2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前模拟强化练习题12（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Amid the nationwide furor over the Senate draft health-care bill, a public-health victory has gone mostly unnoticed. According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the estimated number of middle and high school students who are toba

2、cco users dropped from 4.7 million in 2015 to 3.9 million in 2016. This was largely driven by a reduction in the number of teenagers using e-cigarettes, which are less harmful than regular cigarettes but still contain nicotine. The downturn is a success for advocates and officials who have worked to

3、 curb teen tobacco use but it should not be heralded as the end of the road.Teenage smoking has long been one of the most serious public health issues. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and 9 in 10 American smokers had their first taste of tobacco before the age

4、 of 18, although policies to curb teen smoking showed signs of success for a time, youth tobacco rates remained stagnant between 2011 and 2015. During this period, the use of e-cigarettes among high school students increased by a staggering 900 percent.With these statistics in mind, the recent decli

5、ne in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tob

6、acco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products. States have run targeted media campaigns that work alongside federal efforts, such as the Food and Drug Administrations “Real Cost” campaign and the CDCs “Tips from Former Smokers”. The CDC report suggest

7、s that at least some of these strategies have been effective.But the report also highlights challenges that lie ahead. Millions of teenagers across the country are still using tobacco in some form, and the introduction of new tobacco products could drive up rates. There are also significant disparit

8、ies among states and communities: Rural, low-income, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth are particularly at risk due to targeted marketing and policy variation between different jurisdictions. This makes federal regulation by the FDA all the more important.The FDA, however, has delayed

9、 the enforcement of new regulations on e-cigarettes and cigars. Delays are commonplace in new administrations, but it is important that the agency take up these stricter standards after the three-month postponement. It would be a pity if these long-awaited signs of progress were undercut because the

10、 FDA declined to do its job.5. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, teenage smoking（ ）.6. Which of the following is true of the reason for the drop of teenage smoking?7. Who should shoulder more responsibility for curbing teen smoking in the authors eye?8. Which o

11、f the following could best summarize the text?问题1选项A.decreased slightly between 2015 and 2016B.mainly took place in elementary schoolsC.recently experienced a gorgeous reductionD.was largely connected with death rate问题2选项A.The American Senate passed a health-care bill to curb teen smoking.B.The gove

12、rnment issued various laws and policies to control tobacco use.C.The advocates and officials have worked hard to restrain smoking.D.The teenagers are more aware of the death-causing result from smoking.问题3选项A.The secondary schools where students attend the classes.B.The CDC which produced the report

13、 on teenage smoking.C.The social media organizing campaigns against teen smoking.D.The FDA making federal regulation on banning tobacco use.问题4选项A.A decline in teen smokingThe FDAS delay could weaken that progressB.A pubic-heath victoryThe CDCs teen smoking report displayed a hopeC.An important diff

14、erenceThe states and communities faced teen smoking challengeD.A serious public-health issueThe government took both risks and opportunities【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A【解析】5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“report”可以定位到第一段第二句According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the est

15、imated number of middle and high school students who are tobacco users dropped from 4.7 million in 2015 to 3.9 million in 2016.（根据美国疾病控制与预防中心的一份最新报告显示，美国吸烟的中学生数量从2015年的470万下降到了2016年的390万。），说明美国吸烟的青少年减少了。因此C选项“最近经历了一次可喜的下降”正确。A选项“在2015至2016年间稍微下降”，由原文可知，从2015到2016年中学生吸烟数量下降了80万，不是小幅度下降，所以A错误。B选项“主要发生

16、在小学”，与原文的middle and high school students（初中和高中学生）不符，所以B错误。D选项“很大程度上与死亡率有关”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。6.【试题答案】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句With these statistics in mind, the recent decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to determin

17、e causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products.（考虑到这些数据，最近青少年吸烟和电子烟使用的减少是一个令人鼓

18、舞的信号，表明干预措施可能正在起作用。很难确定其中的因果关系，但专家将其归因于联邦、州和地方政府一系列旨在劝阻年轻人吸烟的政策，比如提高烟草税，将反吸烟法令扩大到电子烟和其他新产品。），说明青少年吸烟率下降的原因是一系列旨在劝阻年轻人使用烟草的联邦、州和地方出台的政策。因此B选项“政府发布了各种各样的法律和政策来控制烟草的使用”正确。A选项“美国参议院通过了一项医疗法案来控制青少年吸烟”，由文章第一段第一句Amid the nationwide furor over the Senate draft health-care bill, a public-health victory has g

19、one mostly unnoticed.（在全国范围内对参议院医改法案草案的争论中，一场公共卫生的胜利却大多不为人知。）可知，参议院没有通过医疗法案来控制青少年吸烟，所以A错误。C选项“倡导者和官员非常努力地控制吸烟”，原文是说青少年吸烟数量下降对于那些致力于遏制青少年吸烟的倡导者和官员来说是一次成功，并不是说两者之间有因果关系，所以C错误。D选项“青少年越来越意识到吸烟会导致死亡”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。7.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句This makes federal regulation by the FDA all the more

20、important.（这使得美国食品药品监督管理局出台的联邦法规更加重要。），说明作者认为美国食品药品监督管理局应该承担更多遏制青少年吸烟的责任。因此D选项“可以制定禁止烟草使用的联邦法规的美国食品药品监督管理局”正确。A选项“学生上课的中学”，B选项“提出关于青少年吸烟报告的美国疾病控制与预防中心”，C选项“组织反青少年吸烟运动的社会媒体”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。8.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。由全文可知，文章主要介绍美国青少年吸烟数量有所下降，但是最后两段重点揭示了控制青少年吸烟还会遇到很多挑战，尤其是美国食品药品监督管理局推迟了对电子烟和雪茄的新规定的执行，这将会削弱

21、已经取得的进步。因此A选项“青少年吸烟数量下降美国食品药品监督管理局的延期可能会削弱已经取得的进步”正确。B选项“公共卫生的胜利美国疾病控制与预防中心有关青少年吸烟的报告表现出了希望”，由原文可知报告更多强调了未来的挑战，所以B错误。C选项“重要差异美国各州和社区面临着青少年吸烟的挑战”，原文没有提及重大差异，所以C错误。D选项“严重的公共卫生问题政府接受了风险和机遇”，没有涉及原文的关键词teen smoking（青少年吸烟），不能概括文章主要内容，所以D错误。2. 翻译题(1) Some authorities declare that people may actually go ins

22、ane in order to find in the dreamland (梦境) of insanity, the feeling of importance that has been denied them in the harsh world of reality. There are more patients suffering from mental diseases in the United States than from all other diseases combined.What is the cause of insanity? Nobody can answe

23、r such a sweeping question, but we know that certain diseases, such as syphilis (梅毒), break down and destroy the brain cells and result in insanity. In fact, about one-half of all mental diseases can be attributed to such physical causes as brain lesions (脑病变), alcohol, toxins and injuries. But the

24、other halfand this is the appalling part of the storythe other half of the people who go insane apparently have nothing organically wrong with their brain cells. In post-mortem examinations (尸检), when their brain tissues are studied under the highest-powered microscopes, these tissues are found to b

25、e apparently just as healthy as yours and mine.Why do these people go insane? I put that question to the head physician of one of our most important psychiatric hospitals. This doctor, who has received the highest honours and the most coveted awards for his knowledge of this subject, told me frankly

26、 that he didnt know why people went insane. Nobody knows for sure. But he did say that many people who go insane find in insanity a feeling of importance that they were unable to achieve in the world of reality. (2) If some people are so hungry for a feeling of importance that they actually go insan

27、e to get it, imagine what miracle you and I can achieve by giving people honest appreciation this side of insanity.One of the first people in American business to be paid a salary of over a million dollars a year was Charles Schwab. He had been picked by Andrew Carnegie to become the first president

28、 of the newly formed United States Steel Company in 1921, when Schwab was only thirty-eight years old. Why did Andrew Carnegie pay a million dollars a year, or more than three thousand dollars a day, to Charles Schwab? Why? Because Schwab was a genius? No. Because he knew more about the manufacture

29、of steel than other people? Nonsense.Charles Schwab told me himself that he had many men working for him who knew more about the manufacture of steel than he did. Schwab said that he was paid this salary largely because of his ability to deal with people. I asked him how he did it. Here is his secre

30、t set down in his own wordswords that ought to be cast in eternal bronze and hung in every home and school, every shop and office in the landwords that children ought to memorize instead of wasting their time memorizing the conjugation of Latin verbs or the amount of the annual rainfall in Brazilwor

31、ds that will all but transform your life and mine if we will only live them:“I consider my ability to arouse enthusiasm among my people,” said Schwab, “the greatest asset I possess, and the way to develop the best of a person is by appreciation and encouragement. “There is nothing else that so kills

32、 the ambitions of a person as criticisms from superiors. I never criticize anyone. I believe in giving a person incentive to work. So I am anxious to praise but loath to find fault. If I like anything, I am hearty in my approbation and lavish in my praise.” That is what Schwab did.But what do averag

33、e people do? The exact opposite. (3) If they dont like a thing, they bawl out their subordinates; if they do like it, they say nothing. As the old couplet says: “Once I did bad and that I heard ever / Twice I did good, but that I heard never.”“In my wide association in life, meeting with many and gr

34、eat people in various parts of the world,” Schwab declared, (4) “I have yet to find the person, however great or exalted (尊贵的) his station, who did not do better work and put forth greater effort under a spirit of approval than he would ever do under a spirit of criticism.”【答案】【参考译文】（1）有些权威人士宣称，人们会发

35、疯的原因是为了在精神错乱的梦境中寻找在残酷的现实世界中得不到的那种被重视的感觉。（2）如果有人极度渴望一种“被重视”的感觉，那么试想一下如果我们能及时给予他们这疯狂的一面以真诚的赞美，又会产生怎样的奇迹呢。（3）如果他们不喜欢一件事，就会向下属大喊大叫；如果他们喜欢，就什么也不说。就像那句老话说的那样：“坏事传千里，好事不出门。”（4）“我还没有找到一个人，无论他如何伟大，地位如何崇高，不是在被赞许的情形下，比在被批评的情形下，更能够成就伟大的事业。”3. 翻译题科学是关于自然的知识总体，它代表了人类的共同努力、洞察力、研究成果和智慧。科学并不是什么新东西，在有文字记载的历史以前，当人们最初发

36、现了在他们周围反复出现的各种关系时，就有了科学的开端。通过对这些关系的仔细观察，人们开始了解自然，而由于自然的可靠性，人们还发现他们能够做出预测，从而在某种程度上控制他们周围的环境。科学家是一群努力洞悉自然，在表面杂乱无序中寻求规律的人。他们具有一种特殊的思考与分析能力，具有无限的耐心进行观察和收集数据。但是，并不能把一切科学发现都归因于能力和耐心，科学发现常常与创造性的想象力紧密相关。的确，想象力的飞跃往往是通向发现的第一步。另外，科学家也以其诚实而著称。他们非常重视诚实，主要是因为诚实对他们至关重要。他们提出的每一个理论都要受到进一步的检验。每一个错误或谎言必将被发现，因此，如果发现了与他

37、们的想法相矛盾的证据，科学家不是隐瞒证据，而是修改甚至放弃他们的想法。这样他们积累了极其大量的知识，这些知识帮助我们更好地了解自己及周围的世界。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】Science is the body of knowledge about nature that represents the collective efforts, insights, findings, a

38、nd wisdom of the human race. Science is not something new but had its beginnings before recorded history when humans first discovered reoccurring relationships around them. Through careful observations of these relationships, they began to know nature and, because of natures dependability, found the

39、y could make predictions to enable some control over their surroundings.Scientists are a small group of people who strive to gain insights into nature, seeking order in seeming disorderliness. They are credited with a special ability to think and analyze, and with infinite patience in making observa

40、tions and collecting data. But ability and patience do not account for all scientific discoveries, which often have much to do with creative imagination. Indeed a leap of imagination is often the first step towards discovery. Scientists are also noted for their honesty. They place a high premium on

41、honesty largely because it is essential to their career. Every theory they formulate is subjected to further testing. Every mistake or lie is bound to be found out. Therefore if any evidence is found contradicting their ideas, scientists do not suppress the evidence but modify or even abandon their

42、ideas. In this way they have built up an immense body of knowledge, which helps us to understand better ourselves and the world around us.4. 单选题The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is except

43、ionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential

44、agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire s

45、tep in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define

46、 residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirsatmosphere, continent, and oceanwe see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years i

47、n the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium,

48、 potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the co

49、ntinents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1.According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water （ ） .2.The passage suggests that the purpose

50、of the hydrographic network is to （ ） .3.What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?4.All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT（ ） .问题1选项A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.ev

51、aporating from the oceansD.being carried by wind问题2选项A.determine the size of molecules of waterB.prevent soil erosion caused by floodingC.move water from the Earths surface to the oceansD.regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers问题3选项A.The potential energy contained in water.B.The effe

52、cts of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds.C.The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents.D.The relative size of the water storage areas.问题4选项A.magnesiumB.ironC.potassiumD.calcium.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water

53、_. 1. 根据这篇文章，云主要由水_而形成。A. precipitating onto the ground A. 沉淀到地面上B. changing from a solid to a liquid state B. 从固态变为液态C. evaporating from the oceans C. 从海洋中蒸发D. being carried by wind D. 被风携带【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】从第二段第一句“水蒸气从海洋蒸发后形成云（Evaporated from the oceans），其中一些被风吹过大陆”理解可知，云主要是由水蒸气从海洋蒸发而形成的，C项正确。【干扰项排

54、除】A项“沉淀到地面上”和B项“从固态变为液态”形成的是小溪和河流等，属于张冠李戴；D项“被风携带”，根据解题思路可知，被风携带的是云，并不是水，属于曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network is to _. 2. 这篇文章表明，水文网络的目的是_。A. determine the size of molecules of water A. 确定水分子的大小B. prevent soil erosion caused by flooding B. 防止洪水造成的土壤

55、侵蚀C. move water from the Earths surface to the oceans C. 将水从地球表面输送到海洋D. regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers D. 调节小溪和河流的水流速率【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词hydrographic network定位至第二段第三和第四句“水沉淀到地面上，涓滴而下形成小溪和河流，构成了所谓的水文网络。这个巨大的极化网络把水引向一个容器：海洋。”，综合理解可知，水文网络的目的是将水输送到海洋里面去，C项符合原文，因此正确。【干扰项排除】A项“

56、确定水分子的大小”、B项“防止洪水造成的土壤侵蚀”和D项“调节小溪和河流的水流速率”在原文没有提及，属于无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph? 3. 如第三段所讨论的，是什么决定了水分子在循环中移动的速率？A. The potential energy contained in water. A. 水中所含的势能。B. The effects of atmosphe

57、ric pressure on chemical compounds. B. 大气压力对化合物的影响。C. The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents. C. 降落在各大洲的降雨量。D. The relative size of the water storage areas. D. 蓄水面积的相对大小。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章第三段，根据第一句“水分子通过循环的速率不是随机的，而是能测出各个蓄水区的相对大小”，以及倒数第二句“一个水分子在大气中平均停留11天，在大陆上停留100年，在海洋中停留4万年”，综

58、合理解可知，水分子循环的速率是取决于蓄水区的相对大小，所以D项“蓄水面积的相对大小”符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“水中所含的势能”与重力有关，和题干无关，属于张冠李戴；B项“大气压力对化合物的影响”和C项“降落在各大洲的降雨量”原文未提及，属于无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT _. 4. 除了_，以下都是可溶性离子的例子。A. magnesium A. 镁B. iron B. 铁C. potassium C. 钾D. calcium D. 钙【考查点】

59、事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词soluble ions定位至第四段第三句“不溶性离子如铝、铁和硅留在原地”可知，B项“铁”为不溶性离子，不符合题干。因此，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A项“镁”、C项“钾”和D项“钙”根据第四段第二句“可溶性离子如钙、钠、钾和一些镁被溶解和运输”可知，这三项都符合原文，属于反向干扰。5. 单选题How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply

60、 answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges.In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, th

61、e 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyns idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th-century, was willing to put public health above business interests.A

62、nd yet its a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with Londons vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may

63、 have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. “Give us light!” Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayors banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.The more serious side of Corton

64、s book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where Londons history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between Londons perpetual veil of smog and