2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题42（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-同济大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The losing candidate _ immediately after the polls had closed.问题1选项A.confessedB.concededC.concurredD.admitted【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。confessed “承认，认罪”；conceded “承认，坦白”；concurred “同意”；admitted “承认”。句意：投票选举结束后，输掉的候选人立即坦白承认了。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题This method _ my headache. It really

2、 takes effect.问题1选项A.soothesB.sobersC.soarsD.soaks【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。soothes“安慰，缓和”；sobers “使严肃，使清醒”；soars“上升，高耸”；soaks“浸泡，渗透”。句意：这种方法减轻了我的头痛，真的起了作用。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very（ ）.问题1选项A.obscureB.indefiniteC.dubiousD.in

3、triguing【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。obscure “费解的，不清楚的”；indefinite “不明确的”；dubious“可疑的，不可靠的”；intriguing “有趣的，迷人的”。句意：很少有人听懂教授的讲课，因为主题让人费解。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题The dictators first step was to _ the free press.问题1选项A.strangleB.strandC.stratifyD.estrange【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。strangle “压制，使窒息”；strand“使搁浅，陷入困境”；stratify “分层”；estr

4、ange “使疏远，离间”。句意：独裁者的第一步是压制言论自由。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题No form of government in the world is _; each system reflects the history and presents needs of the region and the nation.问题1选项A.dominantB.influentialC.integralD.drastic【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。dominant“统治的，支配的”；influential “有影响的，有权势的”；integral “整体的”；drastic “严厉

5、的，激烈的”。句意：世界上没有任何形式的政府是统治性的，每种制度都反映了历史，反映了地区，反映了宗教和国家的需要。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题The hands on my alarm clock are _，so I can see what time it is in the dark.问题1选项A.exoticB.gorgeousC.luminousD.spectacular【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。exotic“奇异的，引人注目的”；gorgeous“极好的，华丽的”；luminous“发光的，发亮的”；spectacular“壮观的，惊人的”。句意：我手边上的指针会发光，所以

6、我能在黑暗中看清时间。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days，the magnitude of th

7、e problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse, had we

8、, and others，not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium availablepersonal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a n

9、ew medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the pers

10、onalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed.For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. Im swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find Im not alone. We are all learnin

11、g together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteaus World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 Internat

12、ional Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process，thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with del

13、ight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers.I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility

14、 for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action I am

15、 counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better futureit is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.1.Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_.2.The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes tha

16、t _.3.The writer went to Fiji to_.4.The writers attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_.5.According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for the environment?问题1选项A.the ocean was immune to any pollution thenB.they didnt know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disrup

17、tedC.there was no computer thenD.there wasnt any problem with the ocean at that time问题2选项A.the computer is as smart as human beingsB.the computer is friendly with human beingsC.human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their willD.human beings have not used the computer to

18、 its fullest advantage问题3选项A.participate in a celebrationB.teach children there how to use the computerC.make an adventure in the seaD.spend the holiday on the seashore问题4选项A.desperateB.unconcernedC.optimisticD.pragmatic问题5选项A.Our predecessors.B.Politicians.C.Computers.D.Young people.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第

19、3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据第一段第二句和第三句，“if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care”，说明关于海洋问题在将来给人们带来的经济和健康问题，人们还不在乎也不理解，所以不知道海洋问题带来的后果。选项B符合题意。 2.推断题。根据第二段最后一句话，可知作者对怀疑主义者认为的人性化印象深刻。根据前一句，“Thanks to t

20、he Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them，exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates.”，多亏了网络和电脑，人们不仅可以获取更多的信息，而且可以根据自己的进度和爱好阅读信息，并进行探索和研究。所以，作者认为人们可以任意地和计算机互动。选项C符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段， “A couple of m

21、onths ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children.”，可知作者是去参加1997年珊瑚礁国际年会，并用光盘向儿童展示“海底城市”。选项A符合题意。 4.作者态度题。根据文章第四段，“I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn

22、, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，作者希望通过网络这个媒介，人们能够体验、学习并采取行动，并且相信，青年一代将用他们的理想和能量去创造一个更美好的未来。所以作者对前景是保持乐观积极的。选项C符合题意。5.推断题。根据文章最后一句，“I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future”，可知作者指望年

23、青一代创造一个美好的未来，所以是依靠青年人。选项D符合题意。 8. 单选题In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel，Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves，achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman ar

24、gues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.Gutman recreates the family and exte

25、nded kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-pare

26、nt household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy

27、. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that t

28、he stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.Gutmans exam

29、ination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rule

30、s governing marriage, which，though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an exte

31、nded kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of co

32、nsanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structurewhich he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth centuryprovided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.In sum, Gutmans study is significant because it off

33、ers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves achievements，one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.1.With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely

34、 to agree?2.Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music，and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?3.Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the peri

35、od of Black slave in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?4.Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?5.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage based on its content?问题1选项A.Historians ought to mak

36、e use of written rather than oral accounts.B.Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.C.Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.D.Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.问题2选项A.The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those

37、slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.B.The heritage was not formed out of the experience of those slaves who married their cousins.C.The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.D.The heritage was not formed out of the exp

38、eriences of only a single generation of slaves.问题3选项A.These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.B.These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.C.Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.D

39、.Plantation owners often married their cousins.问题4选项A.The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discussed areas for possible new research.B.The author presents his thesis，draws on work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterat

40、ing his thesis.C.The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.D.The author presents the general argument of a historical study，describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the studys value.问题5选项A.The

41、 influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States.B.Gutmans Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and Develop a Communal Consciousness.C.Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject.D.The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Rel

42、igious Expression: Its Growing Influence.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句, “through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data”，可知Gutman主要通过灵活使用任何历史学家都应该利用的可量化数据重现黑人家庭和扩展的亲属结构。选项D符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句，“the Black heritage of folklore, music, and r

43、eligious expression from one generation to another”，可知黑人遗产代代相传，如民俗、音乐和宗教，所以这些遗产不是由一代奴隶的经历形成的，是代代相传的。选项D符合题意。 3.推断题。根据文章第三段第二句，“Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners.”，可知Gutman发现，表亲之间很少通婚，这是一种异族

44、通婚的倾向，与种植园主实行的同族通婚形成了鲜明的对比。可推断出农场主是主张同族通婚的。选项D符合题意。选项D符合题意。 4.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了Gutman的主要观点和发现，第二段和第三段详细介绍了他在黑人家庭和扩展以及亲属关系等各方面的研究方法和过程，最后一段作了总结，指出Gutman的研究是意义重大的，因为它对其中一些奴隶的成就提供了一个最严格的推理和原始的解释。选项D符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，本文主要提到了Gutman提出黑人家族和奴隶的长期血统对维护文化遗产和公共意识的发展带来了成就和贡献。所以本文的话题是黑人奴隶，并且总结表明，他的研究它对其中一些奴隶的成就提供

45、了一个最严格的推理和原始的解释。他的研究解释了奴隶是如何保持文化遗产和发展集体意识的。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisibleeven when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.When I was a psychiatric resident, we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office: stacks of papers and o

46、ld journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor. One day, as I walked past the open office door with one of my supervisors, he murmured mildly, “Odd duck.” And that was as far as anyone seemed to reflect on this peculiar state of affairs within an institution staffed by psychi

47、atrists. Eventually, the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients.Not surprisingly, the psychiatric diagnostic manual does not list “messy room” in the index. But it does mention a tantalizing symptom: inability “to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they h

48、ave no sentimental value,” It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder，an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder.I was barely aware of the diagnosis. Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular. In Freuds d

49、ay it was hysteria. Currently, depression has moved to center stage. But other ailments go relatively ignored, and this disorder was one.It came with a list of additional symptoms that appeared to be peculiar; anxiety about spending money, excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activ

50、ities, rigidity about following rules, perfectionism in doing tasksat times to the point of interfering with finishing them.In moderation, the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic cultureperhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism

51、 may even be assets in rule-and detail-oriented professions like accounting or law.But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive, they become crippling. Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability. People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions. They

52、 lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task, eyen one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase. In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision, if at all.The need to

53、 come up with the “correct” answer, the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision. It can even lead to complete paralysis. For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsendthey represent pre-made decisions. Open-ended assignments, like writing papers, are ni

54、ghtmares.For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation. The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background. But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy roo

55、m is just a messy room.1.Which of the following best describes peoples attitude towards the faculty member?2.The popular mental disorder of current time, according to the author, is _.3.The reason why symptoms of the “obsessive-compulsive disorder” go unnoticed is that _.4.Rules are godsend to perso

56、ns with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder because _.5.From the last paragraph we can see that the authors view is that _.问题1选项A.They disliked him, and thats why he got his separate room to see patients.B.They thought he is a little strange, but didnt pay much attention to his behavior.C.

57、They were interested in his behavior, as they were all psychiatrists.D.They thought he had some mental retardness.问题2选项A.hysteriaB.depressionC.messinessD.obsessive-compulsive disorder问题3选项A.they are highly thought of in according to lawB.some of the mild symptoms fit in with a workaholic cultureC.th

58、ey have a low profileD.they take a long time to become intense or pervasive问题4选项A.they do not involve decision makingB.they are open-ended assignmentsC.they lead to complete paralysisD.they are made by other问题5选项A.a messy room is just a messy roomB.a messy room is an indication of the obsessive-comp

59、ulsive personality disorderC.psychiatrists should pay attention to a messy roomD.psychiatrists should see patterns of seemingly disorganized behaviors, but shouldnt be too reductionistic【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段， “Behaviors that we do not understand often become nearly invisib

60、leeven when, in retrospect ,we see how truly strange they are.”，可知，即使回过头来看一些行为的确非常奇怪，但是对于那些我们不能理解的行为，我们经常会保持忽视的态度。紧接着第二段用一位同事的例子来说明这个观点，选项B符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段第四句，“Currently, depression has moved to center stage.”，可知目前，抑郁症已经成为人们关注的焦点。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据文章第六段第一句，“the symptoms seemed to fit right in

61、with our workaholic cultureperhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism”，因为强迫症人格障碍的症状刚好符合工作狂的文化精神，不懈努力的工作定位和完美主义在工作中甚至会成为优点，因此强迫症在诊断过程中经常被忽视。选项B符合题意。 4.推断题。根据文章第七段，“People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty making decisions.”，可知患有强迫症的人在

62、做决定方面有巨大的困难。根据文章第八段，“For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsendthey represent pre-made decisions.”，可知对于这些人来说，规则是最大的恩赐，因为代表着预先做好的决定。所以可推断，规则的制定使他们不用自己作决定。选项A符合题意。 5.作者态度题。根据文章最后一段，“For such a patient or for a psychiatrist，understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation.”，可知对

63、于这方面的病人或者精神病医生，理解诊断症状是有必要的。“But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.”，可知有时我们可以把事情看得更简单一些，有些情形并没有什么，有时凌乱的房间仅仅是凌乱而已。所以可推断出，作者认为医生必须要理解一些诊断性的症状，能看到一些杂乱无章的行为并且熟悉病症，以便于给病人看病，但是有时候凌乱确实只是一种简单的现象，并不是病症，医生也不能多虑。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题The heavy snow _ travel, so