定语从句 (2)

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1、定语从句定语从句是复合句修饰名词或代词的从句。定语从句在句中起定语的作用，被定语从句所修饰的词称为先行词。定语从句通常紧放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的有：关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose；关系副词when, where, why等。一、定语从句的引导词的用法who, whom, which, that, whose等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。when, where, why等关系副词引导定语从句，在从句中作状语。它们的形式变化如下：指代对象人物人 + 物在句中充当成分主格who/thatwhich/thatth

2、at主语宾格who(m)/thatwhich/thatthat宾语所有格whosewhose/of which定语(一)who, whom, that代表人。who引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语或宾语。whom在其引导的定语从句中只能作宾语。that用来指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.失去家园的人数多达二十五万。The boy who/whom/that we saw yesterday was Johns brother.昨天我看到的那个男孩是约翰的弟弟。【注1

3、】引导定语从句的关系代词who, whom和that在从句中既可作动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语，此时，这些关系代词皆可以省略，但介词可以提前到关系代词之前，此时只能使用whom，不可使用who或that，且whom也可以省去。The girl who(m)/that you saw just now is Jane. (= The girl you saw just now is Jane.)Do you know the man who(m)/that I talked to just now?= Do you know the man I talked to just now?= Do y

4、ou know the man to whom I talked just now?【注2】下列情况中只用who而不用whom。当先行词是one, ones, anyone或those等。如：Anyone who does that must be mad.Those who dare to break the law will be punished.用在there be句型中。如：There is a young man who wants to see you.当先行词是人，后面有较长修饰语时。如：I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday

5、who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games.为了避免重复或引起歧义。如：The man that spoke at the meeting is our new headmaster who has just come from Shanghai.当先行词是I, you, he, they等时（常用于谚语中）。如：He who plays with fire gets burned.(二)whose指人或物，表示所属关系。I dont want to hire the boy whose father is now in prison.我不

6、想雇用那个孩子，他的父亲现在坐牢。Once there was a wise king whose name was Alfred.从前有一个聪明的国王，他的名字叫Alfred。Look at the house whose roof is red.看那座屋顶是红色的房子。Have you seen a dictionary whose cover is blue? 你见过一本封面是蓝色的词典吗？【注】“whose + 名词”结构常可以用“名词 + of which”结构来替换，且意思相同。如：The house whose roof was damaged has now been repa

7、ired.= The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.(三)that和which指事物。that和which引导定语从句，代表事物，并在定语从句中作主语或宾语。在多数情况下，两者可换用。作宾语时，关系代词that和which常可省去。如：Here is the dictionary which/that will be lent to you.这是一本将要借给你的词典。(作主语)The farm (which/that) we visited last Sunday was located in the sub

8、urbs of Beijing.上星期我们参观的那个农场在北京郊区。(作宾语)【注1】引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中也可作介词的宾语，且介词可以提前，当介词提到关系代词前面时，只能使用which，不能使用that。如：The chair on which she is sitting is made of plastics.她坐的那把椅子是由塑料制成的。= The chair (which/that) she is sitting on is made of plastics.Once he went to a bookstore and bought some books, most of

9、which were expensive ones.有一次他去书店买了一些书，其中大部分都是很贵的。【注2】在定语从句中，如果先行词为物时，引导词that和which通常可以互换。但在下列情况下，则通常用that引导。F高二05(03)当先行词为all, much, little, few, some, any, no或被这些词所修饰时。如：All that can be done has been done.所有能做的事已经被做了。You can take any seat that is free.任何空着的座位你都可以坐。Theres no difficulty that we cant

10、 overcome.没有我们不能克服的困难。当先行词为any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。如：Please tell me anything that you know about the matter.请把你知道的有关这件事的一切都告诉我。Please remember everything that your mother told you to do.请记住你妈妈告诉你要做的每一件事。注：当先行词为something时，关系代词用that或which都可以。如I want to buy something that/which the old men like

11、 to eat.我想买点老人喜欢吃的东西。当先行词为序数词或被序数词及the last这样的词修饰时。如：This is the first textbook that I studied in the primary school.这是我小学学的第一本教科书。When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing.当人们谈论起中国的城市的时候，我首先想到的是北京。This is the last thing that Ill do.我决不会再做这样的事。当先行词是形容词最高级

12、或被形容词最高级修饰时。如：The best that I could do was to apologize.我能做的至多就是赔礼道歉了。Thats the highest building that I have ever seen.那是我所见到的最高的大楼。当先行词被the very, the only, the last, just the, the same等修饰时。如：This is the very novel that you want to read.这就是你想读的那本小说。The only dictionary that I have is the English-Chin

13、ese Dictionary.我所拥有的唯一的词典就是这本英汉词典。【注】先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用as。用that引导定语从句表示它的内容与先行词所讲的事物是相同的；用as引导定语从句表示它的内容与先行词是“同类”。如：I need the same book as you have.我需要和你一样的书。This is the same bicycle that I have lost.这是我丢失的那辆自行车。This is the same bicycle as I have lost.这辆自行车跟我丢失的那辆一样。I live in the same house th

14、at he lives in.我跟他住在同一所房子里。the same as结构中as从句可用省略形式，若换成that，后面则不用省略形式。如：I like the same music as you.我喜欢的音乐跟你喜欢的音乐相同。当先行词既含人又包含物时。如：He told us many interesting things and persons that we have never heard.他给我们讲了许多我们从未听到过的有趣的人和事。They are talking of the heroes and their deeds that interested them.他们正在谈

15、论他们感兴趣的英雄以及他们的伟绩。当先行词是疑问代词who, which, what或主句以这些词开头时。如：Which is the book that you want to buy? 你想要买的书是哪一本？Who that has such a house does not love it?当先行词是主句表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。如：China is no longer the country it used to be.中国不是以前那样的国家了。This is the book that was published yesterday.这是昨天出版的那本书。【注3】通常使用w

16、hich的场合：如【注1】中提及的“介词 + which”结构中，不能使用that。当关系代词之后有插入语是时。如：I have received your constructive letter which, as I have told you, was urgently needed by the press.我已收到你那封富有建设性的来信。这封信，正如我所告诉您的，是新闻界急需的。在谚语中常采用that which的用法。如：That which is evil is soon learned.坏事易学。That which is well done is twice done.一次做

17、得好等于做两次。That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass.越是意想不到的事越容易发生。【注4】当先行词是the way时，引导定语从句的关系词若在从句中作宾语，用which/that；若引导词在从句中作状语，可以是in which，也可用that，还可以将引导词省略。如：This is the way (that/in which) he did it.他就是这样做的。【注5】同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句中that为连词，只起引导作用，不在从句中充当成分；定语从句中的that为关系代词，在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。如

18、：The news that he is ill worries us a lot.(同位语从句)The news that he told us worries us a lot. (定语从句，that在从句中作told的直接宾语)同位语从句说明的是中心词的内容；定语从句则是对中心词进行限制、修饰或区分。如：Weve just heard a warning on the radio that a hurricane is likely to come.我们刚刚从收音机上听到警报，说是有可能飓风要到来。(同位语从句)The letter that I received that day wa

19、s from my mother.那天我收到的那封信是我母亲写来的。(定语从句)(四)when, where, why作关系副词引导的定语从句1、when代替at/in/on/during which，其先行词是地点名词，在定语从句中时间状语。如：Tell me the time when (= at which) the train leaves.告诉我火车离站的时间。July, when (= in which) we can go home for a rest, is coming soon.七月份很快就到了，那时我们就可以回家休息了。I will never forget the d

20、ay when (= on which) I reached the top of Mount Tai.我将永远也忘不了我登上泰山山顶的那一天。【注1】当表示时间的先行词在从句中主语或宾语时，不能用when。如：His aunt is going to Beijing October, which is the best season there. (which指October,作从句的主语)I will never forget the days (that/which) I spent with your family.(that/which指days，作从句中的宾语)【注2】It is

21、the first time that 句型中，that是习惯用法，不能用when替代。如：It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.【注3】在限制性定语从句中把关系副词when省去是很常见的现象，有时也可用that代替when。如：She is always busy doing something from the time she gets up in the morning till the time she goes to bed.她总量很忙，从早上起床到上床睡觉。2、where表地点，只能跟在表示地点的名词后，它

22、在从句中作地点状语。如：This is the school where (= at which) I used to teach.What is the name of the town where (= in which) we stayed last night?Think of a place where (= to which) we can go for dinner.【注1】引导词where可用that替换，并经常可以省略。如：Thats the place (where/that) we went before.那就是我们以前去过的地方。【注2】where不在从句中作主语或宾语

23、，也就是说若引导词在从句作主语或宾语时用引导词that/which。如：The factory (that/which) we visited yesterday was built last year.我们昨天参观的工厂是去年建成的。The factory where he works was built last year.他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。(where = in which)3、why指原因，引导的从句修饰名词reason。why可用that替代，或省略。如：I dont know the reason (why/that/for which) he left here.我不

24、知道他为什么离开这儿。【注】The reason why his sister was late is that her husband is dangerously ill in hospital.句中why不用that代替，以避免重复；that不能用because或why替代。陈述主语reason的表语从句只能用that引导，that不作从句中的任何成分。试比较：I didnt know the reason (why) he was late.The reason why he was late was that his wife was ill.His wife was very il

25、l. Thats why he was late.He was late. It was because his wife was very ill in bed.二、非限制性定语从句(一)限制性定语从句中与非限制性定语从句的区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起到限定、区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，如果省去，剩下的部分意义就会不完整或不清楚。非限制性定语从句只对先行词作进一步的说明和描述，如果省去，剩余的部分仍然意义完整，表达清楚。非限制性从句的前面往往有逗号与其余部分隔开。如：Those who want to go please put up your hands.想去的人请举手。A

26、 man who doesnt try to learn from others cant hope to achieve much.一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多少成就的。Dr. Brown, who lives next door, comes from America.住在隔壁的布朗医生来自美国。Rattlesnakes, which are poisonous, should be avoided.响尾蛇有毒，应该避开。【注1】专有名词具有“独一无二”的含义，因而通常它只能由非限制性定语从句来修饰我。如：Hang Zhou, which we visited last year,

27、is one of the most beautiful cites in China.去年春天我们参观地的杭州是中国最美的城市之一。【注2】有时候，一个定语从句既可以作为限定性定语从句又可作非限制性定语从句，但两者的含义不同。如： My brother who lives in New York has six children.我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。(可能还有其他兄弟) My brother, who lives in New York, has six children.我弟弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。(只有这一个兄弟) There are 20 students in this

28、 class who are from the northeast of China. 这个班里有二十位来自中国东北的学生。(班里可能还有其他学生) There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 这个班里有二十位学生，他们来自中国的东北。(班里共有二十位学生)由以上例子可见：非限制性定语从句表达的意义有“惟一性”，翻译时通常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and替换。如：They will fly to Kunming, where (= and there) they will stay fo

29、r two or three days.【注3】as可以作为代词引导限定性定语从句，但先行词须有such或the same或用于as/so as结构。如：Such teachers as he knows are all kind to him.他认识的那些老师都对他很好。I want to buy the same pen as you are using.我想买一支和你用的那支一样的钢笔。Ive bought the same dress as she is wearing.我已经买了和她穿的那件一样的衣服。Let students read such books as will make

30、 them learn more knowledge.让学生读一些让他们学到更多知识的书。He can lift so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他能搬得动别人搬不动的重石头。 (二)非限制性定语从句中就注意的问题1、that不能引导非限制性定语从句。其它引导限制性定语从句的关系代、副词皆可引导非限制性定语从句(why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)，且不可省去。2、which引导非限制性定语从句中，除在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语及介词宾语外，还可用作宾语，起到限定词(this/that/these/those)的作用，但其前必须有介词。如：Cha

31、plin went to the States in 1910, by which time he had learnt to dance and act in comedies.He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.他发起脾气来，此时我决定回家。His son insisted on joining the army, in which case he had to give in.他儿子坚持要参军，在这咱情况下他只好让步。3、as/which引导的非限制性定语as/which都可引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的整个内

32、容或部分内容。如：She was quite rights, as/which Harry soon discovered.哈里很快发现，她是对的。As is known to us all, China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。The earth is round, as/which we all know.地球是圆的，我们都知道这一点。Albert Einstein, as well know, was a great physicist.众所周知，艾伯特爱因斯坦是人伟大的物理学家。【注】as/which引导非限制性定语从句通常可互换

33、，但要注意以下不同：which引导的定语从句只能放在句末，而as从句还可以放在句首或句中。如：As you will find out, I will never let you down.你将会发现，我绝不会使你失望的。Taiwan, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.你们知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。She is extremely popular with her students, which/as is common knowledge.她很受她学生的喜爱，这是众所周知的。主句为否定句时，位于句末或句中的as从句所修饰的范围

34、并不包括主句的否定意义。此时，as也不能用which来替代。如：Spiders are not insects, as many people think.蜘蛛并非像很多人所想的那样是昆虫。She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case.她没有打开盒子，而她的朋友就是怕她打不开它。从词汇意义上讲，which意为“这一点”，而as却可表示“正如那样”。有些as从句已经成为固定格式。如：as we all know, as is known to all, as you may remember, as you say, as I can

35、see, as I have said, as you may have heard, as is reported等。三、带有介词的定语从句无论是在限制性定语从句还是在非限制性定语从句中，都经常出现介词的一些结构。1、在定语从句中，引导词在从句中充当时间、地点等状语时，关系副词when或where可以用“介词 + 关系代词”的结构来替换。如：Ill never forget the day when I joined the League.= Ill never forget the day on which I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。The sho

36、e factory where my father works is not far from my home.= The shoe factory in which my father works is not far from my home.我父亲工作的那个鞋厂离我家不远。2、定语从句中，如果先行词是物，那么“介词 + 关系代词”结构中的关系代词中能用which，不能用that；如果先行词是人，“介词 + 关系代词”的结构中就只能用whom，不能用that或who。如：The house in which I spent my childhood has been sold.= The

37、house where I spent my childhood has been sold.我在那儿度过童年的那座房子已经被卖掉了。There are 30 boy students in my class, most of whom are my good friends.我们班有30名男生，他们大多数都是我的好朋友。3、定语从句中，当介词位于从句谓语动词后面时，关系代词可以用which, that或whom，它们也可以省略。如：The man to whom my English teacher is speaking is Li Pings father.= The man (whom

38、/that) my English teacher is speaking to is Li Pings father.跟我的英语老师讲话的那个人是李平的父亲。The pen with which my brother is writing is a birthday present from my uncle.= The pen (which/that) my brother is writing with is a birthday present from my uncle.我哥哥正在使用的那支钢笔是我叔叔给他的生日礼物。4、定语从句中，如果谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语，就不能将它们分开

39、，即把介词置于关系代词前，否则就会影响整个句子的意思。如：The suit (which/that) he is going to put on the wedding ceremony is worth 4,000 yuan.婚礼上他要穿的那套衣服价值4000元。The boy (whom/that) you are waiting for is my younger son.你正在等的那个男孩是我的小儿子。5、定语从句中，“介词 + 关系代词”结构中，介词的使用常常由具体的语境、习惯用法和一些短语的固定搭配决定。如：Living in the center of Australian de

40、serts has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in whichThe goals _ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.A. after which B. with which C. for which D. at which四、定语从句中的特殊现象(一)定语从句中的倒装现象在定语从句中有时会出现完全倒装语序，以便句子更加生动、形象、流畅、自然。这种语序常

41、出现于以where或介词 + which引起的定语从句中，where或介词 + which在从句中作地点状语。如：That is our school, in front of which were sitting some important men.他进入了会议大厅，坐在前面的是一些要员。We got to a farmhouse, where lived an old farmer and his son.我们到达一处农舍，那儿住着一位老农和他的儿子。(二)定语从句的插入现象在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，它丝毫不影响定语从句的正常语序及主谓一致。如：I suggest you cho

42、ose someone who you think is kind and friendly.我建议你选择某位你认为善良友好的人。I went to Xiao Wang, who I knew was ready to help me at any time.我去找小王，我知道他随时都会乐意帮助我的。You should give a ring to Tom first, who Im afraid will not come.你应该先给汤姆个电话，我恐怕他不会来的。四、定语从句常见错误(一)引导词使用错误如何正确判断定语从句是该由that/which引导，还是由when/where引导，最主

43、要是看引导词在从句中充当什么成分。that/which在定语从句中作主语、宾语；when/where在定语从句中作时间状语或地点状语。若从句中不缺主语和宾语，则根据先行词是时间名词还是地点名词来选择适当关系副词when或where。如：Soon we got to the factory that/which made toys.Soon we got to the factory where toys were made.很快我们就到了那家制作玩具的工厂。They want very much to visit Beijing, where there are many well-known

44、 places of interest.他们很想参观一下北京，在这儿有许多著名的名胜古迹。They want very much to visit Beijing, which is the capital of China.他们很想参观一下中国的首都北京。They want very much to visit Beijing, which they visited for the first time five years ago.他们很想参观一下北京，他们第一次参观北京是在五年前。Do you still remember the day which/that we spent toge

45、ther on the sea?你还记得我们一起在海上度过的那一天吗？Do you still remember the day when we joined the Party? 你还记得我们入党的那一天吗？(二)多用宾语错误当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，定语从句的谓语动词后不可加多余的代词宾格作宾语。如：Some of the friends that/who(m) Mr. Wang invited them didnt come. (误)Some of the friends that/who(m) Mr. Wang invited didnt come. (正)(三)主谓一致错误当关

46、系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的人称和数应与先行词保持一致，而不受引导词的影响。如：The students that/who has finished homework can go home now. (误)The students that/who have finished homework can go home now. (正)The key which/that open this room is missing. (误)The key which/that opens this room is missing. (正)【注】当先行词为“one + of + 复数名

47、词”时，定语从句的谓语动词应为复数形式，但如果先行词为“the only one of + 复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。如：This is one of the things that/which interests me. (误)This is one of the things that/which interest me. (正)That is the only one of the tings that move him. (误)That is the only one of the tings that moves him. (正)Tom is one of the

48、 students who were late for school.汤姆是那些迟到学生中的一员。Tom is the only one of the students who was later for school.汤姆是那些学生中唯一一个迟到的。(四)插入语影响对引导词在定语从句中作用的判断关系代词在从句中作主语时，当其后有I think, I suppose, I believe待插入语时易错误地理解为该关系代词在从句中作宾语，而将其省去。如：Jack is a student I believe is clever. (误)Jack is a student that/who, I

49、believe, is clever. (正)That is an interesting film I know is liked by many people. (误)That is an interesting film that/which, I know, is liked by many people. (正)(五)先行词混淆请看对“这就是几天前你参观的博物馆吗？的翻译。Is this museum that you visited the other day? (误)Is this museum the one (that/which) you visited the other

50、 day? (正)析：该句中的this museum是句子的主语，而不是先行词。故后面的宾语从句缺少了作表语的先行词the one。请注意下句：Is this the museum (that/which) you visited the other day? 在museum前有定冠词the时，this是句子的主语，the museum是句子的表语，也是定语从句的先行词。(六)where引导地点状语从句与定语从句混淆。where既可引导定语从句，也可引导地点状语从句。二者最大的区别在于：where引导定语从句时，前面必定有表地点的名词作为先行词，而引导地点状语从句时，前面没有表地点的名词。如：

51、Go back where you came from.你从何处来就回到何处去。 (地点状语从句)Go back to the place where you came from.回到你来的地方去。 (定语从句，修饰先行词place)高考练习题1.We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which C. where D. when (北京2002)2.The famous basketball star, _

52、 tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who (北京2002春)3.He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been (上海2002春)4.Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work

53、? (上海2002春) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained5.The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected. (北京2000春) A. when B. that C. which D. what6.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. (上海2000) A. which price B. the pric

54、e of which C. its price D. the price of whose7.Caral said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. (NMET 99) A. it B. that C. when D. which8.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, made the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. this D. what (N

55、MET 2000)9.John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. (北京2001春) A. he B. this C. which D. who10.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why (上海2001)11.Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _ leading ac

56、tor is world famous? (上海2001春) A. its B. its C. whose D. which12.The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where (NMET 2001)13._ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET 2001) A. It B.

57、 As C. That D. What14._ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing. (上海99) A. Which B. As C. That D. It15.He was very rude to the customs office, _ of course made things even worse. (上海99) A. who B. whom C. what D. which16.After living in Paris for fifty years he

58、returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. that C. where D. when (NMET 96)17.I dont like _ you speak to her. (上海96) A. the way B. the way in that C. the way in which D. the way of which18.All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest. (上海97) A. onc

59、e they grow B. they grew once C. they once grew D. once grew19.In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have got home. A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which (上海95)20._ is known to all, China will be an _ powerful country in 20 or 30 years time. (上海94) A. T

60、hat, advancing B. This, advanced C. As, advanced D. It, advancing21.I shall never forget those days _ I live din the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who (上海94)22.The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. (NMET 94) A. what B. which C. that D. it 23.In the dark street, there wasnt single person _ she could turn for help. (MET 92) A. that B. wh