2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷28（附答案带详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-西南科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The speaker was very good at（ ）his ideas during the discussion.问题1选项A.putting asideB.putting acrossC.putting backD.putting off【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项put aside“撇开，把放在一边”，例句：They decided to put aside their differences.（他们决定搁置双方的分歧。）；B选项put across“解释清楚，说明”，例句：Do yo

2、u give him a fair opportunity to put across his views?（你会给他们平等的机会去表达自己的看法吗？）；C选项put back“推迟，妨碍”，例句：The meeting has been put back to next week.（这次会议已延期到下周了。）；D选项put off“推迟”，例句：Weve had to put off our wedding until September.（我们只得把婚期推迟到九月。）。句意：演讲者很善于在讨论中表达自己的观点。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。2. 单选题An Olympic Mara

3、thon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately（ ）from Marathon to Athens.问题1选项A.distanceB.the distance isC.the distanceD.is the distance【答案】B【解析】考查同位语。approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens是26 miles and 385 yards的同位语，因此C项“the distance”；为正确答案。这个距离特指从马拉松到雅典的距离，所以要加定冠词the，C正确，A排除。填入B，D选项逗号后面

4、都是一个完整的句子，但是approximately是一个副词，不可以连接两个句子，故排除。句意：奥林匹克马拉松是26英里385码，距离大约是从马拉松到雅典。所以本题的正确答案是B选项。3. 单选题The World Bank has funded many improvement schemes（ ）, including shantytown and transport improvements.问题1选项A.globalB.overallC.worldwideD.universally【答案】C【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项global“全球的，总体的”；B选项overall“全部的，全体的

5、”；C选项worldwide“遍及全球地”；D选项universally“普遍地，到处”。句意：世界银行资助了很多世界各地的改善计划，包括贫民区和交通的改善。根据句意，只有A、C选项符合意思。题干中的scheme是个名词，之后可以加副词作为定语修饰名词，而A选项是个形容词，故排除。所以本题的正确答案是C选项。4. 单选题Shes always been kind to me I cant just turn（ ）on her now that she needs my help.问题1选项A.my backB.my headC.my eyeD.my shoulder【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭

6、配。turn ones back on为固定搭配，意为“不理会，不肯给予帮助”。句意：句意：她对我一直很好，现在她需要我的帮助，我不能不管。由搭配和句意可知，A选项符合句意。5. 单选题Be sure not to mention this when you（ ）about this problem.问题1选项A.were talkingB.will talkC.have been talkingD.are talking【答案】D【解析】考查时间状语从句，当从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，主语是一般现在时，when引导时间状语从句用现在进行时，所以本题D是正确答案。6.

7、 单选题The performance of this reasonably priced record player is（ ）in quality to that of some more expensive hi-fi sets.问题1选项A.comparableB.comparedC.parallelD.alike【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项comparable“可比较的，同等的，相当的”例如：No horse has a speed comparable to that of his。（没有一匹马的速度能比得上他的马。）B选项compared“比较的，对照的”例如：Hap

8、piness is to be felt, not to be compared.（幸福，是用来感觉的，而不是用来比较的。）C选项parallel “平行的，类似的”例如：The road runs parallel to the river. （这条路和这条河是平行的。）；D选项alike“相似的；相像的”例如：My sister and I do not look alike.（我和我妹妹外貌不相像。）句意：这部定价合理的录音机在性能上可与那些昂贵的高保真音响设备相比。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。7. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, p

9、eople have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fi

10、ction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated tell

11、er terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery

12、 with sub-millimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoal

13、s that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA，“we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world. Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produce

14、d very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What

15、they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter

16、in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced comput

17、er systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in（ ）.2. The word “gizmos” (Line 2，Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a

18、 robot that can（ ）.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also（ ）.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are（ ）.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous

19、workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work2. The word “gizmos” (Line 2，Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）.问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can（ ）.问题3选项A.fulfill delicate tasks like per

20、forming brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also（ ）.问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environments

21、D.cultivate human creativity.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are（ ）.问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled env

22、ironment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。题干：人类的创造性最初表现在_。根据关键词“Human ingenuity”和“initially”可以定位到文章第一段开头Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring，burdensome, or just plain nasty.（从人类产生智慧初期至今，人们一直在设计越来越巧妙的工具来应付那些危

23、险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者直接就是肮脏的工作。），可知，C选项“发明工具以处理困难和危险的工作”，符合题意。由于讲的是最初的创造力，因此可以排除A选项“用机器来创作科幻小说”，B选项“制造业对机器的广泛使用”和D选项“精英人士对危险和枯燥的工作的巧妙的处理”。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。2.词义辨析题。题干：单词“gizmos”（第二段第一行）最有可能的意思是_。由题干定位到文章第二段第一句话As a result，the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barel

24、y notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.（由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能_，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。），然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的举例和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。相比四个选项，只有C选项“设备”最合适。A选项“程序”，B选项“专家”和D选项“生物”，均不符合题意。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。3.事实细节题。题干

25、：根据本文，现在超越人类能力范围的是设计一种能_的机器人。根据题干定位到第三段最后一句话we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.（我们现在还没法设计出能有足够的常识去应付一个动态世界的机器人。），因为该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思，因此我们可以判定选项D“对一个变化的世界独立应付”是可以目前不能做到，D选项符合题意。而C选项“有一些常识”，是可以做到的。第二段末尾提到there are already robot systems that

26、can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy（已经有一些机器人系统可以进行精确到亚毫米的脑部和骨骼手术。），可知A选项“完成诸如脑手术这样的精细的工作”，是可以做到的，排除。第二段第三句话Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction（我们的银行业务是在自动柜员机完成的，它们会机械地、礼貌地感谢我们的服务。），所以

27、现在的机器人例如自动柜员机可以进行口头交流，B选项“与人类进行口头交流”，排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是D选项。4.事实细节题。题干：除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能够_。寻找机器人还能够从事什么工作，这就需要对四个选项进行比较，寻找答案。A选项提到机器人能够为自己做几个决策，通过“decision”这个单词可以定位到第三段第一句话But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to

28、 make at least a few decisions for themselves.（但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段，他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。），这句话表明，目前机器人还不能独立做一些决定，所以A选项排除。通过第三段第二句话While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error（虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误），可知，B选项“通过人类干预处理一些错误”，符合题意。由最后一段第二句话They have built robots that can recogn

29、ize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.（他们已经制造出能够在受控的工厂环境中识别出一毫米以内的机器误差的机器人。），可知机器人是受环境控制的，所以C选项“改善工厂环境”不正确。D选项“培养人的创造性”，机器人的性能应该是由人培养的，所以D选项的说法不正确。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。5.作者意图题。题干：作者使用猴子的例子，为的是说机器人_。最后一段提到But the human mind can glimpse a rapidl

30、y changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists

31、still dont know quite how we do it.（但人们看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速的排除98%的不相干信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也无法达到这种能力。），由此可知，机器人、人工智能，虽然能为人类做很多工作，但与人的大脑智能、感知能力相比，还相差甚远。所以C选项“在聚焦相关信息方面远远不如人类”，描述正确。A选项“被期望复制人脑内部结构”，B选项“能够立即觉察到不正常情况”，D选项“最适合在受控环境下使用”，均不是作者举例子的意图。综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。8. 单选题No one

32、expected him to（ ）against his former employer.问题1选项A.deduceB.testifyC.certifyD.allege【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项deduce“推论，推断”；B选项testify“证明，证实”；C选项certify“证明，保证”；D选项allege“宣称，断言”。四个选项中，只有B选项可以和against搭配，testify against sb作不利于某人的证明。句意：没人指望他会指证他的前雇主。由选项意思和固定搭配可知，B选项符合句意。9. 单选题Although architecture has artisti

33、c qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical（ ）.问题1选项A.obligationsB.regulationsC.observationsD.considerations【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项obligation“义务，债务”；B选项regulation“条例，规程”；C选项observation“观察”；D选项consideration“考虑，注意事项”。句意：建筑虽然具有艺术性，但它也必须满足一些重要的实用性考虑。由选项意思和句意可知，D选项符合句意。10. 单选题Environmen

34、tal issues raise a host of difficult ethical questions, including the ancient one of the nature of intrinsic value. Whereas many philosophers in the past have agreed that human experiences have intrinsic value and the utilitarians at least have always accepted that the pleasures and pains of nonhuma

35、n animals are of some intrinsic significance, this does not show why it is so bad if dodos become extinct or a rain forest is cut down. Are these things to be regretted only because of the loss to humans or other sentient creatures? Or is there more to it than that? Some philosophers are now prepare

36、d to defend the view that trees, rivers, species (considered apart from the individual animals of which they consist), and perhaps ecological systems as a whole have a value independent of the instrumental value they may have for humans or other sentient creatures.Our concern for the environment als

37、o raises the question of our obligations to future generations. How much do we owe to the future? From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing. For we can benefit them, but they are unable to reciprocate. Most other ethical theories, however,

38、do give weight to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own, provided only that we are certain that they will exi

39、st and will have interests that will be affected by what we do. In the case of, say, the storage of radioactive wastes, it seems clear that what we do will indeed affect the interests of generations to come.The question becomes much more complex, however, when we consider that we can affect the size

40、 of future generations by the population policies we choose and the extent to which we encourage large or small families. Most environmentalists believe that the world is already dangerously overcrowded. This may well be so, but the notion of overpopulation conceals a philosophical issue that is ing

41、eniously explored by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984). What is optimum population? Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great a

42、s possible? Both answers lead to counterintuitive outcomes, and the question remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.1. The first paragraph is mainly about（ ）.2. We owe nothing to the future generations（ ）.3. Population policy we take should be considered（ ）.4. According to this

43、 passage, optimum population（ ）.5. The proper title for this passage should be（ ）.问题1选项A.the intrinsic value of human experiencesB.the intrinsic value of the experiences of nonhuman animalsC.the intrinsic value of ecological system as a wholeD.an ancient ethical question about the nature of intrinsi

44、c value问题2选项A.in the authors opinionB.from a social contract view of ethicsC.for a utilitarianD.for most environmentalists问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.complexD.reasonable问题4选项A.refers to the population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possibleB.refers to the population siz

45、e at which the total amount of welfare will be as great as possibleC.is a difficult philosophical issue which remains to be resolved in the futureD.is a difficult philosophical issue which Derek Parfit has successfully settled in Reasons and Persons问题5选项A.A Mystery in Applied EthicsB.Our Obligations

46、 to Future GenerationsC.Environmental EthicsD.Environmental issues【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干：第一段主要是关于_。A选项“人类经历的内在价值”，B选项“非人类动物经历的内在价值”，C选项“生态系统作为一个整体的内在价值”， D选项“一个关于内在价值本质的古老伦理问题”,前三个选项在第一段中都有提到，但并不是主要问题的所在，而第四个选项，在第二句话中就点了出来，前三个选项是第四个选项的展开说明，故D是正确答案。2.推理判断题。题干：我们不欠后代任何东西_。根据关键词“ow

47、e to”“future generations”可以定位到文章第二段第三句话From a social contract view of ethics or for the ethical egoist, the answer would seem to be: nothing.（从伦理学的社会契约观点或道德自我主义者的角度来看，答案似乎是：什么都不亏欠。），可知，B选项“伦理学的社会契约观点”，是正确的。文章并没有提及作者个人观点，所以A选项“在作者的观点看来”排除。从文章第二段第五句话Most other ethical theories, however, do give weight

48、 to the interests of coming generations. Utilitarians, for one, would not think that the fact that members of future generations do not exist yet is any reason for giving less consideration to their interests than we give to our own.（然而，其他大多数伦理理论确实考虑到了后代的利益。举例来说，功利主义者不会认为，后代成员还不存在这一事实，是我们对后代利益的考虑少于我

49、们对自己利益考虑的任何理由。），所以C选项“功利主义者”排除。环境保护主义者也认为，我们应该为后代考虑，所以D选线项“环境保护主义者”排除。综上所述，本题的正确答案是B选项。3.事实细节题。题干：我们采取的人口政策被认为是_。根据关键词“population policy”可以定位到文章第三段，第一句话明确指出The question becomes much more complex, however（然而，问题会变得越来越复杂），所以本题的正确答案是C选项。4.细节推理题。题干：根据文章，最适宜的人口数量_。文章第三段后半部分提出了最合适的人口数量的问题。用两个问句提出对这一问题的两种可能

50、的答案，即Is it that population size at which the average level of welfare will be as high as possible? Or is it the size at which the total amount of welfarethe average multiplied by the number of peopleis as great as possible? (是在人口规模上，平均福利水平会尽可能高吗？或者是总福利的规模平均乘以人口的数量尽可能大？)，并在结尾的最后一句话中指出，and the questio

51、n remains one of the most baffling mysteries in applied ethics.（这一问题仍是应用伦理学中最令人不解的谜之一。），其意就是仍有待于将来解决，所以C选项“这是一个只能留到将来解决哲学问题”是正确答案。A选项“最适宜的人口数量指平均福利水平尽可能高的人口规模”，B选项“最适宜的人口数量指福利总额最大的人口规模”，A，B选项都是文章提出的问题，未被证实，所以不正确，D选项“最适宜的人口数量是一个困难的哲学问题，德里克帕菲特在理性与人中成功地解决了这个问题”德里克帕菲特只是在书中提到What is optimum population?但是

52、并没有解决，所以D选项不正确，综上所述，本题的正确答案是C选项。5.主旨大意题。题干：最适合文章的标题应该是_。本文主要讨论的并不是环境问题，而是由环境问题而引出的道德问题，A选项“应用道德中的谜”是最后一段提到的，B选项是“我们对下一代的责任”是第二段提到的，二者都不足以代表整篇文章的思想内容。所以本题的正确答案应该是C选项“环境伦理”。11. 单选题Faced with the（ ）difficulties, they are determined to carry on their program.问题1选项A.satisfactoryB.attributableC.intangible

53、D.innocent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项satisfactory“满意的，符合要求的”； B选项attributable “归属的，属性的”；C选项intangible“无形的，触摸不到的，难以理解的”；D选项innocent“无辜的，无罪的”。句意：面对无形的困难，他们下定决心继续他们的项目。由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句意。12. 单选题Look, we are in such an awful situation. Id rather you（ ）the data from the Internet yesterday.问题1选项A.hadnt downloade

54、dB.didnt downloadC.werent downloadingD.havent downloaded【答案】A【解析】虚拟语气。would rather（宁愿）+宾语从句，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had+过去分词，故本题的正确答案是A选项。13. 翻译题Translate the following text into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.互联网是20世纪最重大的科技发明之一，将深刻地影响人类社会文明进程。目前，全世界网民数量达到30亿，普及率达到40%，全球范围内实现了

55、网络互联、信息互通，世界真正变成了地球村。本次大会回应了国际社会的关切，对于推动全球互联网均衡、安全、可持续发展，更好发挥互联网在世界经济社会发展中的重要作用，促进各国人民共享互联网发展成果，增进人类福祉，具有十分重要的意义。【答案】The Internet, one of the most important scientific and technological inventions of the 20th century, will have a profound impact on the progress of human civilization. At present, the

56、 number of Internet users around the world has reached 3 billion, and the Internet popularity rate has reached 40%. Internet connectivity and information exchange have been achieved around the world and the world has truly become a global village. This conference responds to the concerns of the inte

57、rnational community and is of great significance for promoting the balance, secure and sustainable development of the global Internet, giving full play to the important role of the Internet in the worlds economic and social development, enabling people of all countries to share the fruits of Interne

58、t development and improving the well-being of mankind.14. 单选题The teacher suggested that her students（ ）experiences with ESP.问题1选项A.write a composition on theirB.to write composition about theC.wrote some compositions of his or herD.had written any compositions for his考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令相关的单词+that引导的宾语

59、从句，从句要用虚拟语气。其形式是should（可以省略）+动词原形。句意：老师建议她的学生写一篇关于他们有关ESP经历的作文。所以本题的正确答案是A选项。【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。表示建议、要求、命令相关的单词+that引导的宾语从句，从句要用虚拟语气。其形式是should（可以省略）+动词原形。句意：老师建议她的学生写一篇关于他们有关ESP经历的作文。所以本题的正确答案是A选项。15. 写作题Write on the ANSWER SHEET a letter of about 150 words based on the following situation:Suppose you

60、 are interested in a research program at the University of California, United States. Write an application letter, stating your personal qualities, accomplishments and other reasons why you are among those best suited to do research at that university.【答案】略16. 翻译题Translate the following text into Ch

61、inese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Many believe that science is merely a collection of facts, that it develops by the gathering of these facts and slowly approaches the truth about nature. According to this view, the so-called scientific method is the basis for scientific development.

62、 The scientific method is said to have three steps.The first step is that of careful observationoften involves looking for relationships among different kinds of events. If a specific relationship seems to be true in a number of cases, without any exceptions, then it may be hypothesized that the rel

63、ationship holds in general. The second step of the scientific method may be the formulation of such a general hypothesis. Or it may be an attempt to explain phenomena by theorizing the existence of a deeper reality. The third step, the testing of the theory, may involve further experimental testing of hypothesized relationships. Or it may be experimental verification