2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前模拟强化练习题88（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-南京师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The advancement of science and technology has demonstrated that a fact appearing to contradict to certain theory may actually be （ ） a more advanced formulation of that theory.问题1选项A.consistent withB.eliminated byC.in opposition toD.incompatible with【答案】A【解析】考查固

2、定搭配。be consistent with与一致，符合；in opposition to与相反；be incompatible with与不相容的；句意：先进的科学技术证明了如果一个看似与某一理论相悖的事实，实际可能与一个更先进的理论形式相符。由actually可知前后有相反的意味，故此空意思应与contradict意义相反，故A项正确。2. 单选题With the combination of intelligence and （ ）skills, people have found ways to use plant and animal resources, mineral ores,

3、 fuels, and many other of Earths materials and resources.问题1选项A.plausibleB.elegantC.exteriorD.manual【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。plausible“看似可信的，花言巧语的”；elegant“优雅的”；exterior“外部的，外面的”；manual“体力的，手控的”。句意：通过智慧和动手技巧，人们已经找到了利用动植物资源、矿石、燃料以及地球上许多其他物质和资源的方法。只有D项符合句意。3. 单选题His（ ）in English, French and Italian made him a

4、 prominent interpreter in the country.问题1选项A.ProficiencyB.diversionC.immersionD.involvement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。proficiency精通，熟练；diversion转移，消遣；immersion沉浸，浸入；involvement参与，牵连。由后半句的prominent interpreter著名的翻译家可知他对这三种语言很熟练。故A项正确。4. 单选题Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the

5、 sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34. The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they dont bother trying to make it und

6、erstandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework

7、 assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we dont know about the shape of things to come. That hacker who had to be literally d

8、ragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry, says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If,

9、as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into peoples lives. She points out that the computer

10、, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”，so “capable”，so “human”，affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in childrens efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about

11、what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances （细微差距）and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.1. The passage tells about（ ）.2. According to Prof. Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers strange behavior is（ ）.3. In Prof. Der

12、touzos opinion, we know that（ ）.4. The phrase “to develop an identity” （Para.4） means （ ）.5. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.the strange behavior of the computer hackersB.the ultimate importance of bringing lip computer hackersC.different opinions concerning the ha

13、cker phenomenonD.the emergence of computer hackers问题2选项A.their strong desire to control the computerB.their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerC.their incompetence in making new computer programsD.their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable问题3选项A.computer i

14、ndustry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersB.the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenC.the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopleD.only a few hackers will be successful in their later life问题4选项A.to become distinguishedB.to seek an answ

15、erC.to build up a creative abilityD.to form a habit问题5选项A.perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allB.though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be some benefitsC.the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowD.the computer hackers could be usefu

16、l if under proper guidance【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。全文主要讲述了不同人士（Joseph，电脑老师等）对黑客的看法，故C项正确。2.推理判断题。由“When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. 从这个角度来看，黑客现象也许并没有那么奇怪。可知该题答案在第三段可以找到。由第三段But perhaps those hackers know something that we dont know about

17、 the shape of things to come. That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry, says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successful Apple home computer company.但也许这些黑客知道一些我们不知道的事

18、情。麻省理工学院教授迈克尔德图佐斯表示: “在麻省理工学院，那个曾经不得不被人从椅子上拽下来的黑客，如今已成为计算机行业的千万富翁。”两位前黑客成为了非常成功的苹果家用电脑公司的创始人。”可知这些黑客都成为了计算机行业的顶级成功人士，他们都是想控制电脑。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。由第三段“But perhaps those hackers know something that we dont know about the shape of things to come. 但也许这些黑客知道一些我们不知道的事情。”可知C项“这些黑客可能对于未来比其他人有更好的洞察力”正确。4.词义题。由第四

19、段“She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in childrens efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not. 她说，电脑和电脑玩具已经在孩子们努力发展特性的过程中发挥了重要作用，因为它们可以让孩子们测试关于什么是有生命的想法。故to develop an identity是指孩子通过寻找答案来发展自己的特性。故B项正确。5.推理判断题

20、。作者在本文提到了黑客有着与普通人不一样的洞察力，他们会把程序编得很复杂，目的只是为了控制电脑。并且文中提到了不少黑客已经成为计算机行业的顶级成功人士。所以本文提到的黑客与大家眼中的黑客形象有出入，文中描绘的黑客形象并没有那么恶劣。故A项正确。5. 写作题Directions: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. （5% ）Who is Confucius（孔子）？ 【答案】略6. 单选题（ ） w

21、orking on his composition the day before, he would have finished it by now.问题1选项A.Would he startB.Had he startedC.If he is to startD.If he was starting【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。由the day before后半句would have finished by now可知空格处发生的动作发生在过去，是对过去事实的虚拟，从句用had+Ved.故B项正确。句意：如果他昨天就开始写作的话，他现在就已经完成了。故B项正确。7. 单选题Ask most

22、 people how they define the American Dream and chances are that theyll say, “Success.” The dream of individual opportunity has been home in American since Europeans discovered a “new world” in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opp

23、ortunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote. “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry

24、 which is unfettered (无 拘无束白勺)and unrestrained, because each person works for himselfWe have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. * The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress

25、of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories.Our national mythology is full of illustration of the American success story. Theres Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become

26、 a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became Americans best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning

27、how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down,” and “dressing for success.” The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today its as important to be “successful., in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business.But dreams easily turn into nightmares

28、. Every American who hopes to “make it” also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right” ne

29、ighborhoods, wear the “right clothes, eat the “right” foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all. yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens.1. What is the essence of the American Dream accordi

30、ng to Crevecoeur?2. By saying “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” (Line 8-9, Para. 1), the author means（ ） .3. The characters described in Horatio Algers novels are people who（ ）.4. It can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph that（

31、 ） .5. What is the paradox of American culture according to the author?问题1选项A.People are free to develop their power of imagination.B.People who are honest and work hard can succeed.C.People are free from exploitation and oppression.D.People can fully enjoy individual freedom.问题2选项A.the more diligen

32、t one is. the bigger his returnsB.laborious work ensures the growth of an industryC.a mans business should be developed step by stepD.a companys success depends on its employees hard work问题3选项A.succeed in real estate investmentB.earned enormous fortunes by chancesC.became wealthy after starting life

33、 very poorD.became famous despite their modest origins问题4选项A.business success often contributes to a successful marriageB.Americans with to succeed in every aspect of lifeC.good personal relationships lead to business successD.successful business people provide good care for their children问题5选项A.The

34、 American road to success is full of nightmares.B.States symbols are not a real indicator of a persons wealth.C.The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream.D.What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段Crevecoeur praised highly the fr

35、eedom and opportunity to be found in this new land.克雷夫柯高度赞扬在这片新土地上所能找到的自由和机会。可知D项“人们可以充分享受个人自由”正确。2.语义题。由The promise of a land where “the rewards of a mans industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western terr

36、itories. 在这片土地上，“一个人辛勤劳动的回报与他劳动的进步同步”的承诺吸引了来自欧洲的贫困移民，并推动了国家向西部地区的扩张。可知一个人的回报与其付出成正比，付出越多，回报越大。故A项正确。3.细节事实题。由第二段Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American s best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales。霍雷肖阿尔杰(Horatio Alger)是一位为小男孩写小说的作家，他的白手起家的故事成为美国最畅销的作家。可知Horatio是凭借自己的劳动从

37、白手起家到成功致富的人。故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today its as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business. 成功的神话甚至已经侵入了我们的人际关系:今天，在婚姻或父母中取得“成功”和在事业中取得成功一样重要。”可知美国人追求生活各方面的成功。故B项正确。5.细节事实题。These symbols

38、 of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens. 这些区别的象征向我们和其他人保证，我们坚信所有人的基本平等，但我们仍尽最大努力将自己与我们的同胞区分开来。由此可知美国文化当中的矛盾就是一方面追求平等，另一方面却希望将自己与别人区分开来，美国人追求的与其信仰冲突，故D项正确。8. 单选题Genera

39、lly speaking, the government plays a very important role（ ） solving problems such as inflation, unemployment, and poverty.问题1选项A.inB.atC.forD.of【答案】A【解析】考查语法。play a role in doing sth在中扮演角色。故A项正确。句意：一般而言，政府在解决诸如通货膨胀、失业和贫穷等问题上扮演重要角色。9. 单选题The United States is confronted by many economic problemsfor ex

40、ample, inflation, unemployment, pollution, poverty, declining productivity, and rapidly increasing energy cost. In recent years, Americans have become increasingly aware of the fundamental economic problem facing humanity; scarce resources with which to meet the needs of ever growing numbers of peop

41、le. For all practical purposes, human wants may be regarded as limitless. Scarcity has always been of major concern to economists.A given quantity of resources used to meet one need cannot simultaneously be used to meet another. A choice must be made: Which need will prevail? What will be produced?

42、Filling one urgent need often means sacrificing the opportunity to satisfy another. Hence, the very important economic concept of opportunity cost arises. Every time one is forced by scarcity to make a choice, one is incurring （承受）opportunity costs. These costs are measured in terms of forgone （放弃的）

43、alternatives.How are these, difficult choices of priorities and forgone opportunities arrived at in a society? The answer to this question is the subject matter of microeconomic, or the study of resource allocation among individual sectors ad groups within the economic system. Microeconomics, analys

44、is deals with the principles and guidelines that help determine what and how much is produced, the method of production used, and the division of the resulting output （as income） among the members of the society. The combined effect of all these individual decisions provides the answer to the macroe

45、conomic questions of whether there is full employment, whether prices in general are rising, and whether the economy as a whole is growing.It is important to understand from the very story that economics is regarding government economic policy making, policy makers （usually elected officials） cause

46、the government to intervene （or not to intervene） in the economy according to certain political, social, or economic goals with which economists may or may not agree. The economists role then is to point out the full economic effects of such actions so that policy decisions can be made more intellig

47、ently.1. The fundamental problem of economics is, in short,（ ）.2. Opportunity cost（ ）.3. Even government policy measures have “opportunity costs” which means（ ）.4. The causes of general unemployment and inflation are topics studied in（ ）.5. Economic analysis of a policy proposal usually does not all

48、ow（ ）.问题1选项A.too many poor peopleB.finding jobs for allC.the scarcity of resources relative to wantsD.constantly rising prices问题2选项A.is measured by how much of one commodity you have to forgo in order to get some stated amount of another commodityB.measures how many different opportunities you have

49、to spend your moneyC.measures opportunities in terms of their relative pricesD.is always the same as money cost问题3选项A.higher taxes will be necessaryB.moving toward one policy goal may require moving away from another policy goalC.government action is usually inefficientD.government action provides n

50、ew opportunities问题4选项A.resource allocationB.macroeconomicsC.opportunity castD.production possibilities问题5选项A.estimation of the costs of the proposalB.determination of whether a particular policy measure will contribute to its stated goalC.consideration of the side effects of the policyD.a “scientifi

51、cchoice between alternative goal【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“In recent years, Americans have become increasingly aware of the fundamental economic problem facing humanity; scarce resources with which to meet the needs of ever growing numbers of people. 近年来，美国人越来越意识到人类面临的根本经济问题用来满足日益

52、增长的人口所需求的资源很稀缺。可知经济的根本问题是资源稀缺。故C项正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“Hence, the very important economic concept of opportunity cost arises. Every time one is forced by scarcity to make a choice, one is incurring opportunity costs. These costs are measured in terms of forgone alternatives. 因此，机会成本这一非常重要的经济学概念应运而生。每一次，当一

53、个人因为稀缺而被迫做出选择时，他就会付出机会成本。这些成本是用放弃的替代品来衡量的。”可知机会成本是指放弃一些替代品来衡量的。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。题干意为“甚至政府的政策措施也存在机会成本”意味着什么？这道题主要考查对机会成本的理解，上一题已经得知机会成本表示放弃一些替代品。纵观四个选项，只有B项“朝着一个政策目标前进可能需要远离另一个政策目标”符合机会成本的含义。故B项正确。4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第三段The combined effect of all these individual decisions provides the answer to the macroeco

54、nomic questions of whether there is full employment, whether prices in general are rising, and whether the economy as a whole is growing. 所有这些个人决策的综合效应为宏观经济问题提供了答案，这些问题包括:是否存在充分就业，总体物价是否在上涨，以及整体经济是否在增长。可知失业，通货膨胀是宏观经济的研究范畴。故B项正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段The economists role then is to point out the full economic

55、effects of such actions so that policy decisions can be made more intelligently. 因此，经济学家的作用是指出这些行动的全部经济影响，以便更明智地作出决策。可知经济学家只是指出政策可能带来的经济影响，最终做决策的人是政策制定者。故D项不是经济学家要做的事。ABC三项都是经济学家该做的事。10. 单选题Lateral thinking （迂回思维），first described by Edward de Bone in 1967, is just a few years older than Edwards son.

56、 You might imagine that Caspar was raised to be an adventurous thinker, but the de Bone was so famous, Caspars parents worried that any time he would say something bright at school, his teacher might snap, “Where do you get that idea from?”“We had to be careful and not overdo it.”Edward admits. Now

57、Caspar is at Oxford which once looked unlikely because he is also slightly dyslexic （诵读困难）. In fact, when he was applying to Oxford, none of his school teachers though he had a chance.“So then we did several thinking sessions,”his father says, “using my techniques and，when he went up for the exam, h

58、e did exactly well.” Soon after, Edward de Bone decided to write his latest book, “Teach Your Child How to Think,”in which he transforms the thinking skills he developed for brain-storming businessmen into informal exercises for parents and children to share.Thinking is traditionally regarded as som

59、ething executed in a logical sequence, and knows that children arent very logical. So isnt it an uphill battle, trying to teach them to think?“You know,”Edward de Bone says, “if you examine peoples thinking, it is quite unusual to find it of logic. But the faults of perception are huge! Often we thi

60、nk ineffectively because we take too limit view.”31. “Teach Your Child How to Think” offers lessons in perception improvement, of clearly see the implications of something you are saying and of exploring the alternative.1. What is “TRUE about Caspar?2. Caspar succeeded in applying to Oxford because（

61、 ）.3. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Edward（ ）.4. According to Paragraph 3, which of the following statements express Edward de Bones view?5. Lateral thinking refers to the following EXCEPT（ ）.问题1选项A.He first described lateral thinking.B.He is often scolded by his teacher.C.He is Edwards s

62、on.D.He is an adventurous thinker.问题2选项A.he used in the exam the techniques provided by his fatherB.he read the book “teach Your Child How to Think” before the examC.he was careful and often overworkedD.all of his school teachers thought he had a chance问题3选项A.was prompted to study lateral thinking b

63、ecause his son was slightly dyslexicB.once taught businessmen how to think before he wrote for parents and childrenC.was likely to improve childrens logic with his bookD.gave a description of lateral thinking several years after his son was born问题4选项A.We often think ineffectively because we take too limited a view.B.Thinking is traditionally regarded as something executed in a logical sequence.C.Everybody knows that children arent very logical.D.It is an u