2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前模拟强化练习题59（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题_ the bad weather has delayed the flight, so it would be several hours before they could arrive.问题1选项A.PresumablyB.RespectivelyC.ImaginablyD.Plausibly【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. Presumably 大概 B. Respectively 分别地，各自地C. Imaginably 可想象地 D. Plausibly 似真地【考查点】副词辨析。【解题思路】由结果状语从

2、句中的would be可知，这里表示推测，所以空格处填入presumably符合语境。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项都不表示推测，不符合句意。【句意】大概是恶劣的天气延误了航班，所以他们要等好几个小时才能到达。2. 单选题Nowhere else along the coast _ such shallow water so far from land.问题1选项A.is thereB.is itC.there isD.it is【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. is there 有 B. is it 它是C. there is 有 D. it is 它是【考查点】倒装。【解题思路】Nowhe

3、re是含有否定的词语，把含有否定的词语放在句首，句子需要部分倒装，而根据along the coast（沿海），可知用there be句型符合句意。因此，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】C、D选项没有倒装；B选项并不符合句意。【句意】沿海没有其他地方有如此远离陆地的浅滩。3. 单选题_ my mind, Peter is not a good choice.问题1选项A.WithB.ForC.ToD.On【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. With 带有 B. For 为了C. To 对于 D. On 在上；关于【考查点】固定搭配【解题思路】原句语义为“_我的想法（my mind），Peter不是

4、一个好的选择。”固定搭配to my mind“在我看来；依我看”最符合原句语义衔接。C选项To“对于”符合搭配。【干扰项排除】A选项With“带有”，与原文搭配不当；B选项For“为了”，与原文搭配不当；D选项On my mind表示“惦记；担心；挂念”，没有“依我看”符合原句语义衔接。【句意】依我看，Peter不是一个好的选择。4. 单选题For reasons yet to be fully understood, one out of ten human beings in the world is left-handed, and from one generation to the

5、next, this ratio is roughly preserved. As we know, left-handedness cuts across socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender lines. Yet throughout history prominent figures in scienceto say nothing of religionhave identified in left-handedness signs of viciousness or worse. In 1903, Italian physician Cesare Lom

6、broso identified left-handedness as one of the degeneracy signs of the born criminals. Three years later, Dr. Wilhelm Fliess suggested that left-handedness was a reliable identification of homosexuality. And in 1937 British psychologist Cyril Burt declared left-handedness to be a mark of an ill-orga

7、nized nervous system.As demonstrated by all the “therapeutic” coercion that left-handed children were subjected to during the first half of the 20th century, these biases had more than just a theoretical impact. Yet even when this gauche predilection was being discouraged, handism was certainly neve

8、r taken as seriously as racism or sexism now is. Perhaps its the arbitrary nature of the trait that has militated against meaningful discrimination. After all, even when both parents are right-handed, there is still a 10 percent chance that they will bring a left-handed baby into the world. Moreover

9、, a white baby born in Scaresdale is just as likely to be left-handed as a black baby in Hardem. Hence when the left-handed George Bush became President of the United States, it was hardly interpreted as a blow against prejudice. Nor was much attention paid to the fact that Ronald Reagan and Gerald

10、Ford were also southpaws.36. Left-handedness is _.37. According to the passage, left-handedness _.38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _.39. The word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _.40. Judging from the context, Scaresdale is a place inhabited by _.问题1选项A.a thing t

11、hat is cultivatedB.a thing that occurs by pure chanceC.a thing of genetic inheritanceD.a thing that occurs more in prominent figures问题2选项A.is discouraged but not discriminated againstB.has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racismC.is a subject that has drawn more and more attentionD.is

12、an advantage in running for public office问题3选项A.being skillful with ones handsB.quality of being convenientC.discrimination against left-handed peopleD.encouragement to use both hands instead of one问题4选项A.a boxer from the southB.a politician from a southern stateC.a person with extraordinarily large

13、 handsD.a left-handed person问题5选项A.white peopleB.black peopleC.mixed racesD.rich people【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】36.【选项释义】36. Left-handedness is _. 36. 左撇子是_。A. a thing that is cultivated A. 需要后天培养的B. a thing that occurs by pure chance B. 一种纯属偶然的现象C. a thing of genetic inheritance C. 一种遗传现象D.

14、 a thing that occurs more in prominent figures D. 多出现在杰出人物身上【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段第三和第四句“也许是这种特征的随意性（arbitrary nature）阻碍了有意义的歧视。毕竟，即使父母都是右撇子，他们生下左撇子婴儿的几率仍有10%。”，理解可知，左撇子并不受遗传影响，从arbitrary nature（随意性）可以看出，左撇子是偶然发生的。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“需要后天培养的”从原文可知，左撇子是天生的，该项反向干扰；C选项“一种遗传现象”也与原文相反，反向干扰；D选项“多出现在杰出人物身

15、上”从第一段第二句“我们知道，左撇子跨越了社会经济、种族和性别的界限”可以看出，左撇子在所有的社会、人种和性别中都有，并不是在杰出人物中更多，所以该项曲解原文。37.【选项释义】37. According to the passage, left-handedness _. 37. 根据文章，左撇子_。A. is discouraged but not discriminated against A. 是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的B. has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racism B. 已经造成了像性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重

16、的歧视C. is a subject that has drawn more and more attention C. 是一个越来越受到关注的话题D. is an advantage in running for public office D. 是竞选公职的一个优势【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】从第二段中的第二和第三句“然而，即使这种笨拙的偏好被劝阻时，它从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待。也许是这种特征的随意性阻碍了有意义的歧视。”，从中可知，左撇子并没有受到歧视，只是生活中有些气馁。所以A选项“是不被鼓励的，但不是被歧视的”符合题干。【干扰项排除】B选项“已经造成了像

17、性别歧视和种族歧视一样严重的歧视”和C选项“是一个越来越受到关注的话题”与原文表述并不符合，曲解原文；D选项“是竞选公职的一个优势”文中未提及，无中生有。38.【选项释义】38. The word “handism” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _. 38. 第二段中的“handism”一词很可能是_的意思。A. being skillful with ones hands A. 双手灵巧B. quality of being convenient B. 方便的特点C. discrimination against left-handed people

18、 C. 对左撇子的歧视D. encouragement to use both hands instead of one D. 鼓励人们用两只手而不是一只手【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到第二段第二句“handism从来没有像现在的种族主义或性别歧视那样被严肃对待（handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism）”，从中可知handism是与racism和sexism类似的构词法，而racism和sexism都是表示歧视的意思，所以推测handism也表示“对使用左手的歧视”。C项正确。【干扰

19、项排除】A选项“双手灵巧”、B选项“方便的特点”和D选项“鼓励人们用两只手而不是一只手”都与原文不符，无中生有。39.【选项释义】39. The word “southpaws” at the end of the passage means _. 39. 文章最后的单词“southpaws”的意思是_。A. a boxer from the south A. 来自南方的拳击手B. a politician from a southern state B. 一位来自南部州的政治家C. a person with extraordinarily large hands C. 手特别大的人D. a

20、 left-handed person D. 一个左撇子的人【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一句“罗纳德里根和杰拉尔德福特也是（were also）southpaws，这一点也没有引起太多关注”，从were also可以看出，这一句是上一句的承接句，表示和上一句相同的意思；根据上一句内容“因此，当左撇子（left-handed）乔治布什成为美国总统时，很难被理解为是对偏见的打击”，综合理解可知，southpaws是left-handed的意思。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“来自南方的拳击手”和C选项“手特别大的人”文中没有提及，无中生有；B选项“一位来自

21、南部州的政治家”对原文表述不符，曲解原文。40.【选项释义】40. Judging from the context, Scaresdale is a place inhabited by _. 40. 从文章来看，斯卡斯代尔是_居住的地方。A. white people A. 白人B. black people B. 黑人C. mixed races C. 混合种族D. rich people D. 富人【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据关键词Scaresdale定位到第二段倒数第三句“此外，出生在斯卡斯代尔的白人婴儿和出生在哈德姆的黑人婴儿一样，都有可能是左撇子”，从中可知，斯卡斯代尔

22、是白人居住的地方，而哈德姆是黑人居住的地方。因此，该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“黑人”是居住在哈德姆，而不是斯卡斯代尔，张冠李戴；C选项“混合种族”和D选项“富人”没提及，无中生有。5. 单选题Dont talk _ you are eating.问题1选项A.whileB.whenC.asD.as soon as【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. while 当时候 B. when 当时候C. as 正当时候 D. as soon as 一就【考查点】时间连词的辨析【解题思路】原句语义为“吃饭的时候不要说话”，“说话”和“吃饭”都是延续性动作，并且从句部分“吃饭的时候”使用的是现在

23、进行时，。因此，时间连词应该使用A选项while“当时候”。【干扰项排除】B选项when的用法：表示“每当时候”，暗示一种规律性的情况时；主句是一个暂时性动作，从句是一个延续性动作；C选项as的用法：主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边一边”的意思时；两个正在发展变化的情况，相当于“随着”；主句是一个暂时性动作，从句是一个延续性动作；D选项as soon as“一就”，表示两个动作几乎同时发生，不符合原句语义衔接。【句意】吃饭的时候不要说话。6. 单选题The mother separated the quarrelling children, and gave each of them

24、a sharp _.问题1选项A.punchB.pinchC.puppyD.pumpkin【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. punch 重拳击打，吸引力 B. pinch 捏，掐C. puppy 小狗，幼犬 D. pumpkin 南瓜【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】由前半句意思“母亲把吵闹的孩子们分开”可知，gave each of them a sharp _中的空格应该表示与“教训”相近的意思，四个选项中只有B项符合。因此，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A选项程度太深，不符合这里的语境；C、D选项不符合句意。【句意】母亲把吵闹的孩子们分开，并狠狠地掐了他们一下。7. 单选题The deci

25、sion _, the next problem was how to make a good plan.问题1选项A.has been madeB.were madeC.having been madeD.making【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. has been made 被做 B. were made 被做C. having been made 被做 D. making 做【考查点】独立主格结构。【解题思路】句子主谓宾结构完整，所以空格处只能做非谓语，而decision和the next problem不是同一个逻辑主语，所以前半部分只能做独立主格结构；decision和make之

26、间是被动的关系，而且是决定做出后，下个问题是怎么制定计划，所以只能用having been made，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项为谓语动词，不符合语法结构；D选项不符合时态，排除。【句意】决定做好之后，下一个问题是如何制定一个好的计划。8. 单选题You said the books were on the shelf, but _ there.问题1选项A.there was no oneB.there were noneC.there were no onesD.was none【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. there was no one 没有一个人 B. there we

27、re none 没有C. there were no ones 没有人 D. was none 没有【考查点】不定代词辨析。【解题思路】根据句意和前面出现的books，可知后面应该用none代词前面的books，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项中的one指人们；D选项句子结构不完整。【句意】你说书都在书架上，但是那儿一本都没有。9. 单选题The news, though not wholly bad, was so _ that I could no longer concentrate on my work.问题1选项A.disturbingB.disastrousC.anxiousD

28、.regretful【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbing 令人不安的，烦扰的 B. disastrous 灾难性的，损失惨重的C. anxious 焦虑的，担忧的 D. regretful 后悔的，遗憾的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据so that引导的结果状语从句的意思“无法再专心工作”可知，这个news是令人烦扰的，故A项符合句意。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子意思。【句意】这消息虽然不全是坏消息，但却使我心烦意乱，无法再专心工作。10. 翻译题I. Translate the following passage into Chinese on your

29、 ANSWER SHEET. (10%)As the economic downturn forces corporations and small businesses to shed jobs, one large employer still has the “help wanted” sign out: the U.S. government. Experts say the federal governments civilian workforce of 2.8 million is likely to expand significantly over the next seve

30、ral years as it gears up to stimulate the economy, rescue troubled banks, overhaul health care and pursue other elements of President Barack Obamas agenda. With the economy in turmoil, the stability of a government career now holds greater appeal. And it doesnt hurt that the new boss, President Bara

31、ck Obama, has encouraged citizens to consider public servicea marked contrast to predecessor George W. Bush, who disparaged government.【答案】在经济低迷迫使大小企业纷纷裁员之际，有一个“大雇主”仍在招聘人员，那就是美国政府。专家称，随着美国刺激经济、救援银行、改革医疗体系和奥巴马总统提出的其他政策措施的推进，未来几年美国联邦政府公务员队伍可能将在现有280万人的基础上大幅扩充。在目前的经济动荡时期，稳定的政府职位更具吸引力。此外，新上任的总统巴拉克奥巴马鼓励公

32、民投身公共服务，这与前总统乔治沃克布什蔑视政府的做法形成了鲜明对比。11. 单选题In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmer

33、s than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developme

34、nts were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1930s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, he Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitmen

35、t to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congr

36、ess. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme

37、 Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Ad

38、ministration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.6. What brought a

39、bout the decline in the demand for American farm products?7. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was_.8. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to _.9. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed

40、 that the Act _.10. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at _.问题1选项A.The impact of the Great Depression.B.The shrinking of overseas markets.C.The destruction caused by the First World War.D.The increased exports of European countries.问题2选项A.to increa

41、se farm productionB.to establish agricultural lawsC.to prevent farmers from going bankruptD.to promote the mechanization of agriculture问题3选项A.reduce their scale of productionB.make full use of their landC.adjust the prices of their farm productsD.be self-sufficient in agricultural production问题4选项A.m

42、ight cause greater scarcity of farm productsB.didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough powerC.would benefit neither the government nor the farmersD.benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others问题5选项A.reducing the cost of farmingB.conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nati

43、onC.lowering the burden of farmersD.helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】6.【选项释义】6. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? 6. 是什么导致了对美国农产品需求的下降？A. The impact of the Great Depression.A. 大萧条的影响。B. The shrinki

44、ng of overseas markets. B. 海外市场的萎缩。C. The destruction caused by the First World War. C. 第一次世界大战造成的破坏。D. The increased exports of European countries. D. 欧洲国家出口的增加。【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第一句“在20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降，欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复和制定紧缩项目以减少进口”，第二步综合理解，由此可知是欧洲从战后恢复过来了对美国的农产品需求减少了（reduce their im

45、ports），所以B选项“海外市场的萎缩”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“大萧条的影响”，定位到第一段最后一句话“大萧条使这些发展变得更糟（made worse by the Great Depression）”，大萧条使情况变糟，这不是美国农产品对外出口减少的原因，这里属于出处错误；C选项“第一次世界大战造成的破坏”，见正确解析，是一战的影响导致欧洲需要进口美国的农产品从而美国农业发展起来了，而不是一战造成的破坏使美国农业出口量下降，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“欧洲国家出口的增加”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。7.【选项释义】7. The chief concern of the Americ

46、an government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was _.7. 20世纪20年代，美国政府在农业领域最关心的是_。A. to increase farm production A. 增加农业生产B. to establish agricultural laws B. 制定农业法律C. to prevent farmers from going bankrupt C. 防止农民破产D. to promote the mechanization of agriculture D. 推进农业机械化【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻

47、找句内线索，定位到第二段第二句话“它确立了直接干预供求关系的原则，并代表了第一个为农民提供更大经济稳定性（greater economic stability for farmers）的国家承诺。”第二步，寻找上下文线索，经济稳定性就暗含着国家兜底保护农民免于破产之灾，所以C选项“防止农民破产”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“增加农业生产”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“制定农业法律”，见文章正确选项分析，从这里可知美国政府的主要考虑是为了保障农民的经济的稳定性而不是为了立法，立法只是实现经济稳定的手段，所以B选项错误，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“推进农业机械化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

48、8.【选项释义】8. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to _. 8.农业调整法案鼓励美国农民_。A. reduce their scale of production A. 减少他们的生产规模B. make full use of their land B. 充分利用他们的土地C. adjust the prices of their farm products C. 调整农产品价格D. be self-sufficient in agricultural production D. 农业生产实现自给自足

49、【考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第三四句“这项法律赋予农业部长通过与农民自愿达成协议来减少产量的权力，这些农民收取费用让他们停止使用自己的土地（take their land out of use）。故意造成农产品短缺（deliberate scarcity）是为了提高价格。”第二步，综合理解，从这里可知农业调整法案鼓励美国农民减产，所以答案选A选项“减少他们的生产规模”。【干扰项排除】B选项“充分利用他们的土地”，见正确选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“调整农产品价格”，见正确选项，让农民减产的目的是造成粮食紧缺的现象，从而通过供求关系用市场这只看不见的手达到调整

50、农产品价格的目的，不是鼓励农民自己调整农产品价格，这里属于张冠李戴；D选项“农业生产实现自给自足”，定位到第一段第三行“这一时期对农民来说比以前更糟糕，因为农民不再自给自足（self-sufficient）”，这里虽然有提到self-sufficient但是这里指的是农民不能通过买卖自己的农产品获得足够的收入养活自己，不是农产品歉收的意思，这里属于偷换概念。9.【选项释义】9. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act _. 9. 最高法院否决了农业调整

51、法案因为它认为该法案 _。A. might cause greater scarcity of farm products A. 可能会导致更严重的农产品短缺B. didnt give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power B. 没有给农业部长足够的权力C. would benefit neither the government nor the farmers C. 对政府和农民都没有好处D. benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others D. 以牺牲他人为代价使一部分公民受益【

52、考查点】事实细节题【解题思路】第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第三段第五、七句话“最高法院宣布这项法律违宪，理由是征收一般税是为了补贴给一个特殊群体（pay one special group of people）罗斯福政府认为，重建国家土地符合国家利益，而不仅仅是牺牲其他公民的利益（at the expense of other citizens）来帮助农民的计划”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知，最高法院驳回法案的理由是这个法案是为了一个特殊的群体而立的是不符合宪法精神的，而罗斯福政府却认为农业很重要，立法的目的并不仅仅是牺牲其他人的利益来支持农民，所以答案选D选项“以牺牲他人为代价使一部分公民

53、受益”。【干扰项排除】A选项“可能会导致更严重的农产品短缺”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；B选项“没有给农业部长足够的权力”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“对政府和农民都没有好处”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。10.【选项释义】10. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at _.10. 有人声称，罗斯福政府时期通过的新法律旨在_。A. reducing the cost of farming A. 降低农业成本B. co

54、nserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation B. 从国家长远利益出发，保护土壤C. lowering the burden of farmers C. 减轻农民负担D. helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers D. 帮助农民而不将负担转嫁给其他纳税人【考查点】推理判断题【解题思路】第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到第三段第六句话“然而，新的法律立即通过，达到了同样的休养土壤和提供防洪措施的结果，但这些是基于土壤保持的原则（the principle

55、 of soil conservation）”，第二步，寻找上下文线索，从这里可知新法的目的是为了保护土地，所以B选项“从国家长远利益出发，保护土壤”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“降低农业成本”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；C选项“减轻农民负担”，文章没有提及，所以不选，这里属于无中生有；D选项“帮助农民而不将负担转嫁给其他纳税人”，定位到第三段倒数第二句“罗斯福政府认为，重建国家的土地符合国家利益，而不仅仅（not simply）是牺牲其他公民的利益来帮助农民的计划。”这里有个“不仅仅是”说明其实帮助农民这个负担已经转移到其他公民头上了，所有D选项错误，这里属于反向干扰。12.

56、单选题Art is considered by many people to be little more than a decorative means of giving pleasure. This is not always the case, however; at times, art may be seen to have a purely functional side as well. Such could be said of the sand paintings of the Navaho Indians of the American Southwest; these

57、have a medicinal as well as an artistic purpose.According to Navaho traditions, one who suffers from either a mental or a physical illness has in some way disturbed or come in contact with the supernatural perhaps a certain animal, a ghost, or the dead. To counteract this evil contact, the ill perso

58、n or one of his relatives will employ a medicine man called a “singer” to perform a healing ceremony which will attract a powerful supernatural being.During the ceremony, which may last from 2 to 9 days, the “singer” will produce a sand painting on the floor of the Navaho hogan (泥盖木屋). On the last d

59、ay of the ceremony, the patient will sit on this sand painting and the “singer” will rub the ailing parts of the patients body with sand from a specific figure in the sand painting. In this way the patient absorbs the power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong like it. After the

60、ceremony, the sand painting is then destroyed and disposed of so its power will not harm anyone.The art of sand painting is handed down from old “singers” to their students. The materials used are easily found in the areas the Navaho inhabit; brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is pulveri

61、zed （替弄碎）by being crushed between 2 stones much as corn is ground into flour. The “singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flow between his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor. With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create design

62、s of stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in the Navaho belief system. The traditional Navaho does not allow reproduction of sand paintings, since he believes the supernatural powers that taught him the craft have forbidden this; however, such reproductions can in fact be purchased today in tourist shops in Arizona and New Mexico. These are done by either