2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷85

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1、2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge

2、 of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more re

3、asonable. We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new d

4、iscoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences,

5、even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even the earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” o

6、f our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between

7、. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping, is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronom

8、ical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Ou

9、r knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.1. The word “paradox” (Para. 1) means（ ）.2. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because（ ）.3. The author believes that our knowledge of s

10、ocial systems is more secure than that of physical systems because（ ）.4. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because（ ）.5. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because（ ）.问题1选项A.implicationtB.contradictiontC.i

11、nterpretationtD.confusiont问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencestB.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemstC.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correcttD.we are better able to investigate socia

12、l phenomena than physical phenomenat问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experiencetB.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencestC.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of datatD.the records of social systems are more reliablet问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emerging all

13、the timetB.new information is constantly coming intC.the direction of their development is difficult to predicttD.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccuratet问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are variedtB.our knowledge of it is highly insecuretC.only a very small sample of it has been

14、observedtD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段的paradox意思是”。Paradox本意是“似是而非的观点，悖论，反论”；根据题干定位到文章第一句It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences a

15、s somewhere in between.（我们认为物理科学是“硬科学”，社会科学是“软科学”，而生物科学则介于两者之间，这是一个奇怪的悖论）可知，这句话说的是一个观点，即科学的类别，而不是一个事物的正反两面，所以这不能称为“悖论”，四个选项中只有A项“暗示，含义”符合这一语境。B项“否认，反驳”、C项“解释”和D项“困惑”均不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点，我们应该颠倒自然科学的硬分类和社会科学的软分类，因为”。第一段第三句提到In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes,

16、 however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.（然而，就我们对相关领域的研究能力以及我们对这些领域的想象至少大致正确的可能性而言，有人怀疑颠倒顺序更合理），由此我们可知，之所以认为颠倒这三类学科的排序更具合理性是基于我们对相关领域的研究能力和认知大致正确性；C项“我们对社会制度的理解大致正确”中的社会制度属于“软科学”领域，故C项符合题

17、意。A项“逆向排序将有助于促进物理科学的发展”和D项“我们能更好地调查社会现象而不是物理现象”未提及；B项“我们对物理系统的知识比社会系统的知识更可靠”，文章最后一句话指出Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.（我们对物理进化的认识是不完整的，也是高度不安全的），B项错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为我们对社会系统的认识比物理系统的认识更安全，因为”。第一段第四句指出We are able to sample earths social systems wi

18、th some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.（我们能够对社会系统进行有一定可信度的抽样调查，因为我们对整个调查领域都有合理的样本；因此

19、我们的社会系统知识即使在很多方面还非常不准确，但却不容易被新发现彻底推翻），由此可知，尽管我们对社会系统知识有不准确性，但是我们有合理的样本，即使有新发现也不容易被推翻，所以D项“社会制度的记录更可靠”符合题意。A项“它不是基于个人经验”，第一段最后一句提到even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience（即使它是建立在非常不完善的个人经验上）可知，社会系统的认识是基于个人经验，A项错误；B项“新发现不太可能出现在社会科学领域”和C项“它是基于相当有代表性的数据”文中未提及。因此，该题选

20、择D项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“物理科学发生巨大变化的可能性最大，因为”。第二段第一句指出In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even the earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out.（相比之下，我们对天文宇宙的认识，甚至地球的地质历史，都很容易随着新数据的加入和新理论的提出而发生革命性的变化），由

21、此可以推断，如果有新数据和新理论那么我们对天文宇宙的认识和地球的地质历史都会发生巨大的变化，即物理科学上的变化，所以A项“矛盾的理论层出不穷”符合题意。B项“新信息不断地传入”，原文说的是新数据而不是新信息；C项“它们的发展方向很难预测”文章未提及；D项“我们对物理世界的认识是不准确的”，文章最后一句提到Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete（我们对物理进化的认识是不完整的），可知我们对物理世界的认识是incomplete（不完善的），而不是不准确的。因此，该题选择A项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“我们对宇宙的了解比我们对任何

22、社会系统的了解都要少，因为”。根据第二段倒数第二句Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping, is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems.（

23、我们对宇宙的印象是最不安全的仅仅因为我们观察到的是如此小的一个样本和它的保存记录，这与丰富的社会系统记录相比，甚至和生物系统有限的记录相比，它都是微不足道的）可知，我们对宇宙的了解比我们对任何社会系统的了解都要少是因为我们观察的样本太小，有关的记录太少，而记录通常是来自科学家的研究结果，所以可推断是因为天文学领域研究的科学家很少，故D项“很少有科学家参与天文学的研究”正确。A项“关于它的起源和历史有各种各样的理论”，这是我们在天文宇宙方面研究记录少和安全性低的具体说明，不是原因；B项“我们对它的了解是非常不可靠的”，这是结果，也不是原因；C项“只有一小部分样本被观察到”，这是对天文学知识感觉不

24、安全的原因，而非对天文学了解很少的原因。因此，该题选择D项正确。2. 单选题A Frenchman who has an unusually sensitive nose can（ ）hundreds of different smells.问题1选项A.nominateB.dominateC.eliminateD.discriminate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项nominate“推荐，提名”，B项dominate“控制，支配”，C项eliminate“消除，排除”，D项discriminate“歧视，区别”。根据关键词sensitive nose（敏感的鼻子）和different

25、 smells（不同的气味）可知，只有D项符合。句意：一个法国人拥有异常灵敏的鼻子，可以辨别数百种不同的气味。因此，该题选择D项正确。3. 单选题I will tell Tom he is an adopted child, but I will do it in due course.问题1选项A.at proper timeB.of courseC.in my own wayD.sooner or later【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。in due course表示“在适当的时候，及时”；A项at proper time“在适当的时候”，B项of course“当然”，C项in my

26、own way“以我自己的方式”，D项sooner or later“迟早，早晚”。句意：我会告诉汤姆他是收养的孩子，但我会在适当的时候告诉他。根据句意可知，该题选择A项正确。4. 单选题What we see when we photograph the Sun is a huge glowing ball of gas. Underneath this hot and extremely bright photosphere lies other gas while, in the central parts of the Sun, atoms are continually being

27、broken down and built up. In the center of the Sun it is just as if hundreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs were continually exploding, and the results of this reach the photosphere. This is why the photosphere shines so brightly and sends out x-rays and ultra-violet light. Yet sometimes dark spots

28、appear on the photosphere and these “sunspots” are evidence of greatly increased activity below. When sunspots appear, great bursts of the longer radio waves are often received. These are a thousand times more intense than those which radio-astronomers normally receive and which comes from what is c

29、alled “quiet” Sun, being radiated by the corona and the “chromospheres” that layer of not very bright gas which lies just above the photosphere.These immense bursts of radio waves are usually accompanied by an intensely bright area of “flare” near a sunspot, and it is clear that they are caused by a

30、 sudden burst of thermal radiation from below the photosphere. The visible flare and the burst of radio waves are also accompanied by a burst of X-rays, ultra-violet rays, and atomic particles.When there are sunspots but no flares accompanying them, the radio waves emitted by the “quiet” sun do not

31、remain constant but began to fluctuate, and the radio signals gradually become stronger. These changes do not correlate with changes in the number of sunspots, although it has been emitted by the “quiet” Sun do not remain constant but began to fluctuate, and the radio signals gradually become strong

32、er. These changes do not correlate with changes in the number of sunspots, although it has been found that the radio waves seem to be generated in the Suns atmosphere above the sunspots and not in the sunspots themselves. The changes in radio signals do, however, correlate with the calcium areas of

33、the Suns spectrum.Radio astronomy has helped considerably to increase our knowledge of the corona. Being visually very dim, the corona is hard to observe by optical means, even during total eclipses. During some eclipses it has been traced quite a long way from the Sun but was believed to extend no

34、more than about two million miles at the most above the photosphere. Direct radiation of radio waves from the corona has been received during day light up to about 1.5 million miles. However, by examining a distant radio source as the Sun passes in front of it, it is possible to discover how far the

35、 corona extends by observing how the radio waves from the distant source are affected. It was in this way that Professors M. Ryle and A. Hewish at Cambridge University, England, found that the corona could be traced out to more than 6 million miles, and in the line of the Suns equator to 12 million

36、miles or more. It has ever been suggested that the corona extends as far as the Earth itself.1. A good title for this passage would be（ ）.2. From the center out, the correct order of the suns layers is（ ）.3. The photosphere is the（ ）.4. The passage does not mention information dealing with the（ ）.5.

37、 Professor M. Ryle and A. Hewish have found that the suns corona（ ）.问题1选项A.What Radio Astronomy Tells Us About the SuntB.Radio AstronomytC.Facts About the Suns CoronatD.The Nature of the Sunt问题2选项A.photosphere, corona, chromospherestB.spectrum, chromospheres, photosphere, coronatC.corona, photospher

38、e, chromospherestD.photosphere, chromospheres, coronat问题3选项A.part of the sun we usually seetB.layer of gas which forms the coronatC.area in the sun where atoms break down and build uptD.area of the sun which sends out radio wavest问题4选项A.nuclear activity in the center of the suntB.intensity of ultra-

39、violet rays in the earths atmospheretC.activity of the chromospherestD.extent of the coronat问题5选项A.extends as far as the earth itselftB.can be measured by noting its effect on radio waves passing through ittC.extends not more than two million miles above the photospheretD.gives off x-rays【答案】第1题:D第2

40、题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章最好的标题是什么？”。通读文章，可知文章主要介绍太阳结构及其运行状况，以及太阳对地球无线电的影响；第一段介绍了太阳的内部结构，第二段和第三段介绍太阳黑子对无线电波的影响，最后一段介绍射电天文学对太阳日冕的研究；D项“太阳的本质”最能概括本文的内容；A项“射电天文学告诉我们关于太阳的事”、B项“射电天文学”和C项“关于太阳日冕的事实”都只是部分提及，不够全面。因此，该题选择D项正确。第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“从中心往外看，太阳各层的正确顺序是”。文章第一段提到In the center of the Sun

41、 it is just as if hundreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs were continually exploding, and the results of this reach the photospherebeing radiated by the corona and the “chromospheres” that layer of not very bright gas which lies just above the photosphere.（在太阳的中心，就好像成千上万颗氢弹不断地爆炸，最后到达光球层被日冕层和位于光球层上方的

42、一层不太亮的色球层辐射出来），由此可知，太阳层从内往外的顺序是光球层、色球层、日冕层；所以D项“光球、色球、日冕”正确。A项“光球，日冕，色球”、B项“光谱，色球，光球，日冕”和C项“日冕，光球，色球”都是错误的。因此，该题选择D项正确。第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“光球层是”。根据文章第一段第二句Underneath this hot and extremely bright photosphere lies other gas while, in the central parts of the Sun, atoms are continually being broken down a

43、nd built up.（在这个炙热而又极其明亮的光球层下面，还存在着其他气体，而在太阳的中心部分，原子正在不断地被分解和形成）可知，太阳的中心部分即光球层是用来分解和形成原子的，所以C项“太阳中原子分解和形成的区域”正确。A项“我们看到的部分太阳”，我们看到的太阳是光球层分解合成原子后所形成的太阳光，而非光球层本身；B项“形成日冕的气体层”表述错误；D项“太阳发出无线电波的区域”，这是太阳黑子发射出来的。因此，该题选择C项正确。第4题:细节事实题。题干意思是“这篇文章没有提到关于的信息”。根据第一段第三句In the center of the Sun it is just as if hu

44、ndreds of thousands of hydrogen bombs were continually exploding, and the results of this reach the photosphere.（在太阳的中心，就好像成千上万颗氢弹不断地爆炸，结果到达光球层），可知A项“太阳中心的核活动”有提及；根据第一段第四句This is why the photosphere shines so brightly and sends out x-rays and ultra-violet light.（这就是光球发出如此明亮的光并发出x射线和紫外线的原因）可知，文章只提到了紫

45、外线产生的原因，并未提及B项“地球大气层中紫外线的强度”；根据第一段最后一句These are a thousand times more intense than those which radio-astronomers normally receive and which comes from what is called “quiet” Sun, being radiated by the corona and the “chromospheres” that layer of not very bright gas which lies just above the photosph

46、ere.（这些辐射比射电天文学家通常接收到的辐射强一千倍，它们来自于被称为“安静”的太阳，由日冕和位于光球层上方的一层不太亮的色球层辐射而来）可知，C项“色球层的运动”在文中有提及；根据最后一段倒数第二句It was in this way that Professors M. Ryle and A. Hewish at Cambridge University, England, found that the corona could be traced out to more than 6 million miles, and in the line of the Suns equator

47、 to 12 million miles or more.（正是通过这种方式，英国剑桥大学的M. Ryle和A. Hewish教授发现日冕可以追溯到600万英里以上，在太阳赤道线上可以追溯到1200万英里以上）可知D项“日冕范围”也有提及。因此，该题只有B项未提及，选择B项正确。第5题:细节事实题。题干意思是“M. Ryle和A. Hewish教授发现了太阳的日冕”。根据文章倒数第三句话However, by examining a distant radio source as the Sun passes in front of it, it is possible to discover

48、 how far the corona extends by observing how the radio waves from the distant source are affected.（然而，当太阳从一个遥远的射电源前面经过时，通过观察来自遥远的射电源的无线电波是如何受到影响的，就有可能发现日冕延伸了多远）可知B项“可以通过注意它对通过它的无线电波的影响来测量”正确。A项“延伸到地球本身”，文章最后一句提到It has ever been suggested that the corona extends as far as the Earth itself.（曾经有人认为日冕一直

49、延伸到地球本身），可知这不是M. Ryle和A. Hewish教授的发现；根据文章倒数第二句It was in this way that Professors M. Ryle and A. Hewish at Cambridge University, England, found that the corona could be traced out to more than 6 million miles, and in the line of the Suns equator to 12 million miles or more.（正是通过这种方式，英国剑桥大学的M. Ryle和A.

50、 Hewish教授发现日冕可以追溯到600万英里以上，在太阳赤道线上可以追溯到1200万英里以上）可知，C项“在光球层上方延伸不超过200万英里”和D项“放射x射线”在这里都未提及。因此，该题选择B项正确。5. 翻译题The Olympic Games are a display of international goodwill. The ceremonies, with their emphasis upon both nationalism and internationalism, are a thrilling sight to see. At the start, the king

51、 or president of the country in which the Olympic Games are being held is presented. The national anthem of his country is sung. Then follows a parade of all the contestants, each bearing his countrys flag and shield. This march is accompanied by a fanfare of trumpets. When the Olympic flag is raise

52、d, guns fire a salute. Doves, symbols of peace, are released. Finally then sacred fire is lit. The Olympic flame is set alight by a torch that has been carried by relay runners all the way from Olympia, Greece. The sacred fire then burns throughout the entire Olympic Games.【答案】答：奥运会是一个展现国际友好的平台。这些强调

53、民族主义和国际主义的仪式是一种令人激动的景象。仪式一开始出现的是举办国的国王或者总统，并伴随着该国国歌的奏起。然后是各个国家的运动员队伍高举自己国家的国旗和国徽，依次列队入场。伴随着这些游行队伍的是声势浩大的喇叭声。当奥林匹克会会旗升起时，鸣炮敬礼，象征和平的鸽子被放飞。最后，奥运圣火由从希腊奥林匹亚山脉一路传递过来的火炬来点燃。神圣的奥运会火焰将会照亮整个比赛进程。6. 单选题The visiting professor was so（ ）in his field that many of our faculty members became nervous in his presence.

54、问题1选项A.imminentB.eminentC.precedentD.prudent【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项imminent“即将来临的，迫近的”，B项eminent“杰出的，有名的”，C项precedent“在前的，在先的”，D项prudent“谨慎的，精明的”。根据关键词visiting professor（客座教授）可知，空格部分应该修饰人，A、C选项排除；根据后面的从句many of our faculty members became nervous in his presence（许多教员一见到他就紧张起来）可知，D项不太符合句意，故B项正确。句意：这位客座教授在

55、他的领域内是如此的杰出，以至于我们的许多教员一见到他就紧张起来。故该题选择B 项正确。7. 问答题In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for

56、 farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These dev

57、elopments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national co

58、mmitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed b

59、y Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the

60、Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing, flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roos

61、evelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.1. What impa

62、ct did the declining demand for American farm products have on American farm products?2. According to the passage, what worsened American farmers financial situation in 1930s?3. Why was the Federal Farm Board established in 1929?4. What was planned in the Agricultural Adjustment Act to raise farm pr

63、ices?5. Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act declared unconstitutional?【答案】答：1.The result was a sharp drop in farm prices.2.Great Depression.3.To provide greater economic stability for farmers.4.Encouraged farmers reduce the scale of the production.5.The law benefited farmers at the expense of ot

64、hers.【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“对美国农产品需求的下降对美国农产品产生了什么影响？”。文章第一段提到In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity(紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices.（随着欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复过来，并开始实施紧缩计划以减少进口，20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降了；结果是农产品价格急剧下降），因此答案为The result was a sharp drop in farm prices（结果是农产品价格急剧下降）。2.细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，是什么恶化了20世纪30年代美国农民的财政状况？”。第一段最后一句提到These developments were made worse by the Great Dep