2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前模拟强化练习题85（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 翻译题When some Americans speak of the virtues of English, they almost always begin by glorifying its enormous vocabulary, which is at least twice as large as that of any other language. But this is not what enchants the foreigner; on the contrary, the vast reaches of

2、 the vocabulary naturally alarm him. The thing that really wins him is the clarity and simplicity of the language. We use, for all our store of Latin polysyllables, a great many more short words than long ones, and we are always trying to make the long ones short. What was once puniligrion is now pu

3、n; what was gasoline only yesterday is already gas. No other European language has so many three-letter words, nor so many four-word sayings. “First come, first served”that is typically English, for it is bold, plain, and short.【答案】当一些美国人谈及英语的优点时，几乎总是一开始就赞美其词汇量之庞大，英语的词汇比任何其他语言的词汇至少多一倍。然而，吸引外国人的并不是词汇

4、量大，相反，浩瀚的词汇很容易令外国人担忧。真正赢得外国人的是英语简练和淳朴的特征。尽管英语中有大量的源于拉丁文的多音节词，但我们却更多地使用短语，少用长词。而且，我们总是努力把长词缩短。以前使用puniligrion，现在缩短成了pun；昨天还是gasoline，今天已成为gas。欧洲没有任何一种其他语言有这么多由三个字母构成的单词，也没有如此多由四个单词构成的语言。“First comes, first served（先到先供应）”便是典型的英语，因为它一目了然、朴实无华、短小精悍。2. 单选题She said goodnight a second time and ran downstai

5、rs again to _ all her preparations for the morrow.问题1选项A.turn onB.account forC.wrestle withD.let down【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A项turn on“打开，发动，取决于”，B项account for“对负有责任，对做出解释”，C项wrestle with“全力对付，努力克服”，D项let down“使失望，放下，辜负”。由句子句意“她第二次道了晚安，然后又跑下楼去_为明天所做的一切准备”可知，四个选项中只有wrestle with符合语境。句意：她又道了一声晚安，然后又跑下楼去为明天做准备。

6、因此，该题选择C项正确。3. 单选题The more skilful you are, the more yon tend to cut corners which, if unchecked for long periods, will _ into bad habits.问题1选项A.splitB.sneakC.deludeD.degenerate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项split“分离，使分离，劈开”，B项sneak“溜，鬼鬼祟祟做事，向老师打小报告”，C项delude“欺骗，哄骗，诱惑”，D项degenerate“使退化，恶化，堕落”。由The more skilful y

7、ou are, the more yon tend to cut corners“你的技术越熟练，你就越容易走捷径”可知，空格处填入“养成、变成”符合语境，而degenerate into表示“退化为”，意思与之相近。句意：你的技术越熟练，你就越容易走捷径，如果长期不加以控制，就会退化为坏习惯。因此，该题选择D项正确。4. 单选题A future doctor should have a genuine desire to help people. He or she must develop good study habits to complete the years of arduous

8、 schooling ahead.问题1选项A.strictB.unusualC.enduringD.laborious【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。arduous表示“努力的，费力的，险峻的”；A项strict“严格的，绝对的，精确的”，B项unusual“不寻常的，与众不同的”，C项enduring“持久的，能忍受的”，D项laborious“艰苦的，费劲的，勤劳的”。句意：一个未来的医生应该有帮助别人的真诚愿望；他或她必须养成良好的学习习惯，以完成今后几年的艰苦学习。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。5. 填空题For several years, scientists have bee

9、n testing a substance called interferon(干扰素)，a 36 wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacterial infections, and tumors. To 37 , the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to 38 its use. But in spite

10、 of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the 39 lies in the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in 40 another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only

11、 interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so 41 that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. 42 , it makes unaffected cells re

12、sistant to infection, and 43 the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most 44 uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Swedens famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients wi

13、th the new drug. 45 a group of selected patients who had 46 surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The 47 rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as 48 with only 10 t

14、o 30 percent among those who has received the 49 treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now under 50 . If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.36. A. possible B. adequate

15、C. potential D. capable37. A. time B. stage C. date D. period38. A. determine B. discourage C. decrease D. disclose39. A. uniqueness B. peculiarity C. feature D. scarcity40. A. treating B. producing C. operating D. handling41. A. potent B. slight C. obvious D. obscure42. A. However B. Moreover C. He

16、nce D. Instead43. A. motivates B. prevents C. strikes D. eliminates44. A. restrictive B. dramatic C. probable D. crucial45. A. With B. For C. Among D. Within46. A. sustained B. endured C. prepared D. undergone47. A. existence B. treatment C. survival D. growth48. A. weighed B. balanced C. differenti

17、ated D. compared49. A. original B. conventional C. exceptional D. desirable50. A. way B. track C. course D. route【答案】36.A37.C38.B39.D40.A41.A42.D43.B44.D45.C46.D47.C48.D49.B50.A Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 【解析】36.考查形容词辨析。A选项possible“可能的；合理的；合适的”；B选项adequate“充足的；适当的；胜任的”；C

18、选项potential“潜在的；可能的”；D选项capable“能干的；能胜任的”。由前一句scientists have been testing a substance called interferon“科学家们一直在测试一种叫作干扰素的物质”，可知这一物质还在测试中，并未得出确切结果，所以能否成为wonder drug“特效药”只是一种可能。possible和potential都有可能的意思。potential一般是可以发展成某种东西或在未来能够被发展，具体指潜能方面上的。possible一般指能够做到的可能性。因此A选项符合题意。37.考查固定搭配。A选项time“时间；时代”；B选

19、项stage“阶段；舞台”；C选项date“日期；约会”；D选项period“期间；经期”。由空格后the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance“这种新药还没有引起足够的负面反应”，可知这里指从过去到现在的这段时间内，新药并未引起足够的负面反应。固定搭配to date“迄今为止”。因此C选项符合题意。38.考查动词辨析。A选项determine“决定；判定；限定”；B选项discourage“阻止；使气馁”；C选项decrease“减少；减小”；D选项disclose“公开；揭露”。因为迄今为

20、止，这种新药还没有产生影响很大的副作用，新药的使用只是对一部分有需求的人而言的，所以这里应该是指不会阻止它的使用。因为这里并没有说使用者的数量，所以可以排除C选项。因此B选项符合题意。39.考查名词辨析。A选项uniqueness“独特性；独一无二”；B选项peculiarity“特性；怪癖”；C选项feature“特色，特征；容貌”；D选项scarcity“不足；稀缺”。结合第一段末尾句But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.“但尽管取得了成功，去年全世界只生产

21、了一克。”由此可知特效药是非常稀缺的，所以第二段承接第一段的内容，开始分析造成稀缺的原因。因此D选项符合题意。40.考查动词辨析。A选项treating“治疗；对待”；B选项producing“生产；引起；生育”；C选项operating“操作；经营”；D选项handling“处理；操作”。句意：一种特殊的蛋白质，干扰素从一种动物中产生，不能用于另一种动物。空格后的信息In other words“换句话说”，to treat human beings“去治疗人类”，意味着两句的动词一致。因此A选项符合题意。41.考查形容词辨析。A选项potent“有效的；强有力的”；B选项slight“轻微

22、的；少量的”；C选项obvious“明显的；显著的”；D选项obscure“不清楚的；不著名的”。句意：幸运的是，这种药物是非常，每次给每个病人的剂量都很小。药品使用的剂量越小越能够说明它更加强效。因此A选项符合题意。42.考查逻辑关系。A选项However“然而；但是”；B选项Moreover“而且；此外”；C选项Hence“因此”；D选项Instead“反而”。空格前Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly.“与抗生素不同，干扰素不直接攻击病菌。”与空格后it makes unaffected cells r

23、esistant to infection.“它让未受影响的细胞抵抗感染。”，根据逻辑关系可知主动攻击与保护是相反的，因此D选项符合题意。43.考查动词辨析。A选项motivate“刺激；使有动机”；B选项prevent“预防；阻止”；C选项strike“打击；罢工”；D选项eliminate“消除；排除”。空格前一句it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection“它让未受影响的细胞抵抗感染”，也即是阻止未受影响细胞免受感染。因此and连接的并列句中的动词词义应与前一句保持一致。因此B选项符合题意。44.考查形容词辨析。A选项restricti

24、ve“限制的；约束的”；B选项dramatic“戏剧的；急剧的；引人注目的”；C选项probable“很可能的；可信的”；D选项crucial“重要的；决断的”。句意：正如你可能得出的结论，干扰素最用途之一是治疗癌症。后一句补充说到汉斯斯特兰德博士是瑞典著名的卡罗林斯卡研究所的研究医生，他已经用这种新药治疗了一百多名癌症患者。由此可知，干扰素对于治疗癌症有重要用途。因此D选项符合题意。45.考查介词辨析。A选项With“用；随着”；B选项For“因为；为了”；C选项Among“在之中”；D选项Within“在之内”。由空格后的a group of selected patients“一组挑选的

25、病人”，与之后的half“一半（病人）”与the other half“另一半（病人）”，可知是在一群病人之中，分组进行测试。因此C选项符合题意。46.考查动词辨析。A选项sustained“维持；忍受；支持”；B选项endured“忍耐；容忍”；C选项prepared“准备；使适合；起草”；D选项undergone“经历；经受”。句意：在一组晚期癌症手术的患者中，一半接受传统治疗，另一半接受干扰素治疗。sustain，undergo，endure都有忍受的意思。undergo一般指忍受治疗。endure一般指长期努力忍耐痛苦、不幸、困难。sustain一般指经历一些不好的事情，常指承受伤害失

26、败等。根据空格后surgical procedures“外科手术”可知其一般搭配为undergo a surgical procedures“接受外科手术”，句子使用的是过去完成时，因此需要动词的过去分词形式，即undergone。因此D选项符合题意。47.考查名词辨析。A选项existence“存在；生存”；B选项treatment“治疗；疗法；处理”；C选项survival“幸存；幸存者，残存物”；D选项growth“增长；发展；生长”。连接前一句可知这里还是在讲advanced cancer“癌症晚期”的治疗，空格后rate“比率”的对应知这里应是指“幸存率”，因此C选项符合题意。48.

27、考查固定搭配。A选项weighed“权衡；称重”；B选项balanced“平衡；使相称”；C选项differentiated“区分；区别”；D选项compared“比较；对比”。句意：在接受干扰素治疗的患者中，70%的人能活过3年，而接受的患者中只有10%到30%的人能活过3年。由此可知这里是在讲两种治疗方法幸存率的对比。固定搭配：as compared with“与相比”。因此D选项符合题意。49.考查逻辑关系。A选项original“原来的；开始的；首创的”；B选项conventional“传统的；常见的；惯例的”；C选项exceptional“异常的，例外的”；D选项desirable“

28、可取的；值得拥有的”。由空格前those who were treated with interferon“那些接受干扰素治疗的人”根据之前所提及到的两个治疗，half were given conventional treatments“一半人被给予传统治疗”可知与之进行测试的是那些接受传统治疗的病人。因此B选项符合题意。50.考查固定搭配。A选项way“方法；道路”；B选项track“轨道；足迹”；C选项course“科目；路线”；D选项route“路线；航线”。course和route都有路线的意思，course多指（船、飞机、路或河流的）所经之路，强调过程的路线。route多指从起点到

29、终点所采取的方法或路线，强调首尾的路线。句意：在美国，一个由美国癌症协会支持的大型项目正在。固定搭配：under way“进行中”，因此A选项符合题意。6. 单选题The corporation I head took a deep breath of clean air last week and went cold turkey. Smoking on the job in the home office was absolutely forbidden. Now we provide a smoke free working environment. Why?Anything that

30、kills 350,000 Americans each year deserves decisive action, and all the brawny cowpokes and tawny-haired sirens cannot blow enough advertising smoke to obscure the fact that one out of every seven deaths in this country is linked to smoking. The costs related to it are also sapping our economy. One

31、recent report estimates that smokers utilize the health-care system at least 50 percent more than nonsmokers; they waste 30 minutes each workday fumbling with matches and lighters, sucking seductive poisons.Still, a ban can create serious personnel problems. Since 25 percent of our employees smoke,

32、we are offering them on-the-job smoking-cessation classes and counseling. Our medical office provides Nicorettes, a sugarless chewing gum formulated to ease the physical withdrawal from nicotine. Most of our 3,000 home-office, employees support our new policy, smokers and nonsmokers alike, but there

33、 is a querulous minority that asks why we are “discriminating against smokers.” We are not. Our policy affects all employees. Smokers are not a protected class. No matter what their race, color, religion, sex or national origin, they cannot smoke at work.We are not trying to dictate personal lifesty

34、les. We encourage our employees to quit smoking altogether, but they cannot smoke on the job. We simply cannot afford their habit. According to a congressional study, the cost to the economy averages $65 billion annually in increased medical bills, premature death and time lost from work. And as a m

35、ajor participant in the field of health-care financing, we have an obligation to prove that, if properly conceived, a smoke-free working environment is attainable. This isnt a crusade. This is a business decision.1. According to the passage, which of the following is true?2. Which of the following c

36、ould be inferred from the passage?3. The purpose of this article is _.4. Which of the following is not used by the author as justification for regulating tobacco smoking on the job?问题1选项A.The smoking employees, on the whole, felt uncomfortable about the corporations rules that permitted no smoking i

37、n the workplace.B.The ban on cigarette smoking was introduced at the company gradually and conditionally.C.Smokers were considered a querulous minority at the main office of the firm.D.Smoking was banned at the firms headquarters abruptly and completely.问题2选项A.Cigarette advertising generally makes u

38、se of the appeal of seductive images.B.Cigarette advertising tends to remind people of the relationship between smoking and a good life.C.Cigarette advertising, as a rule, is designed to mislead nonsmokers.D.Most cigarette advertising is targeted at strong and attractive men and women.问题3选项A.to crit

39、icize the habit of cigarette smoking as a health hazardB.to emphasize the attainability of a smoke free working environmentC.to defend the practice of controlling smoking in the workplaceD.to present an argument for making smoking a solely job-related issue问题4选项A.The assumption that smokers, due to

40、their time-consuming habit, are not as efficient at work as nonsmokers.B.The notion that tobacco smoking seriously contaminates the working environment.C.Smoking-related health problems that cause premature deaths.D.The fact that the national economy is weakened by smoking-related costs.【答案】第1题:D第2题

41、:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，下列哪一项是正确的？”。文章第一段指出The corporation I head took a deep breath of clean air last week and went cold turkey. Smoking on the job in the home office was absolutely forbidden.（我负责的公司在上周深吸了一口新鲜空气，然后就彻底戒掉了吸烟坏习惯。在家庭办公室里工作，吸烟是完全禁止的。），根据went cold turkey（快速戒掉坏习惯）这

42、个词语，可以推断出公司是突然禁止吸烟，故D项“公司总部突然全面禁止吸烟”正确，由此也可知B项“该公司逐步、有条件地实行了禁烟令”错误；根据第三段中的Most of our 3,000 home-office, employees support our new policy, smokers and nonsmokers alike, but there is a querulous minority that asks why we are “discriminating against smokers.”（在我们的3000名家庭办公室员工中，大多数人支持我们的新政策，吸烟者和不吸烟者都是一

43、样的，但有少数人抱怨说，我们为什么要“歧视吸烟者”。）可知，关于公司的禁烟令，包括吸烟者和不吸烟者在内，大部分的员工是支持的，只有少数人有抱怨，这其中可能有吸烟者可能也有不吸烟者，因此A项“总的来说，吸烟的员工对公司规定不允许在工作场所吸烟感到不舒服”和C项“在公司的主要办公室里，吸烟者被认为是少数爱发牢骚的人”错误。因此，该题选择D项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“下列哪一项可以从文章中推断出来？”。根据第二段中的Anything that kills 350,000 Americans each year deserves decisive action, an

44、d all the brawny cowpokes and tawny-haired sirens cannot blow enough advertising smoke to obscure the fact that one out of every seven deaths in this country is linked to smoking.（任何每年杀死35万美国人的事情都应该采取果断的行动，所有强壮的牛仔和黄褐色头发的迷人的女人都不能充分地鼓吹香烟广告，来掩盖这个国家七分之一的死亡与吸烟有关的事实。）可以推断，香烟广告通常都是以诱人的形象来展示，故A项“香烟广告通常利用诱人形

45、象的吸引力”正确；B项“香烟广告倾向于提醒人们吸烟和美好生活之间的关系”从文中推断不出来；C项“一般来说，香烟广告是为了误导不吸烟的人”也不正确，香烟广告既可能诱导不吸烟者也可能误导吸烟者；D项“大多数香烟广告的目标是强壮和有吸引力的男人和女人”颠倒了文章意思。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的目的是什么？”。通读全文可知，文章第一段通过公司突然禁烟的做法引出了无烟工作环境的观点，第二段阐述了提供无烟工作环境的原因，即吸烟的一系列危害，接着第三段讲到了公司为了实行禁令为员工做的一些努力和大多数员工对禁令的支持，然后最后一段总结，吸烟导致的增

46、加的医疗费用、死亡和工作时间损失都会给经济造成一定的损失，所以提供无烟工作环境是一个商业的决策；综合全文我们可以推断出，这篇文章的目的是给“提供无烟工作环境”这一策略做辩护，C项“为在工作场所控制吸烟的做法辩护”符合题意；A项“批判吸烟的习惯对健康有害”和B项“强调无烟工作环境的可获得性”都是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文；D项“提出一个关于让吸烟成为仅仅是与工作相关的问题的论点”不符合文意。因此，该题选择C项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪项不是作者用以作为管制工作期间吸烟的理由？”。由第二段最后两句The costs related to it are a

47、lso sapping our economy. One recent report estimates that smokers utilize the health-care system at least 50 percent more than nonsmokers; they waste 30 minutes each workday fumbling with matches and lighters, sucking seductive poisons.（与此相关的成本也在侵蚀我们的经济。最近的一份报告估计，吸烟者使用医疗保健系统的人数至少比不吸烟者多50%；他们每天要浪费30分

48、钟的时间摸索火柴和打火机，吸食诱人的毒药。）以及最后一段中的倒数第二句According to a congressional study, the cost to the economy averages $65 billion annually in increased medical bills, premature death and time lost from work.（根据一项国会研究，每年因吸烟而增加的医疗费用、过早死亡和工作时间损失给经济造成的损失平均为650亿美元）可知，A项“由于吸烟者耗时的习惯，所以在工作效率不如不吸烟者的假设”、C项“与吸烟有关的导致过早死亡的健康问

49、题”和D项“与吸烟有关的成本削弱了国民经济的事实”都是禁止工作期间吸烟的理由；只有B项“吸烟严重污染工作环境的观点”没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。7. 单选题Hearsay evidence consists of statements made out of court by someone who is not present to testify under oath at a trial.问题1选项A.mistrustB.disputeC.scrutinyD.pledge【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。oath表示“誓言，誓约，诅咒”；A项mistrust“不信任，怀疑”，B项di

50、spute“辩论，争吵，意见不同”，C项scrutiny“详细审查，监视，细看”，D项pledge“保证，誓言，抵押”。句意：非直接证据指的是某人在法庭上宣誓作证时所作的证词。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。8. 单选题Needless to say, the terrorist attacks on September 11 _ the whole nation into extreme horror, and could very likely affect the course of human history.问题1选项A.escalatedB.plungedC.convertedD.d

51、rowsed【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项escalate“逐步增强，逐步升高”，B项plunge“使突然地下落，猛插，骤降，陡峭地向下倾斜”，C项convert“使转变，转换”，D项drowse“使昏昏欲睡，昏昏沉沉地消磨（时光）”。从句子结构来看，缺少谓语动词，且后面接介词into，由extreme horror“极度恐慌”可知，plungeinto“使陷入”符合语境。句意：不用说，911恐怖袭击让整个国家陷入了极度恐慌，很可能会影响人类历史的进程。因此，该题选择B项正确。9. 单选题Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most

52、of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened.问题1选项A.stop overB.take overC.trip overD.slide over【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项stop over“中途停留；暂留”；B选项take over“接管；接收”；C选项trip over“被绊倒”；D选项slide over“略过；回避”。句意：人们偶尔会在真理面前，但大多数人会爬起来就匆匆离去，好像什么事也没有发生过。根据后面的关键信息pick themselves up“自己爬起来”，一般人们会在摔倒

53、后自己爬起来。因此C选项符合题意。10. 单选题When two people feel the same way about each other, their feelings are mutual.问题1选项A.compatibleB.visibleC.reciprocalD.typical【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。mutual表示“共同的，相互的，彼此的”；A项compatible“兼容的，能共处的，可并立的”，B项visible“明显的，看得见的”，C项reciprocal“互惠的，相互的，倒数的”，D项typical“典型的，特有的”。句意：当两个人对彼此有相同的感觉时，他

54、们的感觉是相互的。根据句意可知，C项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择C项正确。11. 单选题She makes no _ of then affair in public and he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances.问题1选项A.acknowledgmentB.concealmentC.complimentD.amendment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项acknowledgment“感谢，承认，承认书”，B项concealment“隐藏，隐蔽，隐匿处”，C项complimen

55、t“恭维，称赞，问候”，D项amendment“修正案，改善，改正”。根据he understands that he is not to refer to it with these new acquaintances“他知道他不能和这些新认识的人谈论这件事”可知，makes no _中的空格处应该表示“没有承认”。句意：她没有公开承认那件事，他知道他不能和这些新认识的人提起这件事。因此，该题选择A项正确。12. 单选题You are unlikely to make _ toward resolving your differences if you two refuse to make

56、concessions to each other.问题1选项A.conclusionB.impactC.resolutionD.headway【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项conclusion“结论，结局，推论”，B项impact“巨大影响，撞击，冲撞”，C项resolution“分辨率，决议，解决”，D项headway“前进，进步，航行速度”。由You are unlikely to make _ toward resolving your difference“你们不太可能在解决分歧方面取得”可知，四个选项中只有headway最符合语境，make headway表示“取得进展”。句

57、意：如果你们拒绝彼此让步，就不可能在解决分歧方面取得进展。因此，该题选择D项正确。13. 单选题Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal pointsperiods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one pres

58、ents and documents ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work

59、, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have give way to the question “why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question

60、“Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use o

61、f psychology is not what psycho historians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed record

62、s of events and their consequences, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historia

63、ns be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event and that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense