2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic games had a unique Australian flavor, （ ）of their multicultural communities.问题1选项A.noticeableB.indicativeC.conspicuousD.implicit【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析。noticeable明显的；indicative表示的，象征的；conspicuous明显的，惹人注目的；implicit不言明的，含蓄的，无疑问的。句意：

2、2000年奥运会所有的仪式都带有一种独特的澳大利亚风情， （ ） 他们是多元文化的社会。B选项indicative在此符合句意,意为 “表明他们是多元文化的社会”。2. 单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And t

3、hey depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography

4、 is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in “taking” a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer

5、as an observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or

6、 the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photographys means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inext

7、ricably linked to the powers of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stro

8、ke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought

9、to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the ca

10、mera as an instrument of “fast seeing”. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past wh

11、en images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the wok of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs,

12、it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.1.According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photographys two ideals can be described as（）2.The author is primarily concerned with（）3.The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of（）

13、4.According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the（）5.Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately follow-ing the passage?问题1选项A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unimportant to the viewe

14、rs of photographs问题2选项A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers individual temperaments are reflected in th

15、eir work问题3选项A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photographys means can produce outstanding picturesB.how the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.the popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.the relationship between photographic or

16、iginality and technology问题4选项A.value that each places on the beauty of the finished productB.emphasis that each places on the emotional impact of the finished productC.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer问题5选项A.P

17、hotographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to cap-ture events and actions that are fleeting.B.Thus the cult of the future, the worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spiteof efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of

18、technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography can-not for any length of time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.第二段最后一句提到两种理

19、想拍照方式中总会有一种在某段时间内被重新发现并占主要地位。所以说拍摄者的兴趣在两种理想模式间是循环往复的，故B项正确。2.作者最后说明了两种拍照理念对于摄影发展的影响。所以B项“分析拍摄理念对于摄影的影响”符合文意，B项正确。3.根据题干关键词定位至第三段：Whatever the claims that photography might . The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many ph

20、otographs, like Harold Edgertons high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke”。作者以Harold Edgerton为例，说明了摄影师和机器设备之间的关系。D项正确。4.第二段第一句话 :“ These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of

21、 photographs toward the aggressive component in taking a picture. ”。这两种对立的观念主要在于摄影师和旁观者在摄影时是否扮演着积极的角色。D项正确。5.题干问的是 “文章接下来将会讨论什么？”最后一句话为：Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness（摄影师和旁观者似乎需要质疑自己对摄影的认知）。由此可推测，文章接下来将会继续讲解与拍照认知有关的内容。所以C项正确。 3.

22、单选题Up until that time, his interest had focused almost（ ）on fully mastering theskills and techniques of his craft.问题1选项A.restrictivelyB.radicallyC.inclusivelyD.exclusively【答案】D【解析】句意：直到那个时候，他的兴趣几乎只（ ） 充分地掌握职业的技能和技巧。再根据题干中almost和fully，可知他只关注掌握他的职业的技能和技巧。A选项restrictively限制性地；B选项radically根本地，彻底地；C选项inc

23、lusively包含地；D选项exclusively专有地；排外地。4. 单选题The medicine（ ）his pain but did not cure his illness.问题1选项A.activatedB.alleviatedC.deterioratedD.mediated【答案】B【解析】句意：这种药（ ）他的疼痛，但不能治愈他的疾病。A选项activated触发；B选项alleviated减轻，缓解；C选项deteriorated使恶化；D选项mediated调解。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题We（ ） that he cannot finish the work befo

24、re June 15.问题1选项A.prosecuteB.meddleC.presumeD.mingle【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们 他不能在六月十五号之前完成工作。prosecute起诉；meddle干涉；presume假设，认为；mingle使混合，与交往。因此，C项符合句意。6. 单选题Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying

25、 to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sum needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So compani

26、es turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business is new development if they are to serve us properly, and requires more money than is raised through The Stoc

27、k Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individuals both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with which he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker （证券经纪人）to some other saver who

28、is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new development, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through

29、taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on th

30、e ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.1.Almost all companies involved in

31、new production and development must（ ）.2.The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is（） .3.When the savers want their money back they （）.4.All the essential services on which we depend are（ ） .5.The Stock exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities

32、and nationalized indus-tries（ ） .问题1选项A.rely on their own financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance问题2选项A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised

33、by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanged for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange问题3选项A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company back on the marke

34、tD.transfer their money to a more successful company问题4选项A.run by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population问题5选项A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybod

35、y saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出：SO companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits（因此，公司转向公

36、众，邀请人们借钱给他们，或是在企业中分一杯羹，以换取未来利润的一份份额）。因此，D选项“依靠大众作为资金来源”，符合题意。2.B。细节题。第一段指出：This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business is new development if they are to serve us properly, and requires more money than is raised through The Stock Exchange （他们通过发行股票和股票来实现这一目标）。因此B项“通过出售公司股份筹集”正确。3.C。细节题。

37、第二段指出：Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker （证券经纪人）to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money （相反，通过证券经纪人出售股票给其他正在寻求投资机会的人，就可以让资金回笼）。因此，C项“put their shares in the company back on the market”正确。4. B。推理题。第三段指出：Hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, equipment and new develo

38、pment, if they are to serve us properly, require more money than is raised through taxes alone （几乎所有的服务都需要更多的资金来更好地运营，而不仅仅只是靠税收）。因此推测，B项“不断需要资金支持”正确。5.C。细节题。根据题干关键词“Government, local authorities and nationalized indus-tries ”定位至第三段：The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industriestheref

39、ore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and then too, come to The Stock Exchange（政府、地方当局和国有工业因此需要经常借钱以支撑主要的经济开支，然后需要转向证券交易所）。因此，C项“筹集资金资助新的发展”正确。7. 单选题Why should anyone want to read（ ）of books by great authors when the real pleasure comes from reading the originals?问题1

40、选项A.digestsB.insightsC.themesD.leaflets【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。digests文摘；insights洞悉，领悟；themes主题；leaflets传单。句意：真正的快乐来自阅读原著，怎么还会有人想读名著的（ ）呢？因此推测，正确答案是A选项。8. 单选题The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been（ ）问题1选项A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】

41、动词辨析。句意：尽管人们已经 可能导致癌症的某些条件，但是仍不知道根本的原因。Identify鉴别，识别；guarantee保证，担保；notify通知，布告；convey传达，传递。所以，A项identify符合句意。9. 单选题The people for the experiment were chosen completely （ ） random.问题1选项A.atB.inC.byD.on【答案】A【解析】介词短语辨析。句意：用来做实验的人完全是随机挑选的。at 和random搭配意为“任意地，随便地”，因此A选项为正确答案。10. 单选题While admiring that th

42、is forecast was（ ）uncertain, the scientists warned against treating it as a cry of wolf.问题1选项A.anyhowB.somewhereC.somewhatD.anyway【答案】C【解析】副词辨析。句意：虽然承认这次预报 不确定，但科学家仍警告不要把它当作危言耸听。anyhow总之，无论如何；somewhere在某处，到某处；somewhat有点，稍微；anyway总之，无论如何。因此，C项符合句意。11. 单选题There is much I enjoy about the changing seaso

43、ns, but my favorite time is the（ ）from fall to winter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意：我很喜欢季节变更，但是我最喜欢的时间是秋冬的 。transmission 传递；transformation 变形，转化；transition 转变，过渡时期；transfer 迁移、传递。因此，C项符合句意。12. 单选题The unpleasant taste of the medicine prescribed by a famous

44、doctor（ ）in hismouth for hours.问题1选项A.restsB.waitedC.prolongedD.lingered【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。rests休息；waited等待；prolonged延长；lingered逗留。句意：那位名医开的药的讨厌味道在他嘴里（ ）了好几个小时。因此D选项符合句意。13. 翻译题As Apple prepares to report what (analysts project) may be the companys first year-over-year quarterly earnings decline in a dec

45、ade on Tuesday, it is also grappling with jittery investors and a recent share-price plunge that has wiped about $280 billion off its market capitalization since its stock reached a high of $702. 10 last September.（1） Much of the investor nervousness is rooted in how Wall Street is treating and valu

46、ing the Cupertino, Calif., company as a traditional hardware maker. One camp of analysts and some investors said there is strong evidence that Apple should be viewed in a different light: as a software hardware hybrid.The distinction matters. If it continues to be seen as a hardware business, Apples

47、 streak driven by products like the iPhone and iPad could run out quickly as smartphones and tablets get commoditized and consumer tastes change. （2 ） It is a lesson learned by companies like BlackBerry-maker Research In Motion Ltd., whose tech hardware was quickly eclipsed by products from Apple it

48、self.If Apple is classified as a software-hardware hybrid, the company could be valued more like Internet and software makers that have recurring revenue streams and that often trade at higher price-to-earnings ratios than hardware firms.“The market views Apple as a consumer hardware company tied to

49、 product cycles that drive volatile revenue and earnings streams, says Morgan Stanley analyst Katy Huberty. （3 ） But that view isnt complete, she says, since “Apple customers buy into a brand that offers ease of use similar to companies like A or enterprise companies like NetApp.”An Apple spokesman

50、declined to comment ahead of Tuesdays earning report.With Wall Street categorizing Apple as a hardware maker, investors value the company which made an astounding $13 billion in profits in the quarter ended in December at 8. 6 times expected earnings per share for the next 12 months. Investors are c

51、urrently valuing Hewlett-Packard Co., which made $1.2 billion in profits during its most recent quarter, at a price-to-earnings ratio of 5. 6. Troubled PC maker Dell Inc., whose stock price inflated after signing a buyout deal earlier this year, trades at a P/E ratio of 8. 5.Apples gross margins are

52、 around 40%, an important-measure of the companys efficiency at making money. That is roughly twice as high as H-Ps and Dells. Apple has characteristics that differ from many other hardware businesses. （4） Its customers often upgrade their Apple products annually, far more frequently than the four-y

53、ear PC upgrade cycles typically found at tech hardware businesses including Hewlett-Packard or Dell. While H-P and Dell have tried beefing up the enterprise software side of their business, Apples operating system and iTunes software is already ubiquitous. （5） Apple also has more than 500 million ac

54、counts for its App Store tied to credit cards and a customer base to sell new services to giving it a recurring software and services revenue stream. Apple took in revenue of $3. 7 billion from iTunes and other software and services in its last quarter, or 7% of its total revenue.【答案】1. 大部分投资者的紧张情绪源

55、于华尔街将加州库比蒂诺的（苹果）公司定位和评价为传统硬件制造公司。2. 很多公司例如蓝莓制造商RIM公司都受到了教训，他们的硬件技术很快就被苹果自主研发的产品淘汰。3. 但是这种观点是不全面的，她说，因为“苹果用户购买的是一个品牌，它可以为他们提供类似于亚马逊或者NetAPP这样的企业所提供的便捷服务”。4. 该公司的用户经常会每年都更新他们的苹果产品，远远超过了包括惠普或戴尔在内的技术硬件企业中普遍存在的四年更新一次个人电脑的频率。5. 在它的APP商店里，苹果拥有超过5亿个绑定了信用卡的账户，以及一个可以销售新服务的客户群，这给它带来一个循环性软件和服务的收入流。14. 单选题At pre

56、sent, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the（ ）of heart attacks.问题1选项A.incidenceB.impetusC.ruptureD.emergence【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。incidence发生率；impetus动力；rupture破裂，绝交；emergence出现，发生。句意：脂肪的摄入量和心脏病的 有所关联，目前对这种说法既不能

57、肯定也无法反驳。A选项符合句意。15. 单选题The river was （ ） with industrial waste from the nearby factory.问题1选项A.IrradiatedB.contaminatedC.corruptedD.fragmented【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意: 这条河被来自附近的工业废料 （ ）。irradiate 辐射；contaminate 污染；corrupt 使腐败，使堕落；fragment 分裂，使成碎片。由题意可知这条河被工业废料污染了，B选项“污染”符合句意。16. 单选题For some time past it has

58、been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”； and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physi

59、ological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words，a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort，not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce re- sults in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. P

60、apousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements，such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned

61、response with clear signs of pleasure. So hebegan to study the childrens response in situation where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights一and indeed that they we

62、re capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the in- teresting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem，in mastering the skill, and that there ex