2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷87

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The brick-and-mortar museum that exists in the real world is unlikely to become obsolete, but “visiting” museums in cyberspace is now a common pastime.问题1选项A.hobbyB.fashionC.modeD.pattern【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. hobby 业余爱好（活动） B. fashion （衣服、发式等的）流行款式，时兴式样C. mode

2、 风格，样式 D. pattern 模式【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】pastime的意思为“消遣，休闲活动”，指的是在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动，只有hobby与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】现实世界中的实体博物馆不太可能过时，但现在在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动。2. 填空题The overemphasis on the exterior elevation in its former design resulted in the closeness and _ of the interior space. (r

3、egular)【答案】irregularity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知横线处和closeness都是名词，结合语境，过分强调建筑的外部立面致使建筑不规则，irregularity意思为“不规则（或无规律）的事物”，符合语境。【句意】在原有设计中过分强调建筑的外部立面，导致室内空间的封闭和不规则。3. 填空题Asian American children of high school age generally outscore other students on the Scholastic AAptitude Test. They make up a dis

4、proportionate large segment of student bodies in the most prominent B C Dcolleges and universities.【答案】C disproportionate改为disproportionately【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】large为形容词，应该用副词修饰，所以用disproportionately正确。【句意】亚裔美国高中生在学业能力倾向测试中的得分普遍高于其他学生。在最著名的学院和大学里，他们在学生群体中所占比例相当大。4. 单选题Our visual perception depends on

5、 the reception of energy reflecting or radiating from that which we wish to perceive. If our eyes could receive and measure infinitely delicate sense data, we could perceive the world with infinite precision. The natural limits of our eyes have, of course, been extended by mechanical instruments; te

6、lescopes and microscopes, for example, expand our capabilities greatly. There is, however, an ultimate limit beyond which no instrument can take us. This limit is imposed by our inability to receive sense data smaller than those conveyed by an individual quantum of energy. Since these quanta are bel

7、ieved to be invisible packages of energy and so cannot be further refined, we reach a point beyond which further resolution of the world is not possible. It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking invisible discs of color onto a canvas.We might think that we could avoid this limitation by u

8、sing quanta with extremely long wavelengths: such quanta would be sufficiently sensitive to convey extremely delicate sense data. And these quanta would be useful, as long as we only wanted to measure energy, but a completely accurate perception of the world will depend also on the exact measurement

9、 of the lengths and positions of what we wish to perceive. For this, quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless. To measure a length accurately to within a millionth of an inch, we must have a measure graduate in millionths of an inch; a yardstick graduated in inches is useless. Quanta with a

10、wavelength of one inch would be, in a sense, measures that are graduated in inches. Quanta of extremely long wavelengths are useless in measuring anything except extremely large dimensions.Despite these difficulties, quanta have important theoretical implications for physics. It used to be supposed

11、that, in the observation of nature, the universe could be divided into two distinct parts a perceiving subject and a perceived object. In physics, subject and object were supposed to be entirely distinct, so that a description of any part of the universe would be independent of the observer. The qua

12、ntum theory, however, suggests otherwise, for every observation involves the passage of a complete quantum from the object to the subject, and it now appears that this passage constitutes an important coupling between observer and observed. We can no longer make a sharp division between the two in a

13、n effort to observe nature objectively. Such an attempt at objectivity would distort the crucial interrelationship of observer and observed as parts of a single whole. But, even for scientists, it is only in the world of atoms that this new development makes any appreciable difference in the explana

14、tion of observations.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to _.2. According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they _.3. The author uses the analogy of the childs drawing (Para. 1) primarily in ord

15、er to _.4. The author implies that making a sharp division between subject and object in physics is _.问题1选项A.discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the worldB.point out the inadequacies of accepted units of measurementC.compare and contrast scientific hypotheses about how the world sho

16、uld be measured and observedD.suggest the limited function of sensory observation问题2选项A.exist independently of sense dataB.have an insignificant amount of energyC.cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelengthD.provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring

17、 length and position问题3选项A.illustrate the ultimate limitation in the precision of sense data conveyed by quantaB.show the sense of helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problemsC.anticipate the objections of those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to obs

18、ervation is entirely reliableD.exemplify the similarities between packages of energy and varieties of color问题4选项A.possible in a measurement of an objects length and position, but not in a measurement of its energyB.no longer an entirely accurate way to describe observation of the universeC.still the

19、oretically possible in the small-scale world of atoms and electronsD.possible in the case of observations involving the passage of a complete quantum【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The primary purpose of the passage is to _. 本文的主要目的是_。A. discuss a problem that hinders precise perception of the

20、 world A. 讨论妨碍准确感知世界的问题B. point out the inadequacies of accepted units of measurement B. 指出公认计量单位的不足之处C. compare and contrast scientific hypotheses about how the world should be measured and observed C. 比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设D. suggest the limited function of sensory observation D. 表明感官观察功能的有限【答案】A

21、【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出视觉感知（visual perception）的极限在我们无法接收比单个量子能量传递的更小的感知数据，第二段提出科学家想到了一个办法使用波长极长的量子（quanta with extremely long wavelengths）也不能突破这种限制，第三段提出量子对物理学有重要的理论意义（important theoretical implications），也就是研究视觉感知而得来的启示。综上所述，本文在谈论视觉感知受到阻碍引发的一系列问题，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“指出公认计量单位的不足之处”：文章没有提到计量单位，属于无中生有；C选

22、项“比较和对照关于应该如何测量和观察世界的科学假设”和D选项“表明感官观察功能的有限”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, quanta with an extremely long wavelength cannot be used to give complete information about the physical world because they _. 根据本文，波长极长的量子不能用来提供关于物质世界的完整信息，因为它们_。A. exist independently of sense da

23、ta A. 独立于感官数据而存在B. have an insignificant amount of energy B. 没有足够的能量C. cannot, with present-day instruments, be isolated from quanta of shorter wavelength C. 用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离D. provide an insufficiently precise means of measuring length and position D. 提供的测量长度和位置的方法不够精确【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信

24、息词complete information定位到第二段第二、三句，该处讲到“对世界的完全准确的感知（completely accurate perception of the world）还取决于我们想要感知的东西的长度和位置的精确测量（exact measurement of the lengths and positions）。因此（For this），波长极长的量子是无用的。”，可知其原因是它们不能准确测量长度和位置，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“独立于感官数据而存在”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子独立于感官数据，属于无中生有；B选项“没有足够的能量”：文中没有提到波长极长的量子

25、能量不足，属于无中生有；C选项“用现在的仪器不能与较短波长的量子隔离”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有。第3题:【选项释义】The author uses the analogy of the childs drawing (Para. 1) primarily in order to _. 作者用孩子的画作类比（第一段）主要是为了_。A. illustrate the ultimate limitation in the precision of sense data conveyed by quanta A. 说明由量子传递的感官数据的精确度的极限限制B. show the sense of

26、helplessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational problems B. 显示出科学家在面对重大观察问题时的无助感C. anticipate the objections of those scientists who believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliable C. 预测那些科学家的反对意见，他们认为没有任何仪器辅助的观察完全可靠D. exemplify the similarities between pac

27、kages of energy and varieties of color D. 举例说明能量包和各种颜色之间的相似性【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 1和信息词childs drawing定位到第一段最后一句，该处讲到“这就像一个孩子画一样（It is like）”，结合该段倒数第二句，该处讲到“这些量子不能被进一步细化，我们达到了一个点，超过了这个点，对世界的进一步解析就不可能了。”，可知childs drawing的例子是对该段倒数第二句观点的佐证，也就是量子传递的感官数据的精确度有限制，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“显示出科学家在面对

28、重大观察问题时的无助感”：文中没有提到科学家对此感觉很无力，属于无中生有；C选项“预测那些科学家的反对意见，他们认为没有任何仪器辅助的观察完全可靠”：文中没有提到科学家有反对意见，属于无中生有；D选项“举例说明能量包和各种颜色之间的相似性”：文中没有提到能量包和颜色的联系，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】The author implies that making a sharp division between subject and object in physics is _. 作者的意思是，在物理学中区分主体和客体的方法_。A. possible in a measurement o

29、f an objects length and position, but not in a measurement of its energy A. 在测量物体的长度和位置时有可能，但在测量物体的能量时不能B. no longer an entirely accurate way to describe observation of the universe B. 不再能非常准确地描述对宇宙的观察C. still theoretically possible in the small-scale world of atoms and electrons C. 在原子和电子这很小的范围里，理论

30、上仍然是可能的D. possible in the case of observations involving the passage of a complete quantum D. 全然以量子论来观察，这是可能的【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词division between subject and object定位到第三段，结合该段第三、四、五句，该处讲到“在物理学中（In physics），主体和客体应该是完全不同然而，量子理论（The quantum theory）却提出了相反的观点（suggests otherwise）为了客观地观察自然，我们再也不能

31、将这两者清晰地区分开来（We can no longer make a sharp division）。”，可知作者认为物理学的方法如今不再能客观地观察自然，需要舍弃，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在测量物体的长度和位置时有可能，但在测量物体的能量时不能”：对应第三段第三句“在物理学中，主体和客体应该是完全不同的（entirely distinct），所以对宇宙任何部分（any part of the universe）的描述都是独立于观察者的。”，可知在物理学中，主体和客体的区分在任何情况下都非常明显，属于反向干扰；C选项“在原子和电子这很小的范围里，理论上仍然是可能的”：对应文章最

32、后一句“即使对科学家来说，也只有在原子的世界里，这种新理论（new development）才会对对观测结果的解释有明显的不同。”，这里的新理论指的是量子论，而不是传统物理学，属于张冠李戴；D选项“全然以量子论来观察，这是可能的”：对应第三段第四句“量子理论却提出了相反的观点构成了观察者和被观察者之间的重要结合（important coupling between observer and observed）”，可知量子论的观点和物理学的观点相反，在量子论中，观察者和被观察者无法清晰地区分开来，属于反向干扰。5. 单选题He has admitted to making a blunder b

33、y loading up on this stock during the 2008 oil boom, and just before the stock-market crash.问题1选项A.errorB.riskC.fortuneD.deal【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. error 错误，差错 B. risk 危险，风险C. fortune 机会，运气 D. deal 协议，（尤指）交易【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】blunder的意思为“愚蠢（或粗心）的错误”，指的是在不恰当的时间囤积了股票，这是一个错误，error与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C

34、、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】他承认自己犯了一个错误，在2008年石油繁荣时期以及股市崩盘之前囤积了这支股票。6. 单选题The lesson for all of us is that we do better for ourselves and our communities if we patronize small businesses and use local tax dollars to encourage local entrepreneurs.问题1选项A.augmentB.proceedC.evolveD.sponsor【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. augment 增

35、加，提高 B. proceed 继续做（或从事、进行）C. evolve （使）逐渐形成，逐步发展 D. sponsor 赞助【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】patronize的意思为“赞助，资助”，和small businesses构成动宾搭配关系，指的是拿资金来支持小企业，sponsor与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】我们所有人得到的教训是，如果我们赞助小企业，用当地税收的钱来鼓励当地企业家，我们为会自己和我们的社区做得更好。7. 单选题The North Vietnamese were tenacious, and in Janu

36、ary 1968 they launched a massive attack known as the Tet Offensive, which severely damaged U.S. forces.问题1选项A.collectiveB.hostileC.aggressiveD.persistent【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. collective 集体的，共有的 B. hostile 敌意的，敌对的C. aggressive 好斗的，挑衅的 D. persistent 执著的，不屈不挠的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】tenacious的意思为“顽强的，坚忍不拔的”，

37、用来形容the North Vietnamese，指的是他们非常英勇，persistent与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】北越人很顽强，1968年1月他们发动了大规模进攻，称为春节攻势，重创美军。8. 填空题The family is a cooperative enterprise which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. A B C D【答案】

38、A which改为where或for which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】it is difficult to lay down rules是修饰enterprise的定语从句，enterprise表示地点，所以可以用where引导。结合固定句型It is difficult for sb. to do sth.，此题为for enterprise，在这里for which相当于where。【句意】家庭是合作式企业，很难制定规则，因为每个家庭都需要找到适合自己的办法来解决属于自己的问题。9. 单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in na

39、tional life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富，富饶 B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness 诚实，率真 D. fairness 公正性，公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】solitude的意思为“独处，独居”，这里指的是挪威人崇尚独处，al

40、oneness与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】户外娱乐在国民生活中起着很大的作用。挪威人崇尚独处和自力更生，许多人选择独自散步、滑雪或露营。10. 单选题The November 17-day coal strike, which was terminated December 7, brought about a general business and production paralysis at the close of the year.问题1选项A.worsenedB.discontinuedC.denouncedD.hindered

41、【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. worsened 变得更糟，恶化 B. discontinued 停止，终止C. denounced 谴责，指责 D. hindered 阻碍，妨碍【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】terminated的意思为“（使）停止，结束”，指的是罢工进行了17天后才结束，discontinued与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】去年12月7日结束的17天煤矿罢工，在年底造成了企业和生产的全面瘫痪。11. 单选题When nomadic peoples could not find enough food to e

42、at in their rugged homelands, they raided the village peoples for their crops.问题1选项A.attackedB.compelledC.deprivedD.pleaded【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. attacked 袭击，攻击 B. compelled 强迫，迫使，使必须C. deprived 剥夺，使丧失，使不能享有 D. pleaded 乞求，恳求【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】raided的意思为“突然袭击；劫掠，打劫”，和the village peoples构成动宾搭配关系，指的是游牧民族没

43、有东西吃的时候就会袭击村民，抢夺食物，attacked与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】当游牧民族在他们崎岖的家园里找不到足够的食物吃的时候，他们就会袭击村民，抢夺农作物。12. 单选题Claims left behind in bankruptcy generally have only a _ chance of being paid, since they are unsecured and not backed by assets.问题1选项A.slenderB.slimC.sizableD.spare【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. s

44、lender 微薄的，不足的（数量或尺寸） B. slim 微薄的，不足的（没有想要的、期待的那么大） （a slim chance 机会渺茫）C. sizable 相当大的 D. spare 不用的，闲置的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词since，可知句子前后表示因果关系，因为在破产中遗留下来的债权没有担保和资金支持，所以得到偿付的机会_，slim符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合相应的逻辑关系。【句意】在破产中遗留下来的债权通常只有很小的机会得到偿付，因为它们没有担保，也没有资产支持。13. 填空题Too often we believe

45、what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely success is so mysterious. A B C D【答案】D success is改为is success【解析】【考查点】倒装。【解题思路】表示否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时，用部分倒装，句子的一般陈述句语序为success is so mysterious，此时is应该提前，因此D部分应为is success。【句意】我们常常相信别人的成功是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的突破。但成功很少如此神秘。14. 填空题Au

46、strian physician Alfred Adler theorized that people are primarily motivated to overcome inherent feelings of _. (inferior)【答案】inferiority【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】feelings of _是名词所有格结构，所以横线处应为名词。根据关键词inherent feelings，可知这里讲的和感受相关，feeling of inferiority的意思为“自卑感”，inferiority符合语境。【句意】奥地利医生阿尔弗雷德阿德勒提出理论，即人们的动机主要

47、是克服内在的自卑感。15. 单选题He told Arab lawmakers who took part in the protest that “the day will come when we will banish you from the national home”.问题1选项A.conquerB.transferC.departD.exile【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. conquer 占领，攻克 B. transfer 转职，转学，改变（环境）C. depart 离开，离去 D. exile 流放，放逐【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】banish的意思为“放逐

48、，流放，把（某人）驱逐出境”，这里指把参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员驱逐出境，exile与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】他告诉参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员：“我们把你们赶出国家的那一天终将到来。”16. 单选题The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget reported a striking case from his own past. He remembered his nanny pushing him in his carriage when a man came up and tried to kidnap him.问题

49、1选项A.assaultB.abductC.embraceD.compliment【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. assault 袭击，侵犯人身（尤指构成罪行） B. abduct 劫持，绑架C. embrace 抱，拥抱 D. compliment 赞美，称赞【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】kidnap的意思为“劫持，绑架”，和him构成动宾搭配，指的是有个男人试图绑架他，abduct与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】瑞士心理学家让皮亚杰报告了自己过去的一个不同寻常的案例。他记得他的保姆在他的马车里推着他，这时有个男人走过来并试图绑

50、架他。17. 填空题In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation more than by the “battle of the sexes”. A B C D【答案】D more than改为rather than【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】by co

51、operation和by the “battle of the sexes”相对应，形成对立的逻辑关系，rather than符合逻辑。【句意】在这样的家庭中，成长中的男孩和女孩比他们的父母更容易接受平等的观念，并为参与一个以合作为特征的世界做好充分准备，而不是“性别之战”。18. 单选题For perplexed policymakers in Washington, they meant scrambling from one policy to another in an effort to respond to a highly confusing economic situation

52、.问题1选项A.disturbedB.puzzledC.irritatedD.enchanted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. disturbed 有精神病的，心理不正常的 B. puzzled 困惑的，迷惑不解的C. irritated 烦恼的，恼怒的 D. enchanted 中魔法的，着了魔的【答案】B【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】perplexed的意思为“困惑的，迷惑不解的”，修饰policymakers，指的是这些制定政策的人很困惑，自己也没搞清楚状况，puzzled与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】对于华盛顿困惑的决策者来说，

53、这意味着匆忙地从一项政策转向另一项政策，以应对高度混乱的经济形势。19. 单选题The people were called upon to unite in the face of an apparent effort to bring about the disintegration of the country by political intrigue.问题1选项A.riotB.fantasyC.mediumD.plot【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. riot 暴乱，骚乱 B. fantasy 幻想，想象C. medium 手段，工具 D. plot 阴谋，密谋【答案】D【考查点】

54、名词辨析。【解题思路】intrigue的意思为“密谋策划，阴谋”，和political构成短语，指的是政治阴谋，plot与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】人们被号召团结起来，直面通过政治阴谋导致国家解体的明显企图。20. 单选题Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualificat

55、ions of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are en

56、titled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselve

57、s, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education and moral character. Although the Sup

58、reme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The syste

59、m also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries