2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前模拟强化练习题21（附答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题While the mission of public schools has expanded beyond education to include social support and extra-curricular activities, the academic schedule has changed little in more than a century.Reclaiming the school day for academic instruction and escaping the tim

2、e-bound traditions of education are vital steps in the school-reform process, says a report released today by the National Education Commission on Time and Learning.The commissions report, titled Prisoners of Time, calls the fixed clock and calendar in American education a fundamental design flaw” i

3、n desperate need of change. Time should serve children instead of children serving time, the report says.The two-year commission found that holding American students to world-class standards will require more time for classroom instruction. We have been asking the impassible of our students-that the

4、y learn as much as their foreign peers while spending half as much as in core academic subjects, it states.The Commission compared the relationships between time and learning in Japan, Germany, and the United States and found that American students receive less than half the basic academic instructi

5、on that Japanese and German students are provided. On average, American students can earn a high school diploma if they spend only 41 percent of their school time on academics, says the report.American students spend an average of three hours a day on “core” academics such as English, math, science,

6、 and history, the commission found. Their report recommends offering a minimum of 5.5 hours of academics every school day.The nine-member commission also recommends lengthening the school day beyond the traditional six hours.If schools want to continue offering important activities outside the acade

7、mic core, as well as serving as a hub for family and community services, they should keep school doors open longer each day and each year, says John Hodge Jones, superintendent of schools in Murfreesboro, Tenn., and chairman of the commission.The typical school year in American public schools is 180

8、 days. Eleven states allow school years of 175 days or less, and only one state requires more than 180 days.For over a decade, education reform advocates have been working feverishly to improve our schools, says Milton Goldberg, executive director of the commission. “Butif reform is to truly take ho

9、ld, the six-hour, 180-day school year should be relegated to museumsan exhibit from our education past1.Compared with the academic courses more than a hundred years ago, the academic courses now（ ）.2.The researches by the commission mentioned in the passage are most concerned about（ ）.3.As is mentio

10、ned in the passage, schools in the United States do the following EXCEPT（ ）.4.American students differ from those in Japan, Germany in that（ ）.5.Executive director of the commission Milton Goldberg would most probably agree that（ ）.问题1选项A.include some extra-curricular activitiesB.focus more on educa

11、tion of social supportC.demand students more contribution of timeD.remain more or less what they used to be问题2选项A.the time attributed to academic learningB.the components of school educationC.the changes in education in the recent centuryD.the fashion of education management问题3选项A.providing importan

12、t outside-academic activitiesB.serving social units such as family and communityC.arranging six-hour teaching and learning every dayD.having competition with schools of other countries问题4选项A.they stay at school for a shorter time every dayB.they do not learn as much as their counterparts abroadC.the

13、y devote less time to academic learningD.they earn a high school diploma more easily问题5选项A.what the education reform advocates have done is not good enoughB.the time of school day and school year should be extended.C.visiting museums can improve students academic learning ability.D.social support an

14、d extra-curricular activities should be cancelled.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。第一段中的“While the mission of public schools has expanded beyond education to include social support and extra-curricular activities, the academic schedule has changed little in more than a century.虽然公立学校的任务已经拓展到

15、教育以外的社会支持和课外活动，但在一个多世纪里学术时间安排却变化很小。” 可推断D“仍然跟过去差不多”正确；故C“要求学生贡献更多时间”不正确。 A “extra-curricular activities课外活动”属于学校任务，不属于学术课程；B “更注重社会支持的教育”文中没有提及。2.事实细节题。 第二段中“ Reclaiming the school day for academic instruction and escaping the time-bound traditions of education are vital steps in the school-reform p

16、rocess，在学校改革的过程中，恢复以学术为导向的学校教学日和跳出有时限的传统教育是学校改革进程至关重要的步骤” 可推断A“用到学术学习上的时间”正确；故C“最近这个世纪的教育变化”不正确。B“学校教育的构成”及D“教学管理的方式”在文中没有提及。3.事实细节题。由倒数第三段中“If schools want to continue offering important activities outside the academic core, as well as serving as a hub for family and community services. 如果学校想继续提供学术

17、核心以外的重要活动，以及充当家庭和社区服务的中心”可推断A与B在文中有提及；由倒数第四段中“.lengthening the school day beyond the traditional six hours.延长传统的6小时教学日时长可推断C在文中有提及；D“和其他国家的学校进行竞争”在文中没有提及，故D项为正确选项。4.事实细节题。由第五段中 “ .found that American students receive less than half the basic academic instruction that Japanese and German students are

18、 provided. 发现美国学生接受的基本学术教育不到日本和德国学生的一半”可推知C “与德国和日本的学生不同的是美国学生在学术学习上投入的时间较少”正确。A“美国学生每天在校时间较少”在文中没有提及，由第四段中“that they learn as much as their foreign peers while spending half as much as in core academic subject 美国学生所学的东西和他们的外国同龄人一样多，但花在核心学术学科上的时间却只有他们的一半”可知 B与D不正确。5.判断推理题。由最后一段中“But.if reform is to

19、truly take hold, the six-hour, 180-day school year should be relegated to museumsan exhibit from our education past 但是如果改革真的生效，那么每天6个小时，一年180天的上学时间就应该被归入到博物馆中来展示我们过去的教育”可推断“Milton Goldberg支持每天上学的时间和每学年的天数被延长”，故B正确；也由此知C“参观博物馆能提升学生的学术学习能力”不正确。最后一段中“For over a decade, education reform advocates have b

20、een working feverishly to improve our schools过去的十来年，教育改革倡导者们一直在狂热地努力改进我们的学校”可推断A“教育改革倡导者所做的还不够”不符合原文；D“社会支持与课外活动应被取消”在原文中未提及。2. 单选题The standard of living of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces.（1） , Wealth in this sense is not money, for w

21、e do not live on money but on things that money can buy: goods such as food and clothing, and services such as transport and entertainment.A countrys capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. （2） . Some regions of the world are well supplied w

22、ith coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess none of them. （3） Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resourc

23、es. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical effi

24、ciency of a countrys people. （4） . A countrys standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. （5） .Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be tra

25、ded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. A countrys wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures. 问题1选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled wo

26、rkers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains

27、 wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coa

28、l, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题2选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A co

29、untrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the stand

30、ard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题3选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth

31、than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products woul

32、d be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题4选项A

33、.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and fo

34、remost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends t

35、o a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题5选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next t

36、o natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at

37、home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.【答案】第1题:C第2题:F第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一句提到“任何国家的生活水平是指国家生产的商品和服务

38、的平均份额”，空格后关键词“wealth财富”可推断中间内容应与 “生活标准和财富”有关，C项“因为，一个国家的生活水平首先取决于其创造财富的能力”符合题意，故选C。2.文章第二段第一句提到“一个国家创造财富的能力取决于许多因素，其中大多数因素相互影响”，空格后提到“世界上有些地区的煤炭和矿物供应充足，土壤肥沃，气候宜人，其他地区则没有。”推断中间内容应该是阐述“财富与煤、矿产等资源的关系”，F 项“财富在很大程度上取决于一个国家的自然资源，如煤炭、黄金和其他矿产、供水等”符合题意，故选F。3.空格后提到“有些国家自然资源虽然很丰富，但由于多年来战争和一些其他原因一直无法开发其资源”可推断此处

39、应阐述“自然资源与开发自然资源的能力”，B项“排在自然资源后的是将自然资源转化使用的能力”符合题意，故选B。4.空格前文提到“另外一个重要因素是一个国家人民技术效率”可推断此处应阐述与“技术相关的内容”， A项“已经培训了许多熟练工人和技术人员的工业化国家比其他工人不熟练的国家更有能力创造财富”符合题意，故选A。5.空格前文提到“一个国家的生活水平不仅取决于在本国境内生产和消费的财富，而且还取决于通过国际贸易间接生产的财富”，空格后提到“贸易使她剩余的制成品能够在国外进行贸易，以换取自身所缺乏的农产品。”可推断空格处“应该列举一个例子”由此导出下文的结论，D项“例如，如果它只能依靠国内生产，英

40、国在食品和其他农产品方面的财富要少得多”符合题意，故选D。3. 单选题When gas station manager Roger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filled up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.” He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas station operators nationwid

41、e are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump. “The more they buy, the more we lose,” said Randolph, who manages Mr. Eds Chevron in St. Albans. “Gas prices go up, and our profits go down.” His complaints targ

42、et the so-called interchange fee, a percentage of the sale price paid to credit card companies on every transaction. The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services. As gas tops $4 a gallon, that pushes fees tow

43、ard 10 cents a gallon. Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.In a good month, Randolphs small operation would yield a $60 profit on gasoline sales. But thats been buried as soaring prices forced the station to pay about $

44、500 a month in interchange fees. “At these prices, people arent making any money,” said Jeff Lenard, spokesman for the Alexandria, Va.-based National Association of Convenience Stores. “Its brutal.” Lenards group reports convenience stores paid roughly $7.6 billion in credit card fees last year, whi

45、le making $3.4 billion in profits.The credit card companies say fees are just part of the cost of doing business. MasterCard has capped interchange fees for gas purchases of $50 or more, said company spokeswoman Sharon Gamsin. Accepting MasterCard also gives gas stations “increased sales, greater se

46、curity and convenience, lower labor costs, and speed for their customers at the pump,” Gamsin said in an e-mail to The Associated Press. Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump,” the company said in a stat

47、ement to the AP.1. Why do some gas station owners no longer accept credit cards?2.What is the average interchange fee paid by gas station owners?3.How much profit does the average gas station owner make on a gallon of gas?4.Visa believes that allowing customers to pay with a credit card offers（ ）to

48、everyone involved.5. When profits are shrinking, they are（ ）.问题1选项A.They are afraid of outdated cards.B.They prefer the instant gratification of getting cash.C.They are afraid of credit fraud.D.They do not want to pay high credit card fees.问题2选项A.About $4.B.About 2%.C.About $60.D.11 to 12 cents.问题3选

49、项A.About 2%.B.About $ 4.C.11 to 12 cents.D.About $60.问题4选项A.tangible threatsB.tangible benefitsC.uncertaintyD.inconvenience问题5选项A.decreasingB.holding steadyC.increasingD.undulating【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词 “no longer accept credit cards” 可以定位到文章第一段中 “When gas station manager Ro

50、ger Randolph realized it was costing him money each time someone filed up with $4-a-gallon gas, he hung a sign on his pumps: “No more credit cards.”译为：当加油站经理Roger Randolph发现，在4美元一加仑汽油的情况下，每当有人选择加满时，他都会出现负利润，于是他在加油站挂上了“不支持使用信用卡”的标示，以及 “He may be the first in West Virginia to ban plastic, but gas stat

51、ion operators nationwide are reporting similar woes as higher prices translate into higher credit card fees the managers must pay, squeezing profits at the pump.”译为：也许他是西弗吉尼亚州第一位禁止使用信用卡的人，但是全国各地加油站经营者都曾指出过汽油价格的上涨意味着需要支付的信用卡费用更多，因此实际上是对加油站利益的一种压榨。由此可以推断出答案选D。2.细节事实题。由题干中关键词 “average interchange fee”可

52、以定位到文章第一段 “The percentage is fixed, usually at just under 2 percent, but the dollar amount of the fee rises with the price of the goods or services.” 译为：这个比率是固定的，通常不超过2%，但是随着商品和服务价格上涨，这部分费用的总量也会增加。可推断出答案选B。3.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a

53、 gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.” 译为：现在，加油站通常在成本的基础上将每一加仑的汽油加价11-12美分，但是它们的利润正在缩水，甚至出现负利润。由此推断答案选C。4.细节事实题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段中Visa argues that the fees are offset “by the tangible benefits to stations and their customers, such as the ability to pay at the pump”，译为：维萨卡方面称，信用卡交换费是可以与其带

54、给加油站和顾客的实实在在的利益相抵消的，例如在加油站的支付能力。由此可推断出答案选B。5.词汇题。根据题干关键词 “shrinking” 定位到文章中第一段最后一句 “Now stations, which typically mark up gasoline by 11 to 12 cents a gallon, are seeing profits shrink or even reverse.”由此可推断出shrink是指利润减少。因此推断出答案选A。4. 写作题Directions: Write a short essay of about 300 words on the follo

55、wing topic. Do remember to provide a title for your essay. Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe the best way is through personal experience.Compare the advantages of

56、 these two different ways. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.【答案】略5. 单选题The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination.

57、 Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validityThere is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating i

58、n a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers and governments.The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin.

59、There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behavior are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others

60、 where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behavior and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society.

61、 The selection process of medical students might be expected to favor candidates with integrity and positive ethical behavior-if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical school should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity an

62、d ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behavior of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.The creation of a pervasive institutional culture

63、 of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a schools culture of i

64、ntegrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the schools examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm，fair, transparent, and consistent.1.What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?2.According to the author, it is important to pre