2022年考博英语-郑州大学考前模拟强化练习题9（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-郑州大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题In that country, a person who marries before legal age must have a parents sanction to obtain a license.问题1选项A.warrantB.approvalC.malignanceD.affirmation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项warrant“根据；证明；正当理由；委任状”；B选项approval“批准；认可；赞成”；C选项malignance“恶意，恶性”；D选项affirmation“主张，肯定；断言”。

2、句意：在那个国家，未到法定年龄结婚的人必须得到父母的批准才能获得结婚证。本句关键词sanction表示“制裁，处罚；认可；支持”，可和approval做同义替换；因此B选项正确。2. 不定项选择题Hawaiis native minority is demanding a greater degree of sovereignty over its own affairs. But much of the archipelagos political establishment, which-includes the White Americans who dominated until th

3、e Second World War and people of Japanese, Chinese and Filipino origin, is opposed to the idea.The islands were annexed by the US in 1898 and since then Hawaiis native people have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups. They make up over 60 percent of the states homeless, suffer higher leve

4、ls of unemployment and their life span is five years less than the average Hawaiians. They are the only major US native group without some degree of autonomy.But a sovereignty advisory committee set up by Hawaiis first native governor, John Waihee, has given the natives cause a major boost by recomm

5、ending that the Hawaiian natives decide by themselves whether to re-establish a sovereign Hawaiian nation.However, the Hawaiian natives are not united in their demands. Some just want greater autonomy within the stateas enjoyed by many American Indian natives over matters such as education. This is

6、a position supported by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), a state agency set up in 1978 to represent the natives interests and which has now become the moderate face of the native sovereignty movement. More ambitious is the Ka Lahui group, which declared itself a new nation in 1987 and wants ful

7、l, official independence from the US.But if Hawaiian natives are given greater autonomy, it is far from dear how many people this will apply to. The state authorities only count as native those people with more than 50 percent Hawaiian blood.Native demands are not just based on political grievances,

8、 though. They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted. It is on this issue that native groups are facing most opposition from the state authorities. In 1993, the state government paid the OHA US $136 million in back rent on the crown land and many officials sa

9、y that by accepting this payment the agency has given up its claims to legally own the land. The OHA has vigorously disputed this.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Hawaiian natives?2. Which of the following is NOT true of John Waihee?3. Which of the following groups holds a less ra

10、dical attitude on the matter of sovereignty?4. Various native Hawaiians demand all the following EXCEPT（ ）.5. Hawaiis native minority refers to（ ）.问题1选项A.Sixty percent of them are homeless or unemployed.B.Their life is worse than that of other ethnic groups in Hawaii.C.They are the only native group

11、 without sovereignty.D.Their life span is 5 years shorter than average Americans.问题2选项A.He is leading the local independence movement.B.He is Hawaiis first native governor.C.He has set up a sovereignty advisory committee.D.He suggested the native people decide for themselves.问题3选项A.American Indian n

12、atives.B.The Ka Lahui group.C.Office of Hawaiian Affairs.D.The Hawaiian natives.问题4选项A.a greater autonomy within the stateB.more back rent on the crown landC.a claim on the Hawaiian crown landD.full independence from the US问题5选项A.people with 50% Hawaiian bloodB.Hawaiis ethnic groupsC.the Ka LahuiD.p

13、eople of Filipino origin【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由B选项关键词“worse than”可以定位到文章第二段第一句The islands were annexed by the US in 1898 and since then Hawaiis native people have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups.（这些岛屿在1898年被美国吞并，自那以后，夏威夷的土著居民比其他任何民族都过得更糟糕。），说明夏威夷的土著居民和其他民族比起来生活更糟

14、糕。因此B选项“他们的生活比夏威夷其他民族的生活更糟糕”正确。由A选项关键词“homeless”可以定位到第二段第二句They make up over 60 percent of the states homeless（他们占该州无家可归者的60%以上），说明超过60的夏威夷土著人无家可归，但其中并不包括失业的人数，所以A选项“他们中有60%的人无家可归或失业”错误。由C选项关键词“sovereignty”可以定位到第二段最后一句They are the only major US native group without some degree of autonomy.（他们是美国唯一没有

15、某种程度自治权的主要原住民群体。），指的是主要原住民群体，所以C选项“他们是唯一没有主权的土著群体”错误。由D选项关键词“life span”可以定位到第二段第二句and their life span is five years less than the average Hawaiians（寿命比夏威夷人的平均寿命短5年），指的是比夏威夷人的寿命短，而不是一般的美国人，所以D选项“他们的寿命比一般美国人短5年”错误。第2题:客观细节题。由题干关键词“John Waihee”可以定位到文章第三段，前半部分说到a sovereignty advisory committee set up by

16、 Hawaiis first native governor, John Waihee（夏威夷第一任土著州长约翰韦希建立的一个主权咨询委员会），说明John Waihee是夏威夷第一任土著州长，由他成立了主权咨询委员会，所以B选项“他是夏威夷的第一位土著州长”和C选项“他成立了一个主权咨询委员会”表述正确。后半部分说到has given the natives cause a major boost by recommending that the Hawaiian natives decide by themselves whether to re-establish a sovereign

17、 Hawaiian nation.（建议由夏威夷土著人自己决定是否重新建立一个拥有主权的夏威夷国家，从而极大地推动了土著人的事业。），说明John Waihee建议由夏威夷土著人自己决定是否建立主权国家，所以D选项“他建议土著人自己决定”表述正确。A选项“他正在领导当地的独立运动”在文中没有提及，因此本题选A。第3题:客观细节题。由题干关键词“less radical”可以定位到文章第四段第三句This is a position supported by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA), a state agency set up in 1978 t

18、o represent the natives interests and which has now become the moderate face of the native sovereignty movement.（这一立场得到了夏威夷事务办公室的支持。OHA成立于1978年，是一个代表原住民利益的国家机构，现在已经成为原住民主权运动的温和代言人。），说明夏威夷事务办公室在主权问题上的态度是温和、不激进的，题干中的less radical和原文中的moderate对应。因此C选项“夏威夷事务办公室”正确。A选项“美国印第安土著人”，B选项“卡拉会群体”，D选项“夏威夷土著人”，文中都

19、表明了他们希望享有更大的自治权，所以A, B, D错误。第4题:客观细节题。由A选项关键词“greater autonomy”可以定位到文章第四段第二句Some just want greater autonomy within the state（有些人只是想在州内享有更大的自治权），所以A选项“在州内享有更大的自治权”符合夏威夷土著人的要求，排除A。由C选项关键词“crown land”可以定位到文章最后一段第二句They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted.（他们还

20、希望政府接受他们对66万公顷夏威夷王室土地的所有权。），所以C选项“对夏威夷王室土地的所有权要求”符合夏威夷土著人的要求，排除C。由D选项关键词“full independence”可以定位到文章第四段最后一句More ambitious is the Ka Lahui group, which declared itself a new nation in 1987 and wants full, official independence from the US.（更有野心的是卡拉会群体，该群体于1987年宣布自己是一个新国家，并希望完全、正式地从美国独立出来。），所以D此处“完全独立于美

21、国”符合夏威夷土著人的要求，排除D。由B选项关键词“crown land”可以定位到文章最后一段第二、三、四句They also want their claim on 660,000 hectares of Hawaiian crown land to be accepted. It is on this issue that native groups are facing most opposition from the state authorities. In 1993, the state government paid the OHA US $136 million in bac

22、k rent on the crown land and many officials say that by accepting this payment the agency has given up its claims to legally own the land.（他们还希望政府接受他们对66万公顷夏威夷王室土地的所有权。正是在这个问题上，土著群体面临着来自国家当局的最大反对。1993年，州政府向OHA支付了1.36亿美元的王室土地欠租，许多官员表示，接受这笔款项后，OHA就放弃了对土地的合法所有权。），说明夏威夷土著人要求的是对王室土地的所有权，而不是更多的欠租。因此B选项“更多

23、的王室土地欠租”不符合夏威夷土著人的要求，本题选B。第5题:推理判断题。由题干关键词“native minority”可以定位到文章第二段第一句since then Hawaiis native people have fared worse than any of its other ethnic groups.（自那以后，夏威夷的土著居民比其他任何民族都过得更糟糕。），说明“Hawaiis native minority”指的是夏威夷本地的一个少数民族。因此B选项“夏威夷的族群”正确。A选项“有50%夏威夷血统的人”，C选项“卡拉会群体”，D选项“菲律宾裔人”均不能完整概括夏威夷土著民族的

24、含义，所以A，C，D错误。3. 单选题When Robert Shiller, a Yale economist and bestselling author, told a crowd of finance professors and economics students last spring that only 10 percent of his money was invested in stocks, they gasped.Managers might suggest anywhere from 50 to 90 percent. But 10 percent? This was

25、 heresy.How about 0 percent?Thats the share that investors should plow into domestic stocks, according to Ben Inker, director of asset allocation for Grantham, Mayo, and Van Otterloo &, Co. (GMO), a money-management firm with some $85 billion in assets.Welcome to a contrarian view of todays equity m

26、arkets. A small but vocal band of heretics is calling into question not only the profit potential of stocks but also the foundation for conventional wisdom about investing. Even for those who disagree with them, their arguments serve as a reality check for the market.Are conventional portfolios real

27、ly as safe as experts say?“Dont be surprised that the Wall Street brokerage firms spend most of their time telling you that stocks are cheap,” warns Mr. Inker. “Wall Street likes the market. It likes trading. Wall Street makes a lot more money off of trading stocks than trading bonds.”The trick is t

28、o determine your portfolios exposure to risk, analysts say. And that depends to a surprisingly large degree -on how diversified it is and how long youre prepared to stay the course. These are key elements of “modem portfolio theory,” which came into being in the 1950s and eventually won its creator,

29、 Harry Markowitz, a Nobel PrizeEssentially, portfolio theory holds that investors reap the greatest return with the least risk when they allocate their money among diverse classes of assets, hold them for the long term, and rebalance the portfolio when the various classes of assets stray too far fro

30、m their original allocation.To make it work, you need to own asset classes that dont move in lock step, make accurate estimates of their future returns, and use a very long time horizon. A miscalculation in even one of these steps, however, can seriously hurl the prospects for reaching your ultimate

31、 goal.“The long-term nature is the driving force of the portfolio,” says Jerry Korabilk, vice president of Ibbotson Associates, a Chicago-based asset allocation adviser. “All of our clients are institutions, and we develop portfolios with 10-, 20-, even 30-year time horizons.”Riding the roller coast

32、erThus, investors should never try to get in and out of the market at specific times, the theory holds. Instead, they should ride the inevitable ebb and flow of prices. If they have allocated their money correctly, some portion of their portfolio will almost always be making money. By rebalancing th

33、eir portfolios periodically selling off some of the winning asset classes and buying more of the losers they are continually buying low and selling high, at least in a relative sense.This buy-and-hold strategy has won over hordes of investors. The average Fidelity retirement account has nearly 60 pe

34、rcent of its money in stocks, a recent study found. The overall average for retirement accounts: 61 percent, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute. Even equity allocations for college and university endowments hover around 57.1 percent, says the National Association of College and Uni

35、versity Business Officers.The problem is that investors sometimes have to be extraordinarily patient for the strategy to pay off. In 1981, for example, the S&P 500 index stood at the same level it first achieved in 1965. Today the index is about 30 percent lower than its peak in 2000. Do investors r

36、eally have to put up with such long periods of losses?Profits of impatienceNo, say a small contingent of money managers. By avoiding the stock market as their primary engine for profit during the past five years, several of these managers have posted good returns.Take the Permanent Portfolio Fund. U

37、nlike many balanced funds, which diversify primarily between stocks and bonds. It encompasses a much wider variety of assets: 20 percent gold bullion and coins, 5 percent silver bullion and coins, 10 percent Swiss franc denominated assets (typically Swiss government bonds), 15 percent US and foreign

38、 real estate and natural-resource company stocks, 15 percent aggressive-growth stocks, and 35 percent in dollar assets (Treasury securities in varying maturities and also short-term, high-grade bonds).Over the past five years, while the S&P 500 has slipped backward, the Permanent Portfolio Fund has

39、averaged a startling 10.1 percent growth per year.“We dont correlate to any index because we own different assets,” says the funds manager, Michael Guggino. “In markets where stocks and equities are going sideways or down, we perform very well because our diversification is much broader. If equities

40、 go gangbusters like in the 90s, clearly we are going to underperform because we wont be totally in stocks.”Indeed, the fund lagged significantly during the boom years of the 1990s, causing average annual returns for the decade to trail the S&P 500 by four percentage points.1. According to “modem po

41、rtfolio theory,” we should（ ）.2. In the last paragraph, “The fund lagged significantly during the boom years of 1990s, causing average annual returns for the decade to trail the S&P 500 by four percentage points.” We see from this sentence that（ ） .3. What attitude does the author have towards conve

42、ntional portfolios?4. In the last 2nd paragraph, “If equities go gangbusters like in the 1990s, clearly we are going to under-perform because we wont be totally in stocks.” We know from this sentence all of the following except that（ ）.问题1选项A.buy one singly kind of stocksB.never sell our stocksC.sel

43、l stocks whose prices go relatively too high in our portfolioD.buy stocks whose prices fluctuates at the same pace问题2选项A.the funds profits were not good enoughB.the funds performance during the 1990s is very poorC.the fund lost money during the 1990sD.the fund did exceedingly well during the 1990s问题

44、3选项A.SkepticalB.ScathingC.DetachedD.Boastful问题4选项A.the 1990s saw a booming stock marketB.“we” under performed during the 1990sC.“we” will change our course of actionD.“we” are not totally in stocks【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据现代资产组合理论，我们应该”。文章第八段提到“这在很大程度上取决于资产的分散性和你打算持有多久。这些是现在资产组合理论

45、的关键部分”（And that depends to a surprisingly large degree on how diversified it is and how long youre prepared to stay the course. These are key elements of “modern portfolio theory”），可知强调的是多样性，而不是“单个”，因此选项A可以排除；文章第十段提到“为了让它（投资组合）起作用，你需要拥有不同类型且不同步变化的资产，并且你还需要对资产进行预估”（To make it work, you need to own as

46、set classes that dont move in lock step, make accurate estimates of their future returns, and use a very long time horizon），因此选项D中的at the same pace错误，可以排除；文章第九段rebalance the portfolio,第十二段提到“平衡投资组合包括出售一些盈利的资产，买入更多亏损的资产类别”（By rebalancing their portfolios periodically -selling off some of the winning

47、asset classes and buying more of the losers），因此选项B错误。综上，选项C符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“我们从最后一段的这句话中了解到了什么？”文章最后一句提到“实际上，在上世纪90年代的繁荣时期，该基金表现明显滞后，导致这十年的平均年回报率落后于标准普尔500指数4个百分点”（Indeed, the fund lagged significantly during the boom years of the 1990s, causing average annual returns for the decade to trail the S

48、&P 500 by four percentage points），由此可以推断在90年代股市暴涨在基金中不明显，因此选项A符合题意。3.观点态度题。题目问的是“对于传统资产组合，作者是何种态度？”文章第六段提问道“传统的资产组合真的像专家们所说的那样安全吗？”下文对此进行解答，因此选项C“客观的”符合题意。skeptical “怀疑的”；scathing “严厉的”；boastful “自夸的，自负的”。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“我们从倒数第二段的这句话中了解到以下信息，除了”该句出现在倒数第二段最后一句话，意思是“如果股票像90年代那样行情火爆，那么很明显，我们的运作将会差于一般市场价格

49、，因为我们不会完全投资于股市”，“90年代股票市场繁荣”“我们在90年代运作不佳” “我们没有完全投资于股市”均在句子中体现了，只有C选项没有体现，因此该选项符合题意。4. 单选题A pervasive negative attitude of the engineers toward projects funded by his company is the cause of the delay of signing the contract.问题1选项A.perniciousB.prevalentC.preventiveD.perpetual【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项pern

50、icious“有害的；恶性的；致命的；险恶的”；B选项prevalent“流行的；普遍的，广传的”；C选项preventive“预防性的，防备的；防病的”；D选项perpetual“永久的；不断的；四季开花的；无期限的”。句意：工程师们对他们公司资助的项目普遍持否定态度，这是合同迟迟没有签订的原因。本句关键词pervasive表示“普遍的；到处渗透的；流行的”，四个选项中B选项最合适，因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Fundamentally, income disparity describes two disparate groups: rich and poor. It is hardly

51、news that the rich are getting richer. The underlying story is a familiar one: the wealthiest households own the most assets, namely stocks, and asset prices have risen at a ferocious pace in recent years. Beyond the standard explanation, it is also the case that the emergence of technology, rising

52、productivity, and an expanding global market have brought forth a new upper class among corporations. These newly wealthy firms pay skilled employees well and in an ever-tighter labor market, they are forced to constantly sweeten their employees compensation.Then there are the poor, where conditions

53、 are a little murky. Falling unemployment, anecdotal evidence of rising starling wages for low level service jobs, and the relative non-event of welfare reform so far suggest that conditions at the low end are improving. Yet at the same time, whole communities under siege by crime and hopelessness c

54、annot be ignored.That said, income inequality as a blanket indictment off our economic system does not fly. Income disparity is the gas that runs our economic engine. The ability to someday earn more, to live at a higher standard, is what gets people out of bed in the morning, particularly in our co

55、nsumer-oriented economy. Income disparity only becomes a problem if it widens to the extent that the labor force believes that greater wealth can only be achieved by the already wealthy.Indeed, it is unreasonable to state that income disparity is eroding the labor forces will to improve productivity

56、 and move ahead. Increasing labor force participation, record homeownership, surging consumer confidence and spending, near record levels of immigration, and urban renewal are all anecdotal evidence that hopes are high. All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy and there is sufficient e

57、vidence to suggest that most still want their shot at the brass ring.So why are there still very poor households in this country? There are many reasons. Our economy is shifting towards the production of higher value goods and services. Unskilled labor is not valued to the degree that it once was, a

58、nd unskilled workers are paid accordingly. There has also been a recent surge of immigration into the U.S. Many migrants to this country, particularly those who are unskilled or language challenged, require time to be absorbed into our economy. If skills are lacking, it may take a generation or two

59、to move ahead.It is also important to remember that it is not the ultimate goal of every person to be fabulously rich. One of the fundamentals of economics is that one decides how hard to work, where to work, and what risks to take. Monetary wealth is not the sole means of maximizing utility. Each p

60、erson has a finite life span and finite abilities; it is up to the individual to apply those as they see fit. The wealthy getting wealthier is not always evidence to others that they themselves are falling behind.1. In the authors country,（ ）may benefit from the development of its economy.2. It is i

61、mplied in this passage that income inequality is（ ）.3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?4. The author believes that income disparity will（ ）.5. The main idea presented in the last paragraph is that（ ）.问题1选项A.the wealthy rather than the poorB.all the immigrantsC.only skilled employeesD.all t

62、he people问题2选项A.not necessarily harmful to the poorB.harmful to the development of economyC.destructive rather than constructiveD.beneficial only to the rich问题3选项A.Every person wants to become richB.Unskilled people tend to be poorC.Most immigrants are very poorD.The wealthy is getting wealthier问题4选

63、项A.disappear sooner or laterB.be gradually narrowedC.persist as ever beforeD.be more and more widened问题5选项A.not every person is willing to become as wealthy as possibleB.it is understandable for the wealthy to get wealthierC.each individual knows exactly what his ultimate goal isD.what a person purs

64、ued in the world is not monetary wealth【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者的国家，哪类人受益于经济的发展？”文章第四段最后一句话提到“所有人都在新经济中发展”(All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy)，因此选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“这篇文章暗示收入差距”。文章第四段提到“各种各样的人都在新经济中蓬勃发展，有足够的证据表明大多数人仍然想要获得发财机会”（All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy and there is sufficient evidence to suggest that most still want their shot