2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题6（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-北京航空航天大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, ge

2、rm or cell that causes the prob- lem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the en- tire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and

3、 ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient

4、in a controlled environment, so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs natural- ly, in which genetic information is passed from c

5、ell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease containe

6、d in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American popula- tion and killed massi

7、ve numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vac- cine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire popula- tion of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 30000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately

8、, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the manda- tory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is tru

9、ly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.1.The best title for the text may be（ ）2.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?3.The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2) most probably means（ ）4.Which of the following is true according to the text?5.The purpose of t

10、he author in writing this passage is（ ）问题1选项A.“Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse”B.“ Principles of Vaccinations”C.“Vaccines: Methods and Implications”D.“A Miracle Cure under Attack”问题2选项A.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemi

11、c disease.C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.问题3选项A.dispose of it naturallyB.fight it off with easeC.see to it reluctantlyD.split up properly问题4选项A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of t

12、he minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.问题5选项A.to comment and criticizeB.to demonstrate and argueC.to interest

13、 and entertainD.to explain and inform【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.主旨题。C选项“接种：方法和含义”概括全文大意。其他选项不够全面。2.细节题。文章中天花的举例是在第三段中出现的，第三、四段主要阐述使用疫苗可能带来的负面效果，而A选项“管理疫苗可能带来的负面后果”与文章相符。3.细节题。第二段讲述的是如果接种疫苗，身体可以自然对抗这种疾病，选项B（很轻松地与之对抗）正确。4.推理题。选项B（免疫系统能够被训练来抵抗较弱的疾病变体）符合原文中心思想。5.主旨题。本文是科普性文章。所以D项（为了解释和告知信息）正确。2.

14、 单选题He is the author of this novel with high（ ）in the country.问题1选项A.coherenceB.prestigeC.consequenceD.commitment【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。句意：他是这本小说的作者，在这个国家有很高的（ ） 。coherence统一，连贯性；prestige声望，名望；consequence结果，推论，重要性；commitment承诺，委托。因此，B项符合句意。3. 单选题BBCs Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote

15、 as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life- and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage.Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to som

16、e of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to

17、wait in vain.The Human Tissue Authoritys position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laborator

18、y. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Hu

19、man Tissue Act seems to in- fect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embry

20、os created by IVF treatment.Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential personsn. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide en- lightenment. When is this “potential” supposed to kick in? In case you we

21、re wondering, these sup- posedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of theUnited States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in

22、which licences have been a- warded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability

23、to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodie

24、s is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals.1.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?2.The expression “pussyfooting around” (Line 1，Paragraph 2) might mean（ ）.3.The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that（ ）4.To which of the following is the author most likely to agr

25、ee?5.The author is most critical of（ ）问题1选项A.A decrease in donation rates.B.Inefficient governmental policy.C.Illegal trade in human organs.D.News medias indifference.问题2选项A.unfairB.hesitantC.secretD.strict问题3选项A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissueB.the donation consent forms a

26、re difficult to understandC.the Human Tissue Act is all obstacle to important medical researchD.embryonic research shows disregard for human life问题4选项A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.B.More scientists are needed for the medical advancement.C.There is a double standard in medica

27、l ethics.D.The dead deserve the same attention as the living.问题5选项A.the mediaB.doctorsC.U. S. LegislatorsD.the British government【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节题。第二段指出：Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in

28、 our society。因此政府行为加剧了可移植器官的短缺。B项（政府政策的不作为）正确。2.语义题。根据题干定位至第二段第一行，该处讲到“政府对待尸体问题，给我们社会中最弱势的群体一个打击（giving a kicking to）”，后面句子又讲到“它造成的一个令人沮丧（depressing）的后果是等待名单上很大一部分人飞到国外从第三世界捐赠者那里购买活体器官，而这在英国是被禁止的”。由此可知，“pussyfooting around”在这里应该表示的是“谨慎的，顾虑重重的”。因此，B项“hesitant（犹豫的；踌躇的）”正确。3.细节题。根据题干关键词“moral shortsigh

29、tedness”定位至第四段：The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics（更令人担忧的是，人体组织法案中明显的道德短视似乎影响了当代医学伦理学辩论的各个方面）。因此，C项（人体组织法案是重要医学研究的障碍）正确。4.态度题。A项（死亡面前人人平等），B项（更多的科学家需要医学进步），C项（医学伦理学有双重标准），D项（死者应该与生

30、者获得同等关注）。第一段反驳了A项；B选项偷换概念，排除；D项文章没有体现。因此选项C正确。4.态度题。作者是对政府政策持批判态度的。因此，C项（美国立法者）正确。4. 单选题In general, matters which lie entirely within state borders are the（ ）concern of state gov-ernments.问题1选项A.extinctB.excludingC.excessiveD.exclusive【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。句意：一般来说，国家边境问题是政府 关心的问题。extinct灭绝的；excluding除外，不包括

31、；excessive过度的，过分的；exclusive独有的，专一的。D项exclusive独有的，专一的符合句意，在这里表示“专门的，特别的”。5. 单选题The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it（ ）into fragments.问题1选项A.broke awayB.broke offC.broke upD.broke through【答案】C【解析】短语辨析。句意：木头腐烂成那样了，我们拉它的时候，它就 片了。broke away脱离，放弃，裂开；broke off折断，突然停止；broke up分手，破碎；broke through

32、 突破。后半句有一个“fragments（碎片）”,C项符合句意。虽然A项break away也可表示“弄碎”的意思，但后面一般不与“into（sth.）”连用。6. 单选题It cannot be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists are （ ）to concede the inevitability of that day, realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.问题1选项A.boundB.

33、unpreparedC.hesitantD.likely【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意：毫无疑问，地球上存在的资源将会枯竭。但是科学家认为 在不久的将来会发现新的资源。bound有义务的；unprepared没有准备好的；hesitant有疑虑的；likely可能的。此处，be likely to为固定搭配，意为 “可能做某事”。故选D。7. 单选题Parents often faced the（ ） between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand

34、 by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.问题1选项A.paradoxB.dilemmaC.junctionD.premise【答案】B【解析】句意：父母们经常面对这样的 （ ）：是选择做他们认为对孩子发展好的事情，还是选择对孩子吵闹和破坏放任自由。A选项paradox自相矛盾；B选项dilemma 进退两难； C选项junction连接，接合；会合点；D选项premise前提；假定，B选项dilemma符合句意。8. 单选题Enthusiasts from around the world（ ）on Le Mans for the

35、annual car race.问题1选项A.coverageB.idiotC.consumeD.converge【答案】D【解析】句意：来自世界各地的狂热分子，因为年度赛车比赛（ ） 勒芒。coverage范围，规模；idiot白痴；consume消耗，挥霍；converge集合，汇聚。因此，D项符合句意。9. 单选题Having had her as a professor and adviser, I can tell you that she is an（ ） force who pushes her students to excel far beyond their own exp

36、ectations.问题1选项A.inspirationalB.educationalC.excessiveD.instantaneous【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。inspirational鼓舞人心的；educational教育的；excessive 过度的； instantaneous即刻的。句意是：由于她是我的教授兼指导老师，不妨告诉你，她具有一种 （） 力量，激发着她的学生超越自我的期望。因此，A选项符合句意。10. 单选题According to government statistics，men of all social classes in Britain visit pub

37、s quite regularly,（1 ） the kind of pub they go to may be different and their reasons for going there（2 ） too.Nowadays they often take their wives or girl-friends, which （3 ） to be the case. The fact is that the typical English pub is changing, partly （4 ） the licensing laws not being so strict as th

38、ey （5 ）, but also because publicans are trying to （6 ） away with the old Victorian （7 ） of the pub and（8 ） provide couples with an atmosphere where they can both enjoy themselves. Pub used not to open（9 ） at certain times. The result was that they were usually （10 ） with men who seemed to be drinkin

39、g as much as possible in the time （11 ） But that kind of pub is rapidly becoming a thing of the past.Curiously enough, the old British licensing laws, which foreigners found so objectionable and ab-surd ,were （12 ） introduced as a（13 ） measure to stop workers drinking in the First World War.（14）, th

40、e strong Puritanical （15） in Parliament took（16） o the law and （17） it.Opening hours are （18） limited to eight hours a day, but the publican can now choose which hours （19） him best. And these days you can even get a cup of coffee if you prefer （20 ） beer.But in spite of this the Puritans would neve

41、r dream of admitting that a pub could become a repeatable place.问题1选项A.andB.thoughC.whenD.as问题2选项A.disagreeB.divergeC.varyD.deviate问题3选项A.used notB.not usedC.usedD.is used问题4选项A.becauseB.because ofC.forD.in that问题5选项A.wereB.areC.usedD.had been问题6选项A.takeB.doC.keepD.go问题7选项A.sightB.imageC.appearanceD

42、.perception问题8选项A.thenB.insteadC.furtherD.still问题9选项A.exceptB.except forC.onlyD.only for问题10选项A.coveredB.crowdedC.fullD.plenty问题11选项A.availableB.properC.probableD.accessible问题12选项A.ordinarilyB.generallyC.originallyD.formerly问题13选项A.perpetualB.temporaryC.uniformD.temperate问题14选项A.NeverthelessB.Howeve

43、rC.AfterwardsD.Furthermore问题15选项A.factorB.elementC.componentD.atom问题16选项A.advantageB.profitC.useD.charge问题17选项A.retainedB.containedC.maintainedD.protected问题18选项A.evenB.justC.butD.still问题19选项A.suitB.matchC.meetD.agree问题20选项A.againstB.forC.withD.to【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:

44、B第11题:A第12题:C第13题:B第14题:C第15题:B第16题:A第17题:A第18题:D第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1.逻辑推理。句意：据英国政府统计，所有社会阶级的人都会频繁光顾酒吧， 他们选择的酒吧类型可能不同。空格前后句子为让步关系。故B项正确。2.词义辨析。句意：尽管他们选择的酒吧类型可能不同，去的理由也 。disagree不同意；diverge偏离；vary不同；deviate脱离，出轨。And为并列连词，因此，空格处应表达跟different相似的含义。故选C。3.语法分析。句子想表达的是：与以往情况不同，他们现在经常带着他们的妻子和女朋友去酒吧。因此，空格处应为否定

45、，排除C，D项。A项used not 后面接to be the case表示“过去不是这样”，符合句意且语法正确。4.语法分析。句意：事实是典型的英国酒吧正在改变，部分原因是特许经营法不如之前那么严格。C、D项后面应接完整的从句，而空后为动词ing形式，故选B。5.语法分析。句意：特许经营法不如之前那么严格。因此此处应为一般过去时，而主语是“they”，因此A项“were”正确。6.词义辨析。句意：同时也因为酒店老板想要 旧维多利亚时代酒吧的形象。do away with 废除；take away 带走，摆脱；keep away 使离开；go away with 私奔。故B项符合句意。7.词义

46、辨析。句意：想要摆脱旧式维多利亚时代的酒吧 。sight视力；image形象；appearance外貌；perception知觉。故B项符合句意。8.逻辑推理。句意：想要摆脱旧式维多利亚时代的酒吧形象， 为伴侣提供一个双方都能玩得开心的环境。前后并无递进关系。B项instead表示“取而代之的是”，符合句意。9.词义辨析。句意：除了在特定时间段，其他时间酒吧均不开门。except除了 ；except for除了以外；only只有；only for要是没有。B和D选项中都有介词for，后面应接名词或动名词，因此排除，C项only不符合句意。故选A。10.词义辨析。句意：结果是酒吧里经常 人，人们

47、总是在酒馆开门的时间内尽情畅饮。Be crowded with搭配表示“挤满”。而C，D项也表示“挤满的”，但它们与介词“of”搭配。故选B。11.词义辨析。句意：在 的时间内尽情畅饮。available可利用的，可获得的；proper适合的；probable可能的；accessible可进入的。D选项为干扰项，而D项后面接名词时要接介词to。故选A。12.词义辨析。空格所在句讲述了英国营业执照法律的历史以及后来情况。因此，C项originally“最初”正确。13.词义辨析。句意：一战期间引进的法律，只是 的措施以阻止工人饮酒。perpetual 永远的；temporary 暂时的；unif

48、orm 始终如一的；temperate 温和的。因此，B项符合句意。54.逻辑推理。句意： ，强大的清教徒。Nevertheless 然而；However 然而；Afterwards 后来；Furthermore 此外。空格后表示后来发生的事情，故选C。55.词义辨析。factor因素；element社会的某一集团，组成集团的个体；component组成部分；atom原子。空格处指清教徒势力，故选B。56.固定搭配。句意：国会中的清教徒势力利用这一法律。Take advantage of为固定搭配，表示“利用”。57.词义辨析。句意：国会中的清教徒势力利用这一法律，使得这一条款保留了下来。re

49、tained保留；contained包含；maintained维修；protected保护。故选A。58.逻辑推理。句意：开业时间仍然限定在八个小时。even甚至；just只是；but但是；still仍然。故选D。59.词义辨析。句意为“但是现在酒店老板可以选择最 自己的时间段。suit适合；match与相配；meet遇见；agree同意。因此，A项符合句意。60.固定搭配。prefer sth. to sth.为固定搭配，表示比起后者，更喜欢前者。11. 单选题The front matter of a book consists of the title, subtitle, table

50、of contents, and pre- face. But the （1）of readers who pay no attention to the signals is larger than you might expect, unless you happen to be one of those who are （2） to admit it. I have this expe- rience again and again （3） students. I have asked them （4） a book was about. I have asked them to tel

51、l me, in the most general（5）, what sort of book it was. This, I have （6） , is a good way, almost an indispensable （7） , to begin a discussion. Many students are （8） to answer this first and simplest question about the book. Sometimes they apologize （9） that they havent finished reading it yet, and （

52、10） do no know. Thats no （11）, I point out. Did you look at the title? Did you study the（12）? Did you read the preface （13） introduction? No，they did not. The front matter of a book （14） to be like the ticking of a clock, （15） you notice only when it is not there.One reason why titles and prefaces a

53、re （16）by so many readers is that they do not think （71） important to clarify the book they are reading，They do not follow this first （18）. If they tried to follow it, they（19）be grateful to the author （20）them.问题1选项A.majorityB.amountC.numberD.figure问题2选项A.too honestB.enough honestC.honest enoughD.s

54、o honest问题3选项A.withB.inC.fromD.over .问题4选项A.what kindB.all thatC.whatD.which问题5选项A.wordsB.expressionsC.phrasesD.terms问题6选项A.thoughtB.knownC.understoodD.found问题7选项A.wayB.subjectC.thingD.manner问题8选项A.ableB.failingC.unableD.incapable问题9选项A.by sayingB.for sayingC.to sayD.saying问题10选项A.thenB.thereforeC.s

55、oD.otherwise问题11选项A.wayB.senseC.excuseD.reason问题12选项A.chaptersB.contentsC.indexD.appendix问题13选项A.andB.withC.orD.also问题14选项A.happensB.appearsC.usedD.looks问题15选项A.thatB.somethingC.whichD.nothing问题16选项A.ignoredB.forgottenC.missedD.escaped问题17选项A.thisB.thatC.itD.so问题18选项A.ruleB.exampleC.adviceD.suggesti

56、on问题19选项A.willB.wouldC.needD.should问题20选项A.to helpB.for helpingC.in helpingD.helping【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:A第7题:A第8题:C第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:B第13题:C第14题:B第15题:C第16题:A第17题:C第18题:A第19题:B第20题:B【解析】1.句意：不关注这些信息的读者数量要比人们预想的多。C选项number 意为“数字，数量”，the number of后面接可数名词readers，意为“读者的数量”。其他三项中，A选项majo

57、rity 多数；B选项amount 数量，总额，the amount of后面接不可数名词；D选项figure意为“数字，算术”，不符合句意。2.句意：足够诚实地承认这一点。enough修饰形容词和副词时应该后置，C项正确。3.句意：我在学生这方面很有经验。have an experience with为固定搭配，意为“在方面有经验”，A项正确。4.C选项what意为“什么”，与文意相符，在此表示：我问学生书里写的是什么内容。5.空格处填入terms，句意变为：我要求他们高度概括一下这本书的归类。in general terms意为“概括地，笼统地”。6.句意：我 这是一个很好的方法。A选项t

58、hought 以为，认为，与句意相符，应选A。其他三项中，known 知道；understood懂，理解；found发现，都与句意不符。7.空格所在句是说一种不可或缺的、即将讨论的 。而且空格前面提到的a good way。way方法，手段；subject主题，学科；thing事件；manner方式，举止，礼貌，A项way符合句意。8.句意：很多学生 回答这个首要而最简单的问题。able能够的，有能力的；failing失败，不成功；unable不会的，无能力的；incapable无能力的。因此，从意义上来讲，unable和incapable都符合句意。但是，unable才可以和to搭配使用，i

59、ncapable后面应接介词of。因此，C项正确。9.空格所在句是说有时他们道歉说还没有完成阅读。空格处应为by saying。apologize for意为“为某事道歉”，所以不能选B项。10.句意：说他们没有完成阅读， 不知道。then那时，然后；therefore因此；so因此，后面引导完整句子；otherwise否则，因此，B项therefore符合句意。11.空格前后句意：学生没有完成阅读，因此不知道。我认为，不要找借口。C选项excuse意为“借口，理由，辩解”，与句意相符。12.空格所在句前一句提到title（标题）吗，后一句又提到preface（前言），据此推测，此处应该为B项

60、contents（目录）。13.空格连接的introduction和preface这两个名词均有“前言，引言”之意，因此C选项or“或者”放在空格处比较合适。14.句意：书的正面 是时钟的嘀嗒声。happens to 碰巧；appear to 看来像是；used to过去常常；look to 朝（某物）看去，面对，依靠。因此，选项B appear to 符合句意。15.which放在空格处引导非限制性定语从句。句意：只有当它不在时你才会注意到。16.句意：标题和前言被读者 的原因就在于。ignored 忽视；forgotten忘记；missed错过；escaped 躲过，因此，A项ignored 符合句意。17.it在空格处作形式宾语，此处句意：他们认为有关书的阐释并不重要。18.句意：他们不愿遵循这一首要 。rule 规则，原则 ；example 榜样； advice 建议；sugge