2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷54

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1、2022年考博英语-昆明理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题He has been plowing through a biography of Lyndon Johnson and a（ ）of Henry Kissinger.问题1选项A.dissectionB.dissertationC.necessityD.casualty【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dissection“解剖，仔细分析，详细评论”；B选项dissertation“专题论文，学位论文”；C选项necessity“必然，必要”；D选项casualty“（战争或事故的）伤员，亡者”。plow

2、through表示“艰难地完成”，“a biography（传记）of Lyndon Johnson and a_of Henry Kissinger”为两个并列宾语，因此空格处应与biography相关的词语，结合句意选A。句意：他一直艰难地完成Lyndon Johnson的传记和Henry Kissinger的详细评论。2. 单选题It is said that the math teacher seems（ ）towards bright students.问题1选项A.preferableB.partialC.beneficialD.liable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项

3、preferable“更好的，更可取的”；B选项partial“部分的，不完全的，偏袒”；C选项beneficial“有利的，有益的”；D选项liable“负有偿付责任，可能受的影响”。由bright students（聪明的学生）可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：据说这个数学老师似乎偏袒聪明的学生。3. 单选题Some women（ ）a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.问题1选项A.must makeB.would make

4、C.should have madeD.could have made【答案】D【解析】考查情态动词。must do表示对现在的肯定的推测；would do表对将来的推测；should have done表示过去本应该做某事却未做，表达一种责备或内疚的语气；could have done表示过去本能够做某事却未做，表示对过去事情的假设。此句是对过去情况的一种推测，因此选D。句意：有些女性本可以在工作中挣到高薪，而不是呆在家里，但她们决定为了家庭而不去工作。4. 单选题Speaking two languages rather than just one has obvious practica

5、l benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect o

6、n your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia（痴呆）in old age.This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a sec

7、ond language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a childs academic and intellectual development.They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilinguals brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creatin

8、g situations in which one system obstructs（痴呆）the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.The collective evidence f

9、rom a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brains so-called executive function. A command system directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring di

10、stractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mindlike remembering a sequence of directions while driving.Why does the tussle（搏斗）between two simultaneously active language systems improve these aspects of cognition? Until recently, res

11、earchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed（磨炼）by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts. But that explanation increas

12、ingly appears to be inadequate, since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition, like threading a line through an ascending series of numbers scattered randomly on a page.The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may

13、 be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite oftenyou may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompea Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track

14、 of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with les

15、s activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it.The bilingual experience appears to influence the brain from infancy to old age, and there is reason to believe that it may also apply to those who learn a second language later in life.1.Accordin

16、g to the passage, the more recent and old views of bilingualism differ mainly in（ ）.2.The fact that interference is now seen as a blessing in disguise means that（ ）.3.What is the role of Paragraph Four in relation to Paragraph Three?4.Which of the following can account for better performance of bili

17、nguals in doing non-inhibition tasks?5.What is the main theme of the passage?问题1选项A.its practical advantagesB.perceived language fluencyC.its role in cognitionD.its role in medicine问题2选项A.its potential benefits have remained undiscoveredB.it has led to unexpectedly favorable resultsC.its effects on

18、cognitive development have been minimalD.only a few researchers have realized its advantages问题3选项A.It provides counter evidence to Paragraph Three.B.It offers another example of the role of interference.C.It serves as a transitional paragraph in the passage.D.It further illustrates the point in Para

19、graph Three.问题4选项A.An ability to ignore distractionsB.An ability to monitor surroundings.C.An ability to perform with less effort.D.An ability to exercise suppression.问题5选项A.Features of bilinguals and monolinguals.B.Interference and suppression.C.Bilinguals and monitoring tasks.D.Reasons why bilingu

20、als are smarter【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age.（事实证明，双语能让你更聪明。它可以对你的大脑产生深远的影响，提高与语言无关的认知能力

21、，甚至可以在老年时抵御痴呆症）可知C选项“它在认知中的作用”符合题意。2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词interference定位到文章第三段中，由But this interference, researchers are finding out, isnt so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles.（但研究人员发现，

22、这种干扰与其说是一种障碍，不如说是一种伪装的祝福。它迫使大脑解决内部冲突，给大脑一个加强认知肌肉的锻炼）可知B选项“它带来意外的有利结果”符合题意。3.推理判断题。文章第三段介绍干扰虽然存在，但能锻炼认知肌肉，第四段介绍研究表明双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能，接着又详细说明大脑的工作流程来证明上面的观点。故第四段进一步说明第三段的内容，因此D选项“它进一步说明了第三段的观点”符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词 non-inhibition tasks定位到文章第五段中，由 But that explanation increasingly appears to be inadequate,

23、 since studies have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals even at tasks that do not require inhibition（但这种解释似乎越来越不充分，因为研究表明，即使在不需要抑制的任务中，双语者的表现也比单语者好）和第六段中的The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment.（双语者和

24、单语者之间的关键区别可能更为基本：提高了监控环境的能力）可知B选项“监测环境的能力”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。文章首段提出双语者更聪明，尾段提出双语经验对学习第二语言的有利影响，中间内容解释了双语干扰带来能锻炼认知肌肉，双语经历能改善大脑的执行功能。因此D选项“双语者更聪明的原因”符合题意。5. 单选题A cobweb glistening with dew seems as（ ）as it is lovely.问题1选项A.fragileB.frigidC.stridentD.tedious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项fragile“易碎的，脆弱的”；B选项frigid“严寒的，

25、寒冷的，冷淡的”；C选项strident“刺耳的”；D选项tedious“冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的”。由“有露珠闪烁的蜘蛛网看上去又_，又可爱”可知空格处的词语要与cobweb（蜘蛛网）在逻辑上搭配，且与lovely的感情色彩一致，因此选A。句意：有露珠闪烁的蜘蛛网看上去又脆弱又可爱。6. 单选题Some of the online services are free, while others（ ） a charge.问题1选项A.carryB.cashierC.coincideD.collect【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项carry“拿，运送，携带”；B选项cashier“开除

26、，解雇”；C选项coincide“同时发生，相符，一致”；D选项collect“收集，收藏，收取”。while表示对比关系，由Some of the online services are free（一些在线服务是免费的）可知其它一些是收费的，因此选D。句意：有些在线服务是免费的，有些则收取费用。7. 单选题They are considering（ ）the house before the prices go down.问题1选项A.sellingB.of sellingC.to sellD.over selling【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。动词consider后可接名词或动名词，后

27、接动词不定式时通常要带how、where、who之类的疑问词，因此选A。句意：他们正考虑在价格下降之前卖掉房子。8. 单选题Chinas（ ）cultural heritage should be better protected through increased efforts to preserve endangered art.问题1选项A.indivisibleB.intelligibleC.intangibleD.inalienable【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项indivisible“分不开的，不可分割的”；B选项intelligible“易懂的，容易理解的”；C选项

28、intangible“难以形容（或理解）的，无形的（指没有实体存在的资本性资产）”；D选项inalienable“不可剥夺（或分割）的”。由cultural heritage（文化遗产）及语境可知选C。句意：中国的非物质文化遗产应该通过加大努力保护濒危艺术而得到更好的保护。9. 单选题If the building project（ ）by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.问题1选项A.being completedB.is completedC.to be completedD.

29、completed【答案】C【解析】考查非谓语动词。从句中已有谓语动词is delayed，空格处为非谓语动词，排除B选项。A选项being completed表示正在进行的被动；C选项to be completed表示将来的被动；D选项completed表示一般被动。根据by the end of this month（到本月底）可知此处是对将来的假设，因此选C。句意：如果这个建筑工程在本月底之前竣工的计划被推迟，该建筑公司将被罚款。10. 单选题Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children（ ）a viole

30、nt act previously seen on television.问题1选项A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项modify“修改，更改”；B选项duplicate“模仿，复制”；C选项accelerate“加速，增速”；D选项stimulate“刺激”。根据宾语a violent act（暴力行为）可知B选项符合语境。句意：最近，有报道称，一些儿童模仿了以前在电视上看到的暴力行为。11. 单选题People who like to wear red clothes are more

31、 likely to be talkative and（ ）.问题1选项A.vivaciousB.perilousC.introvertedD.lucrative【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vivacious“可爱的，活泼的”；B选项perilous“冒险的，危险的”；C选项introverted“内向的，不喜欢交往的”；D选项lucrative“获利多的，赚钱的”。由and可知空格处与talkative（健谈的）表示的意思相同，因此选A。句意：喜欢穿红衣服的人更有可能健谈、活泼。12. 单选题The prefix Mach is used to describe superson

32、ic speed. It was named for Ernst Mach (1838-1916), a Czech-born Austrian physicist, who contributed to the study of sound. When twice the speed of sound, it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound, its speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach 0.9. Mach is define

33、d as “the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered.”When a plane passes the sound barrierflying faster than sound travelslisteners in the area hear thunderclaps, but the pilot of the plane does not hear them.Sound is produced by vibrations of

34、 an object and is transmitted by alternate increase and decrease in pressure that radiate outward through a material media of moleculessomewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a rock has been tossed into it.The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating waves undu

35、late（波动）per second and is measured in cycles per second. The slower the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the sound is higher in pitch.Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to freque

36、ncies of fewer than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 20,000 vibrations per secondalthough this range varies among individuals. Anything at a pitch higher than the human ear can hear is termed ultrasonic.Intensity, or loudness, is the strength of the pressure of these radiating waves and

37、is measured in decibels. The human ear responds to intensity in a range from zero to 120 decibels. Any sound with pressure over 120 decibels is painful to the human ear.The speed of sound is generally placed at 1.088 feet per second at sea level at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. It varies in other temperatu

38、res and in different media. Sound travels faster in water than in air, and even faster in iron and steel. It travels a mile in 5 seconds in air, it does a mile under water in 1 second, and it travels through iron in 1/3 second. It travels through ice cold vapor at approximately 4,708 feet per second

39、; ice-cold water, 4,938; granite, 12,960; hardwood, 12,620; brick, 11,960; glass, 16,410 to 19,690; silver, 8,658; gold, 5,717.1.According to this passage, “Mach” refers to（ ）.2.Sound is produced by（ ）.3.Decibel is（ ）.4.Which of the following is a TRUE statement?5.Which of the following can serve as

40、 the best title of this passage?问题1选项A.the ratio of the air speed of an aircraft to the speed of soundB.a machineC.a Czech-born Australian physicistD.the pilot of the plane问题2选项A.vibrations of an object passing through the airB.spreading of waves after a rock being tossed into a pondC.thundersD.a fl

41、ying plane问题3选项A.the frequency of radiating wavesB.the pressure of radiating wavesC.the unit for measuring the intensity of soundD.the speed of sound问题4选项A.Sound travels fastest through the hardest thing.B.Sound travels at different speed in different temperatures and in different media.C.Sound trav

42、els fastest in hottest temperature.D.Sound travels fastest in coldest temperature.问题5选项A.The Prefix Mach.B.The Speed of Sound.C.The Frequency of Sound.D.The Intensity of Sound.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题干关键词Mach定位到文章第一段中，由Mach is defined as “the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or

43、a jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered.”（马赫被定义为“在被考虑的媒介中，火箭或飞机的速度与声速的比率”）可知选A。2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate increase and decrease in pressure that radiate outward through a material media of molecules（声音是由物体的振动产生的，

44、并通过分子的物质介质向外辐射的压力的交替增加和减少而传播）可知A选项“物体通过空气的振动”符合题意。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词decibel定位到文章倒数第二段中，由Intensity, or loudness, is the strength of the pressure of these radiating waves and is measured in decibels.（强度，或响度，是这些辐射波的压力强度，以分贝为单位）可知C选项“测量声音强度的单位”符合题意。4.推理判读题。文章最后一段的“It varies in other temperatures and in dif

45、ferent media.（它在其他温度和不同的介质中变化）”中的it指的是前句中的“the spend of sound（声音的速度）”，然后介绍了在不同介质中传播的速度不同，因此B选项“声音以不同的速度在不同的温度和不同的介质中传播”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。A选项仅适合文章第一段的主题；C选项仅适合第四段和第五段的主题；D选项仅适合第六段的主题。文章首段与尾段都提到了声音的速度，中间也有提到，因此B选项“声音的速度”符合题意。13. 单选题Heavy smokers are twenty times more likely to be（ ）by lung cancer than non-

46、smokers.问题1选项A.grippedB.strickenC.attackedD.ravaged【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项grip“紧握，抓牢”；B选项strike“击打，碰撞”，指灾难或疾病的爆发；C选项attack“攻击，进攻”，指暴力性的袭击或者战争的攻击；D选项ravage“毁坏”。由lung cancer（肺癌）可知选B符合逻辑搭配。句意：烟瘾大的人患肺癌的几率是不吸烟者的20倍。14. 单选题Although the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in a

47、n（ ）and orderly fashion.问题1选项A.incredibleB.internalC.intricateD.initial【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项incredible“不可思议的，难以置信的”；B选项internal“内在的”；C选项intricate“错综复杂的”；D选项initial“最初的”。原句表示“虽然人体是由许多不同的组织组成的，但这些组织是以_而有序的方式排列的”可知C选项符合句意。句意：虽然人体是由许多不同的组织组成的，但这些组织是以错综复杂而有序的方式排列的。15. 翻译题Read the following paragraph caref

48、ully and then translate it into Chinese.When the objects of an inquiry, in any department, have principles, causes, or elements, it is through acquaintance with these that knowledge and understanding is attained. For we do not think that we know a thing until we are acquainted with its primary cause

49、s or first principles, and have carried our analysis as far as its elements. Plainly, therefore, in the science of nature too our first task will be to try to determine what relates to its principles. The natural way of doing this is to start from the things which are more knowable and clear to us a

50、nd proceed towards those which are clearer and more knowable by nature, for the same things are not knowable relatively to us and knowable without qualification. So we must follow this method and advance from what is more obscure by nature, but clearer to us, towards what is clearer and more knowabl

51、e by nature. Now what is to us plain and clear at first is rather confused masses, the elements and principles of which become known to us later by analysis.【答案】在任何领域，当研究对象有其存在的原理、因素或元素时，只有通过了解这些事物，才能获得知识和理解。因为只有当我们知道某事物的主要成因或基本原理，并对其组成元素进行进一步分析时，我们才可以称我们了解该事物。因此，很明显，在自然科学中，我们的首要任务将是设法确定各原理之间的联系。这样做

52、的自然方式是从对我们来说更清晰易知的事物开始，然后延伸至本质上更加清晰易知的事物，因为对我们来说，同样事物的可知性并不是相当的，并且也不是没有限制的。因此，我们必须遵循这一方法，从本质上模糊但对自己来说更加清楚的事物，发展到本质上既清晰又易知的事物中去。现在对我们来说，最简单明了的事物对大众来说是十分疑惑，其要素和原理可以通过后期的分析而为人们所了解。16. 单选题He complicated with the requirement that all graduate students in education（ ）a thesis.问题1选项A.writeB.writingC.to wri

53、teD.be writing【答案】A【解析】考查虚拟语气。在英语中，表示“命令、建议、愿望、要求”等的词（不管是动词、名词、形容词）之后的从句用should+动词原词，而且should可以省略。句中的requirement表示“要求”，其后是由that引导的同位语从句，因此选A。句意：他把教育中所有研究生都要写论文的要求复杂化了。17. 单选题The students will put off the match until next week, （ ）they wont be so busy.问题1选项A.sinceB.asC.whenD.while【答案】C【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。

54、此句的先行词为next week，在从句中作时间状语，因此引导词用when。句意：学生们将把比赛推迟到下周，那时他们不会那么忙。18. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is at present at his wits end.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项exceedingly“非常，极其”；B选项excessively“过度地”；C选项extensively“广大地，广泛地”；D选项exclusively“

55、唯一地”。根据valuable（很重要的，宝贵的）可知A选项符合语境。句意：你的建议对他来说是非常宝贵的，因为他现在束手无策。19. 单选题One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and（ ）to expressed thoughts.问题1选项A.countenancesB.dilemmasC.concessionsD.junctions【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项countenance“面容，面部表情”；B选项dilemma

56、“（进退两难的）窘境，困境”；C选项concession“让步，迁就”；D选项junction“连接，接合”。由eyes可知A选项符合语境，指眼睛和面部表情的反应。句意：通过注意他们的眼睛和面部表情表达思想的即时和短暂的反应，我们可以更好地理解他人。20. 单选题Our journey was slow because the train stopped（ ）at different villages.问题1选项A.constantlyB.continuallyC.continuouslyD.gradually【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项constantly“不断地，时常地”，侧重于事件发生的稳定性和持续性以及经久不变的状态；B选项continually“不停地，持续地，频繁地”，侧重于一段时间内多次发生、时断时续或中断时间很短而又接连发生的状态；C选项continuously“连续不断地”，侧重在时间、物质或广度上没有间断的；D选项gradually“逐步地，渐渐地”。由“我们的行程很慢，因为火车_在不同的村中停靠”可知这种停靠是在“我们的行程中”发生的，是在一段时间内发生的，因此B选项符合语境。句意：我们的行程很慢，因为火车频繁地在不同的村中停靠。