东华大学考博英语Word版

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1、如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!东华大学2018年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence

2、. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. 1. Many scientists remain_about the value of this researchprogram.Asceptical B. stationary C. spacious D. specific2. If you want to go to the concert, youll have to make a _, or there will be no tickets.A. conservation B. reservation C. preservat

3、ion D. observation3. The mother was _ when her son confessed he had robbed a store.A. dismayed B. flattered C. fascinated D. disabled4. The _ judge accepted money to let the prisoner go unpunished.A. committed B. corrupt C. conserved D. confident5. It took them several weeks to _the wild horse.A. cu

4、ltivate B. civilize C. curb D. tame6. It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be _ by beings from the outer space.A. run over B. filled in C. taken over D. broken in7. It _ that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother.A. turned over

5、 B. turned in C. turned across D. turned out 8. The discovery of new oil fields in various parts of the country filled the government with _hope.A. eternal B. infinite C. ceaseless D. delicate9. We hope there will be a peaceful _ to the new system.A. transmission B. transition C. transaction D. tran

6、sformation 10.It is _ that women should be paid less than men for doing the samekind of work.A. abrupt B. absurd C. adverseD. addictive11. The young flower girl has been in town for only several months, but she seems to be _with everyone who comes to the store.A. admitted B. accepted C. admired D. a

7、cquainted12. When the wealthy man died his illegitimate son _half of his legacy.A. retreated B. displayed C. declared D. claimed13. I have said nothing like that. He intentionally _ my ideas to achieve his personal ends.A. revised B. distracted C. contradicted D. distorted如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!14. Tr

8、avelers are advised to use travelers checks, which provide a secure _ to carrying all the money in cash.A. substitute B. alternative C. selection D. displacement15. Most of the nations in the world are working in a collaborative effort to _ hunger from the world.A. abandon B. diminish C. withdraw D.

9、 eliminate16. I just cant _ how he managed to finish his report so soon. He said he was only halfway through it yesterday!A. figure out B. work out C. look out D. draw out17. The mayor was asked to give a rough _ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge.A. assessment B. evaluation C. announ

10、cement D. estimate18. At last his firm was _ up by a multinational corporation.A. swallowed B. devoured C. swigged D. gulped19. When he went to the airport for the ticket, Tom suddenly realized that his passport had _ for half a year.A. abolished B. expired C. amended D. constrained20. According to

11、the report, the _ of the epidemic was frightening in that country.A. multitude B. altitude C. magnitude D. gratitudePart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each) Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark yo

12、ur answer on your Answer Sheet.Popular science books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties, but are almost always 21 waiting for. Such books would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What is more important, 22, is that they give the reader a really unique 23. The gen

13、re includes straightforward expositions of a technical topic, an early example 24 the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More 25 - and perhaps 26 greater value, in the long 27 - one has a 28 of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly 29 indirectly, the motivation

14、s, the compulsions, the stance, the personal scientific philosophy - 30 short, the credo - of a great scientist, giving the reader 31 insight into the working of a first-rate mind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only 32. Restricting oneself to examples 33 from physics and 34 areas,

15、 some wonderful examples of this class are Wigners Symmetries and Reflections, Chandrasekhars Truth and Beauty, Feynmans The Character of Physical Law, and Dysons 35 the Universe.如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!21.A. differentB. eagerC. worth D. gratitude22.A. howeverB. by the way C. unfortunatelyD. to be exac

16、t23.A. characterB. thought C. enjoymentD. perspective24.A. being B. has beingC. has beenD. been25.A. importantB. specialC. oftenD. clear26.A. with B. forC. in D. of27.A. agoB. timeC. distanceD. run28.A. electionB. collectionC. deductionD. induction29.A. andB. orC. notD. but30.A. onB. for C. in D. of

17、31.A. valuable B. attractiveC. particularD. mysterious32A. repeatB. approximateC. enhanceD. discover33.A. concernedB. broughtC. takenD. thought34.A. relatingB. relativeC. relateD. related35.A. DisturbingB DisturbC. DisturbedD. DisturbancePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points) Section A (20 point

18、s, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Passage 1 In recent years, there

19、has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors. Politicians also got on board. There is a direct relationship, US congressman Neal Smith noted, between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death. Frightening, if true! But many doc

20、tors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary, Dr. Dustan insists. For most of us it probably doesnt make much difference how much salt we eat. Dustans most recent short-term study of 150 people showed th

21、at those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level whe

22、n salt was reintroduced. An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population, notes Dr. John H. Laragh. So a recommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense. Medical experts agree that everyone should p

23、ractice reasonable moderation in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in p

24、rocessing, preparation or at the table. 如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal low salt exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that we do not know whether increased sodium consumption cause

25、s hypertension. In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress. It is not your enemy, says Dr. Laragh. Salt is the No. 1 natural compone

26、nt of all human tissue, and the idea that you dont need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up.36. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed _A. exhibits as an aggravating factor to people

27、in poor health. B. cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders. C. correlates highly with some diseases. D. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.37. From Dr. Dustans study we can infer that _A. a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people. B. the amount of salt intak

28、e has nothing to do with ones blood pressure. C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient. D. an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.38. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that _A. people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt. B. doctors should n

29、ot advise people to avoid salt. C. an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease. D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.39. The phrase vocal exponent (Para. 4) most probably refers to _A. eloquent doctor. B. articulate opponent. C. lo

30、ud speaker. D. strong advocate.40. What is the main message of this text? A. That the salt scare is not justified. B. That the cause of hypertension is now understood. C. That the moderate use of salt is recommended. 如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!D. That salt consumption is to be promoted.Passage 2 Globaliza

31、tion is not just some passing trend. Today it is an overarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it as such. As thoughtful people concerned about world affairs, our job is to pick up globalization, examine

32、it from all sides, dissect it, figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigate or slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment, form iron, and heat our homes

33、. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, towns and forests in an instant. As Friedman says: Globalization can be incredibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunity and democratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. It leaves you behind faster and

34、 faster, and it catches up to you faster and faster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to share their unique individuality farther and wider. Globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side. But it can also bring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism r

35、equires a network of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalization requires vigilance and the rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities and Exchange Commission, labor unions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, and countless other agencies and organizations keep Americ

36、an capitalism in check. Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is a positive force in the world. Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponents blind to the way globalizati

37、on gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations. As with most issues, the majority of people will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something to worship or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of ev

38、eryone.41. What does the word “mitigate” in paragraph 2 most likely mean?A. A. To alleviate.B. To slow down.C. To omit.D. To go faster.42. Why does the author compare globalization as fire?如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!A. When used correctly, they both can sterilize equipment.B. When used improperly, they bo

39、th can destroy our life.C. When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly.D. When demonized, they both can be dangerous.43. Why is globalization compared as capitalism in the passage?A. They both require vigilance to keep them from devouring societies.B. They both need Federal trade commission

40、and labor unions.C. They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly.D. Both A and B. 44. People who worship globalization usually _ while people who demonize globalization usually _.A. see it as something to mold for the improvement of everyone; stand in the middle to mold, shape and manag

41、e for the betterment of everyoneB. believe globalization can be shaped ; believe globalization has dangers and an ugly dark sideC. believe globalization is a positive force in the world; believe globalization requires vigilance and the rule of laws D. see no destruction globalization can cause; can

42、not see that globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspiration45. Which of the following is not necessarily required to make positive use of globalization?A. Tremendous opportunities and benefits.B. Vigilance and the rule of law.C. Transparent mechanisms.D. Molding,

43、 shaping and management.Passage 3 A Chinese study found that antibiotics can help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteria known to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong evidence that Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especial

44、ly prevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts said the findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers of the bacteria.The study involved 1,630 men and women from Fujian Province in southern China. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of the

45、m already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset of the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two weeks of treatment with antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followed for 7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerous lesions

46、 at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared with six in the placebo group. 如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut: Seven in the treatment group developed stomach cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The study appears in

47、 Wednesdays Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pylori is estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developing nations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries, according to the World Health Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought to cause stom

48、ach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980s that it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers.The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening for such lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas, and treating the infections in patients with no precancerous les

49、ions, said the authors, led by Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong.Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective in the United States because the rates of infection and cancer are so

50、 low.46. According to the passage, experts in the Chinese study mentioned in the passage are still not sure _.A. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancerB. whether stomach cancer is more prevalent in Asia C. whether to treat all carriers of Helicobacter pylori bacteriaD. whether

51、 Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach ulcer47. Among people who developed cancer in the study, proportion of patients in the treatment group to patients in the placebo group is_.A. 64%B. 50%C. 90%D. 39%48. In the study, what medicine did the placebo group take during the two-week treatment

52、?A. Antibiotics.B. A dummy medicine. C. An anti-cancer medicine.D. Medicine for the precancerous.49. How many patients in the study already had precancerous lesions at the outset of the study?如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!A. 1467B. 988C. 815D. 64250. The findings of the study propose that _.A. H. pylori pati

53、ents in high-incidence areas should be screened and treated.B. patients with precancerous lesions are not as easily cured as those without.C. treatment should be given to H. pylori patients without precancerous lesions.D. treatment should not be given to H. pylori patients with precancerous lesions.

54、Passage 4NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland has been given the nod to lead a robotic lunar mission in 2008- a key step in President George W. Bushs recently announced space vision strategy. The lunar reconnaissance orbiter would likely be geared to investigate the potential for

55、 water ice trapped at the Moons poles. This type of investigation may involve powerful radar to scan the always darkened craters, thought by some scientists to contain bountiful quantities of water ice.Water ice is believed to have been brought to the Moon by impacting comets. Both NASAs Lunar Prosp

56、ector and the Pentagons Clementine spacecraft offered tantalizing data interpreted by some experts as indicative of water ice deposits.A number of alterative, fast-track approaches are under review at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to build the lunar orbiter. A newly formed GSFC lunar study

57、team held their first meeting Thursday to begin scoping out how best to move the project forward.President Bush has directed NASA to undertake lunar exploration activities to enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars and more distant destinations in the solar system. Starting no later t

58、han 2008, the Bush plan calls for initiating a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare for and support future human exploration activities. A follow-on robotic lunar lander is also slated for 2009. The White House space directive states that the first extended human expedition to the lunar

59、 surface could occur as early as 2015, but no later than the year 2020.In reestablishing and reenergizing NASAs Moon program, the White House envisions lunar exploration activities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches, technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other

60、 space resources, to support sustained human space exploration to Mars and other destinations.51. On the robotic lunar mission which is to be led by NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, the lunar orbiter _.A. would possibly investigate whether there is water ice at the Moons pole.如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!

61、B. would announce the presidents space vision strategy to the whole world.C. would likely extend human expedition to the lunar surface for the first time.D. would offer tantalizing data interpreted by some experts as space resources.52. On the robotic lunar mission, _ will be explored to search for

62、water ice.A. impacting comets near the MoonB. the darkened craters on the Moon.C. a robotic lunar lander on the MoonD. NASAs Moon program53. According to the third paragraph of the passage, why a newly formed GSFC lunar study team held their first meeting on Thursday?A. To build the lunar orbiter as

63、 soon as possible.B. To move the NASAs Moon programs forward.C. To search for the best approach to build the lunar orbiter.D. To discuss the scope the lunar orbiter is to explore.54. Federal government of the U.S. states in its space directive that _.A. the first human landing on the lunar surface would occur no later than 2020B. the first long-time human expedition to the lunar surface would occur in 2015C. the first huma