现在仍延续着的动作或情况。经常与for+一段时间或与since+时间一点引导的短语或从句连用，也可与一些表示不确定过去时间的副词连用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up to now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/past few years等。【例句】We

12、 have been to Shanghaionce.They have already finished the task.He has studied English for more than 10 years.He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.So far everything has been successful.八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作。在时间上,它属于“过去的过去。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止的时

13、间状语，如by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或状语从句。【例句】By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.They found that a stream had formed in the field.l 提示：在由after, as soon as, before等连词引导状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身已明确动作发生的次序，所以，这个从句也可以用一般过去时表示，不一定用过去完成时。

14、【例句】Students went out after the bell rang.I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arrived here.l 提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that 句型中，that后的从句谓语用现在/过去完成时。【例句】 Is it the first time youve visited the city? That was the second time that Id visited England that year.九、将来完成时

15、(The Future Perfect Tense)将来完成时表示将来某时前将已经完成的动作，也可以用来表示推测。【例句】By this time next year they will have built a hotel here.Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station.十、现在完成进展时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense) 现在完成进展时表示从过去某时开场，一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。但强调到说话时为止一直在进展的动作。【

16、例句】They have been working for IBM for 15 years.I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.有些动词如play, stay, study, teach, wait等，在表示一直继续到现在的动作时，可以用现在完成进展时，或用现在完成时。Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old.l 提示：现在完成时和现在完成进展时的区别是：前者强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响。后者强调动作的

17、延续性。【例句】I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。十一、考点考试中出现最多的时态是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进展时，时间或条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。针对这类题目，考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语，判断是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间？是短暂时间还是延续时间？其次要考虑主从句动作的先后问题。空格中应填入的动词是发生在题干动词之前还是之后，抑或同时发生，据此判断正确的时态。l时态一致问题时态一致主要指主从复合句中，从句动词必须与主句谓语动词保持时态一致；

18、当主句谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句的动词时态不受影响；当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句动词那么要变成相应的过去时态。时态一致主要存在于宾语从句和间接引语中，如：【例句】Will you tell me who set the record?I hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said that she hadnt recognized me.但是，当宾语从句和间接引语中谓语动作表示一个不变的事实或至今仍然如此的状况时，那么可以不作任何时态调整，如：Copernicus put forward that the sun, ins

19、tead of the earth, is the center of the universe.1. 第二章 语态语态(Voice)是说明句子中的主语与谓语之间关系的动词形式。英语语态有两种：主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。一、被动语态的形式：由“be助动词+过去分词与物动词构成。Be 随着主语的人称、时态和数的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表以provide为例：一般时态进展时态完成时态现在amisareprovidedamisarebeing providedha

20、shavebeen provided过去waswereprovidedwaswerebeing providedhad been provided将来shallwillbe providedshallwillhave been provided过去将来wouldbe providedwouldhave been providedl 提示: 被动语态没有完成进展和将来进展时态。二、被动语态的用法：1当动作的执行者不明确或无需指出时【例句】Printing was introduced into Europe from China.A lecture on English literature w

21、ill be given tonight.2为了强调动作的承受者【例句】Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.3为了修辞的需要【例句】 He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by

22、the President.l 提示:1除与物动词外，一些相当于与物动词的短语动词如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of等也可使用被动态形式，短语动词应被视为不可分割的一局部，一般不拆开使用。This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).2不与物动词或相当于一个不与物动词的短语动词和表示状态的动词或短语动词无被动态形式，如：happen, rise, oc

23、cur, take place, break out等;以与lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。The story happened in 1949.The committee consists of ten members.3将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到带有双宾语的动词如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能将其中之一变为主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。主动句：We teach the s

24、tudents English in a new way.被动句：The students are taught English in a new way.English is taught to the students in a new way.三、考点在历年考试中，被动语态一般不作为单独的测试项目出现，都是与时态，虚拟语气，非谓语动词等语法项目一起出现。另外还要注意以下几种特殊的被动情况：1形式主动但意义被动的动词一些动词的某些用法采用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的这类动词有sell, read, wash, wear, cut, spread, iron, open, peel等。【例句

25、】His new book is selling badly.The shop doesnt open on Sundays.These oranges peel well.2主动不定式代替被动不定式1) 当不定式作表语形容词的补足成分时，主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语，不定式要用主动形式表被动意义。不定式的这种用法经常出现在形容词easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous等之后。【例句】Mary is easy to teach. His theory is difficult to underst

26、and.The river is dangerous to bathe in.2) to blame为发生的某种坏事承当责任常以主动形式出现却表示被动含义。【实例】Nobody was to blame for the accident. 对于这起事故，谁也不能责怪。The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass.A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C ) 2002.13以主动的动名词形式表示被动含义。1) 这一用法主要出现在表示“需要 的动词need, want, requi

27、re之后，多数情况下由事物充当其主语，偶尔可以由人作主语，动名词与句子主语之间有动宾关系，也可以用被动的不定式替代，而句子含义没有差异。【实例】The floor requires washing/ to be washed.The house wanted repairing, unless he decided to move to the country. The patient will need looking after. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting

28、 D. being cut( C ) (1997.6)2) 在形容词worth值得做某事，有做某事的价值之后，并且worth 后的动词与句子主语之间有动宾关系。【实例】The book is worth reading. What a lovely party! Its worth _ all my life.A. rememberingB. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A ) (2002.6)名词性从句 名词性从句(the noun clause)是在句中主要起名词作用的各类从句的统称，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句

29、、表语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：附属连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose；连接副词where，when，why，how。其中，附属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中充当一定的成分。 【例句】That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising. (that引导主语从句)The fact is that he d

30、idnt go to the dinner party. (that引导表语从句)I dont know if he will attend the meeting. (that引导宾语从句) Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你听说玛丽要和汤姆结婚的消息了吗?(that引导同位语从句)一、主语从句 主语从句主要有三类：what等代词引导的主语从句；由连词that引导的主语从句；由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句。 1第一类主语从句的关联词what，实际上已成为关系代词(= the thing that)，它所引导

31、的主语从句在结构上相当于名词加定语从句。除what外，whatever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。 【例句】They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他们在森林里迷了路，更糟糕的是，夜幕开场降临。(what在从句中作主语)Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teachers. 无论我们取得什么成绩都归功于教师的教诲。(whatever

32、在主语从句中作宾语=Anything that)【例题】 Although _ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur else where in the world. A. which B. what C. how D. it 尽管那个兴旺国家发生的情况听起来像科学梦想似的，但在世界其他地区也有可能发生。答案B，what引导的从句作主语，表示所的东西(的情况)。必须注意：what引导的从句是各类的重点，由于what引导的从句本身相当于个名词后加上一个定语从句，所以，在what

33、引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。【实例】In some countries, _ is called “equality does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. that C. what D. one (1995.6)所谓平等在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。答案C。 2由that引导的主语从句在多数情况下都放在句子后部，而用it作形式上的主语。口语中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是为了强调或为了使句子前后平衡。注意此时that不能省掉，前面也不能再加what。 【例句】That h

34、e became a doctor may have been due to his fathers influence. 他成为医生可能是由于他父亲的影响。It is well known that water is indispensable to life. Its a pity that you missed such a fine speech. 这样好的演讲你没听到真是可惜。【例题】 How did it come about _ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework? A. which B. what C. that D. it你

35、的作业里出现了这么多错误，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主语，that引导的从句是真正的主语，所以答案为C。 【实例】_ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. A. What B. Those C. That D. Whether (1993) 人类从动物的行为中学到了很多东西，这并不是什么新论。 答案为C。 3由连接代词(疑问代词who，whom，whose，which都可用作连接代词)和连接副词(如when，where，whether，how，why等)引出的主语从句放在句子后部时，前面用it作

36、形式上的主语。从句放前或放后，意思根本上没有多大差异。不过whether(or not)引导的从句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if仅可引出宾语从句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not。【例句】Whether (or not) he will go wont make too much difference. It wont make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一样。Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 谁宋主持会议还不知道。How she got wou

37、nded at work should be investigated. 她怎样在工作时受伤有待调查。Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 为什么他做出如此蠢事还不知道。Where we should stay is a problem. 我们应该呆在哪里是一个问题。It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我们什么时候举行运动会仍是个问题。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncertain.=It is uncertain

38、 whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否参加会议还不确定。 4whoever也可引出主语从句，含有强调语气，可作主语从句的主语或宾语。 【例句】Whoever told you that was lying. 这件事不管是谁告诉你的都是骗人的。二、宾语从句在句子中充当宾语的从句叫作宾语从句。由what，when，where，how，which，why，who，whom，whether (if)与whatever，whoever，whichever等引导。宾语从句可用作动词的宾语，介词的宾语，也可用在某些形容词短语如be sure，be certai

39、n，be afraid，be confident，be anxious，be convinced，be glad，be worried，be sorry，be annoyed，be pleased，be satisfied，be hurt，be content，be proud等的后面。 【例句】He asked me what I wanted. 他问我想要什么。I dont know where the sound came from. 我不知道声音从哪儿传来。I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive here on time. 我不知道

40、他们是否能按时到达这里。I dont care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我抱歉。 In primitive societies, people ate whatever they could find. 在原始社会，人们吃他们所能找到的所有食物。 Im not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我没有把握今年是否能通过研究生入学考试。She is confidentthat she will win她相信自己

41、能获胜。They are glad that youve succeeded in your plan他们很快乐你的计划获得成功。We are not sure whether he will come我们不确信他能否来。 【例题】 We cant understand _ he avoided speaking to us. A. which B. that C. why D. after 我们不明白他为什么不愿意和我们说话。这里，疑问词why引导的从句作understand的宾语，答案C。 【例题】 I am interested in _ you have told me. A. whi

42、ch B. all that C. all what D. that 我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。all在此句中是代词，意为“一切、“全部，作为主句谓语动词短语am interested in的宾语，that引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词all。all that意思等于what。C亦不正确，如前所述，由于what引导的从句本身相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句，所以，在what引导的从句前，一般不可再加上名词或代词。此题答案B。l 说明：1在非正式文体中，that用于引导宾语从句时，引导词that常常可以省略。 【例句】 He said (that) he would never do suc

43、h a thing. 他说他永远不会做那种事。 2在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后面的宾语从句中，如果宾语从句的谓语动词是否认形式，通常要把否认词not转移到主句，而使从句谓语动词变成肯定形式。 【例句】 I dont think your proposal is very feasible. 我认为你的提议不太可行。 3如果宾语从句后面有宾语补语，为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句一般要使用形式宾语it代替，而把真正的宾语从句放到宾语补语后面。 【例句】 He made it quite clear that he preferred to live h

44、ere. 4That引导的从句一般不可直接用作介词宾语，但可跟在带有先行词it作宾语的含有介词的动词短语之后。 【例句】 You can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confidential. 你尽可以放心，我们会对这件事情严格。5介词后面一般不跟that引起的宾语从句，仅在in，except，but，besides等少数几个介词后可跟that引导的宾语从句，已形成固定的搭配，in that在于，but that要不是，except that除了besides that除了之外，还。 【例句】We will provi

45、de assistance to whoever needs it. 我们将给任何需要的人提供帮助。The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met那位老年妇女向任何她遇到的人诉说她的遭遇。Dont be satisfied with what you have achieved. 不要满足于你已取得的成就。The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students arent required to attend lectures. 新文学课与旧

46、的不同之处在于学生不要求参力口听课。This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 除了裤子太长外，这套西装很合我身。I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then假设不是当时有些急事要办的话，我本来会来看你的。三、表语从句表语从句常常放在主句系动词后面，对主语的容起解释、进一步说明的作用。可以接表语从句的系动词有be，look，remain，seem等。常由that通常不能省，whether，because，where，w

47、hen，why，how，who与as ifalthough等引导表语从句。 【例句】 One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太阳能优点之一是它取之不尽。 The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 问题是我们是否能赢得大多数人的支持。 This is where you are mistaken. 这就是你的错误所在。 This is why I got scolded. 这就是我受到训斥的原因 It may be be

48、cause he is too young to do it. 这可能是因为他太年轻而不会做的缘故。 It seems that (as if) the night would never end. 夜晚似乎永远也不会完毕。 The reason why (that) he has been such a success is that he never gives up.他获得如此成功的原因是由于他从不放弃。 The reason he did not come to the meeting is that he was ill他没有参加会议的原因是由于他病了。(常用There reason

49、 isthat，不用because)四、同位语从句 同位语从句大多由附属连词that引导，表示与之同位的名词的具体容，一般多紧接在名词之后，与之是等同关系的从句，偶尔，当谓语太短时，为了保持句子平衡，也可将同位语从句置于谓语动词之后。能够跟同位语从句的名词多为表示事实、看法、思想、消息等的名词。主要有fact，idea，news，belief，hope，conclusion，opinion，suggestion，proposal，proof，order，thought，doubt，rumor，problem，truth，answer，theory，theory，derision，discove

50、ry，understanding，wish，possibility，promise，report，probability (可能性)，evidence (证据)，certainty (必然)，likelihood (可能性)等。 【例句】 We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. Have you any proof that he is a thief?The probl

51、em that they cant get here early is hard to solve他们不能与早到达这里，这个问题很难解决。No one can deny the fact that he has made such progress没有人能否认他取得如此进步的事实。The order has come that the work be done at once工作应立刻开场的命令已经到了。此例为保持句子平衡同位语从句后置的情况。 【实例】 The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does

52、not mean that it will not occur. A. what B. which C. that D. why (1997. 6) 多数人认为挑起核战争是疯狂之举，单凭这个并不意味着核战争不可能发生。答案C 【实例】 Evidence came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose (1991.6) 有证据说明，出生仅6个月的婴儿就能区分一定的语音。答案Cl 说明：1同位语从句常也有连接副词

53、why，where，when，how等引导。 【例句】The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 家庭医生答复了我们是否应请个专科大夫的问题。 2有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在先行词后，而被别的词隔开。 【例句】Word had come from Tom that he could arrive on the Monday following. 汤姆说过他可能下星期一来。 3在on condition (条件是)，with the exception (除以外)，

54、in spite of the fact (不管)等成语后，也可用从句作同位语。 【例句】Ill let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy。如果你们能保持房间整洁的话，我可以让你们用。五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别： 定语从句与同位语从句的区别从三个方面来看： 1定语从句中that代替先行词，它在从句中作某个成份，而在同位语从句中，that为连词，在从句中不担任成份。 2定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制，而同位语从句是说明名词中心词的具体容。 3同位语从句的先行词是一些有限的表示抽象意义的名词，而定语从句

55、的先行词可以是无数的表示抽象或具体概念的名词。 【例句】 The news that he has succeeded inspired them all他成功的消息使他们深受鼓舞。(同位语从句) Whats the news that upset her so much? 是什么消息令她如此沮丧?(定语从句) The proposal that we should import more equimnent from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting我们应从国外进口更多的设备，这个建议将在会上讨论。(同位语从句) The proposal th

56、at he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting他所提出的建议将在会上讨论。(定语从句)l 提示：1附属连词whether和if都作“是否解，但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用，而if不可以。 【例句】 I dont know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 2that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略，what那么不可省。 【例句】 He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once. 第四章 定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clause)是指在复合句中用作定语的从句, 又称为关系从句(Relative Clause)。但与一般定语不同的是，定语从句一般都位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which等和关系副词when, where, why等。另外，as, but