2022年考博英语-宁波大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷74

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1、2022年考博英语-宁波大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Among the most popular books being written today are those which are usually (1) as science fiction. (2) of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. (3), some of the most successful films of recent years have been (4) science fictio

2、n stories.It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new (5) in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned (6) the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often (7) in modern societies.Most

3、of the (8) of science fiction, (9), have been written within the last one hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G Wells, to (10) just two well-known authors, have been translated into many languages.Modern science fiction writers dont (11) about men from Mars or space adventure s

4、tories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technological developments (12) society and the human mind; or (13) imagining future worlds which are (14) of the world we live in now. (15) this their writing has obvious political undertones.(16) an age where science fact frequently ove

5、rtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep (17) scientific advances. Those who are (18) clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide valuable lesson on (19) to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology

6、 and come to (20) with a continually changing view of the world.问题1选项A.classifiedB.collectedC.separatedD.divided问题2选项A.HundredB.A hundredC.HundredsD.The hundred问题3选项A.OtherwiseB.HoweverC.BesidesD.Except问题4选项A.depended onB.established onC.based onD.made on问题5选项A.developmentB.improvementC.advanceD.cha

7、nge问题6选项A.onB.aboutC.atD.with问题7选项A.appearedB.foundC.placedD.put问题8选项A.celebritiesB.copiesC.classicsD.articles问题9选项A.whereasB.thereforeC.howeverD.moreover问题10选项A.suggestB.speakC.referD.mention问题11选项A.sayB.writeC.tellD.describe问题12选项A.inB.onC.fromD.of问题13选项A.inB.aboutC.onD.of问题14选项A.an impressionB.a

8、reflectionC.a descriptionD.an imitation问题15选项A.Instead ofB.Because ofC.In addition toD.In spite of问题16选项A.InB.ThroughC.DuringD.At问题17选项A.in front ofB.previous toC.ahead ofD.before问题18选项A.enoughB.sufficientlyC.tooD.necessarily问题19选项A.whyB.whetherC.whenD.how问题20选项A.termsB.understandingC.agreementsD.re

9、alization【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:C第10题:D第11题:B第12题:B第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:A第17题:C第18题:B第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】A. classified 分类 B. collected 收集C. separated 分离 D. divided 分割【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语those指代的是前面的books，宾语是science fiction（科幻小说），book和science fiction之间是“归类”的关系，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除

10、】B、C、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】当今最受欢迎的书通常被归类为科幻小说。2.【选项释义】A. Hundred 百，百个 B. A hundred 一百C. Hundreds 数百 D. The hundred 一百【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】结合选项，关键词是hundred，空格后面为介词of，可知，hundreds of固定用法，表示“数以百计的”，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项不符合固定用法；B、D选项与of不搭配。【句意】每年有数百种书籍出版，供各种各样的人阅读。3.【选项释义】A. Otherwise 否则，不然 B. However 然而C. Besides 另外 D. E

11、xcept 除非【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前一句是“每年有数百种书籍出版，供各种各样的人阅读”，后一句提到“一些最成功的电影是由科幻小说来的”，从中可知这两个句子为递进关系，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均不符合句间逻辑。【句意】此外，近年来一些最成功的电影都是科幻故事。4.【选项释义】A. depended on 依赖于，取决于 B. established on 建立在C. based on 基于 D. made on 在上获利，在赚钱【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语是the most successful films（最成功的电影），宾语是science fiction

12、 stories（科幻故事），film和fiction之间的关系应该是“film是建立在fiction的基础之上”，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、D选项不符合语义逻辑；B选项中的established一般和in搭配而不是on，故排除。【句意】此外，近年来一些最成功的电影都是根据科幻故事改编的。5.【选项释义】A. development 发展 B. improvement 提高C. advance 进步 D. change 改变【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据后面but转折句的内容“但它的祖先可以在几百年前写的书中找到”，其中它指的是science fiction，该句提到了ancestor

13、，而上半句中空格前面提到了一个new，可知这里是有对比关系在内。Science fiction（科幻小说）和literature（文学）之间，应该是用“发展”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项均不符合语义逻辑；C选项一般指某种活动或者理解领域的进展或进步，排除。【句意】人们通常认为科幻小说是文学中一种相当新的发展，但它的祖先可以在几百年前写的书中找到。6.【选项释义】A. on 在上 B. about 关于C. at 在 D. with 和【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由前面的be concerned可知，be concerned with固定用法，表示“涉及”，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C

14、选项没有此搭配；B选项be concerned about表示“关心，关注”，不符合句子语义。【句意】这些书常常涉及理想社会的某种形式的呈现。7.【选项释义】A. appeared 出现 B. found 发现C. placed 放置 D. put 拿【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】定语从句中的主语为a theme（主题），指的是前面提到的“这些书常常涉及理想社会的某种形式的呈现”，空格后面提到了in modern societies（在现代社会中），且用了still一词，表示与前面内容是一样的，所以theme和modern society之间是“被呈现、被发现”的关系，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A

15、、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】这个主题在现代社会中仍然经常出现。8.【选项释义】A. celebrities 名人，名誉 B. copies 副本，复制品C. classics 古典文学，经典 D. articles 文章【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】结合下文have been written within the last one hundred years（都是在过去的一百年里写的），根据主谓搭配可知是文章或经典被写，再结合下一句的内容Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G Wells（朱尔斯凡尔纳和H.G.威尔斯等作家的著作），提到两

16、位科幻小说届有名的大作家，可知这里的最佳答案是C选项，表示“科幻小说的经典之作”。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】大多数科幻小说的经典之作。9.【选项释义】A. whereas 反之，鉴于 B. therefore 因此C. however 然而 D. moreover 而且，此外【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上一段提到“科幻小说的祖先（ancestor）可以在几百年前写的书中找到”，而这一句说“大多数科幻小说的经典之作是在最近一百年内写成的”，可知前后为转折关系，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】然而，大多数科幻小说的经典之作都是在最近一

17、百年内写成的。10.【选项释义】A. suggest 建议，暗示 B. speak 说C. refer 委托，参考 D. mention 提及【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】此中间部分是作为插入语补充说明，空格后面直接跟的名词authors，根据前面的such as（比如）可知，此处表示“提及”，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句子语义。【句意】像两位著名作家朱尔斯凡尔纳和H.G.威尔斯的作品，就已被翻译成多种语言。11.【选项释义】A. say 说 B. write 写C. tell 告诉 D. describe 描述【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】主语是writers，宾语是stori

18、es，那么谓语动词应该是与“写”相关，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合主谓搭配。【句意】现代科幻作家不写来自火星的人或太空冒险故事。12.【选项释义】A. in 在里 B. on 在上C. from 来自 D. of 的【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由句子可知，technological developments（技术发展）和society and the human mind（社会和人类思想）之间的关系是“技术发展对社会和人类思想产生影响”，所以result on（是结果）符合语义，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人

19、类思想的结果。13.【选项释义】A. in 在里 B. about 关于C. on 在上 D. of 的【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】根据or可知，空格后面的imagining future worlds（想象未来的世界）与前面predicting the results of（预测结果）为并列关系，所以imagining future worlds（想象未来的世界）前面跟的其实是be interested in（感兴趣），所以用介词in，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子结构。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人类思想的结果，或者想象未来的世界。14.【选项释义】A.

20、an impression 一种印象 B. a reflection 一种反映C. a description 一种描述 D. an imitation 一种模仿【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】定语从句中的主语是future worlds（未来世界），宾语是the world we live in now（我们现在生活的世界），而前面提到了imagining，可知，科幻小说是对未来世界的一种想象，那么这种想象通常是对现在生活的世界的映射，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】他们更感兴趣的是预测技术发展对社会和人类思想的结果，或者想象未来的世界，这是我们现在生活的世界的

21、反映。15.【选项释义】A. Instead of 而不是 B. Because of 因为C. In addition to 另外 D. In spite of 尽管【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】上一句提到“未来的世界是我们现在生活的世界的反映”，这一句却说“他们的写作具有明显的政治色彩”，可知，前后是因果关系，故B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】因此他们的写作具有明显的政治色彩。16.【选项释义】A. In 在里 B. Through 通过C. During在期间 D. At 在【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格后的an age可知，in an age固定用法

22、，表示“在一个时代”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C选项不符合固定搭配；D选项at an age表示“在年纪”，不符合本题语境，排除。【句意】在这个科学事实常常超过科幻小说的时代。17.【选项释义】A. in front of 在前面（地点方面） B. previous to 以前C. ahead of 在之前（时间、成绩、空间等抽象方面） D. before 在之前（时间、顺序方面）【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前半句提到“科学事实常常超过科幻小说”，后半句用到了difficult to do（难于做某事），且空格后是scientific advances（科学进步），所以应该是“科幻小

23、说很难领先于科学进步”，结合固定搭配keep ahead of“保持领先”可知C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语法和语义逻辑。【句意】在这个科学事实常常超过科幻小说的时代，作者们可能会发现要领先科学进步很难。18.【选项释义】A. enough 足够 B. sufficiently 充分地，足够地C. too 太多 D. necessarily 必要地【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】根据句子可知，who引导的定语从句中缺少一个副词，由后面的宾语valuable lesson（宝贵的一课）可知，clear-sighted（眼光敏锐的）前面应该表示“充足地、充分地”，B项正确。【

24、干扰项排除】A选项enough做副词通常放在形容词之后，做后置定语，所以该项不符合句子结构；C选项too与后面的to构成了tooto（太而不能）的用法，不符合句子语义；D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】那些足够清楚地看到我们前进的道路的人。19.【选项释义】A. why 为什么 B. whether 是否C. when 何时 D. how 怎么样，如何【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】由上半句中的the way可知，空格处是表示方式，结合固定搭配how to deal with“怎么处理；如何应对”可知D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】然而，如何处理社会将不可避免地面

25、临的问题，那些足够清醒地看到我们正在走的道路的人可能提供了宝贵的一课。20.【选项释义】A. terms 条件，条款 B. understanding 理解C. agreements 协议，同意 D. realization 实现，领悟【解题思路】由空格前面的come to可知，come to terms with为固定用法，表示“妥协，让步”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合此搭配。【句意】然而，当社会试图掌握其新技术并适应不断变化的世界观时，如何处理社会将不可避免地面临的问题，那些足够清醒地看到我们正在走的道路的人可能提供了宝贵的一课。2. 翻译题Read the follo

26、wing text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas. In the Eng

27、lish-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”The penalties for plagiarism vary from s

28、ituation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. (46) In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment

29、 and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept.(47) Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-cri

30、tical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are pl

31、agiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand fr

32、om discussions with colleagues. (48) Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to

33、 acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentationnote-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliographyare easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. (49) Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expres

34、sion of them.” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The write, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steal

35、s, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of

36、 others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. (50) Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members o

37、f the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.【答案】【参考译文】46. 在文学界，作者受到国际版权法的保护，免受剽窃，处罚范围从小额罚款到监禁和毁掉职业生涯不等。47. 作为没有经验的学者，学生必须避免各种类型的剽窃和抄袭，在使用其他学者的想法时要自我批评，对借用的思想和词语的来源给予适当的赞扬，否则会发生可怕的后果。48. 尽管这类剽窃必须加以防范，但它是最不严重的，如果吸取了教训，可以免于受到严厉的惩罚。49. 尽管“新闻和思想没有版权，只

38、有它们的表达方式”，但当作者的思想来源受到质疑时，他不能以无知为借口。50. 作为发展中的学者、作家、教师和职业领袖，学生应该意识到并承担自己的责任，记录所有引用的语言和思想的来源。3. 单选题Concern for the environment in the US extends back into the nineteenth century, when nature lovers and sports enthusiasts first sought protection for areas of exceptional natural beauty or significance.

39、But it was not until the late 1960s that environmental concerns entered the mainstream of American political debate. By then many Americans had come to the conclusion that more development was not necessarily desirable, especially if it meant more polluted air, dying lakes and rivers, and a landscap

40、e strewn with unsightly waste, and crowded with sprawling construction projects. In May of 1970, several environmental groups staged the first Earth Day celebration, designed to heighten public awareness of environmental problems. The success of that initial effort led to it becoming a regular annua

41、l event.During the 1950s and 1960s, industrial and vehicle pollution levels had become a serious threat to public health, so the environmental movement of this period focused heavily on restoring and ensuring the cleanliness of basic air and water supplies. Rapidly expanding development pressures we

42、re also spurring efforts to preserve unique lands and threatened wildlife habitats, and to protect the endangered species supported by them before they vanished into extinction. It is generally accepted that the environmental protection movement was so successful because of its grass roots support;

43、groups of activists in hundreds of towns that took the initiative in cleaning up their own communities. During the 1970s, this local activism reinforced support for the passage of key laws at the national level, such as the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, Endangered Species Act, and National Environ

44、mental Policy Act, which together have constituted the foundation for environmental; standards in the US ever since.In addition to this national legislation, the year after the first Earth Day, by executive order, President Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); an organization

45、 dedicated to restoring and protecting the environment. The EPA spearheaded many contemporary efforts to protect the environment, but it was not working alone. It was allied with a wide variety of distinctly different and separate organizations ranging from a small number of well-funded high-profile

46、 national and international organizations to many thousands of smaller special interest groups and even individuals working at the local level. Thanks to the additional help of environmentally conscious political figures in the mold of Teddy Roosevelt, who nearly a century before established the fir

47、st national parks in the USA, the movement gained momentum. The EPA has now become one of the governments largest and most influential regulatory agencies. Through its own efforts and in cooperation with other organizations, it has earned a large measure of credit for protecting and restoring the qu

48、ality of the environment in the United States.Although one might assume that the cause of environmental protection would engender universal support, it does have its detractors. One criticism that has been leveled against the movement is the claim that its predictions about the dire consequences of

49、environmental damage have often been in error. Environmentalists counter this assertion by pointing out that their warnings have often brought about changes on the part of the public, the government and private industry, and that these changes prevented the predictions from being realized. However,

50、just as it is often very difficult to gauge the impact of human activity on something as complex as the environment, it is equally difficult to determine which side is right in this debate. Because environmental issues cover such a wide range of concerns, this is a question that must be considered o

51、n a case by case basis. These voices of dissent have demonstrated to environmentalists the need to apply quantitative methods in assessing the extent of the destruction they have witnessed, or the degree to which their work has been manifested in actual improvement of the environment.31. On which of

52、 the following does the passage mainly focus?32. The word spurring in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.33. According to Paragraph 2, why was the environmental protection movement so widely successful?34. The word spearheaded in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by _.35. According to Paragraph 4

53、, what was a common criticism of the environmental protection?问题1选项A.Earth Days impact on the environmental movement.B.How to protect the environment of the planet.C.The environmental protection movement, and how it began.D.The success of the EPA in protecting natural resources.问题2选项A.opposingB.mana

54、gingC.supportingD.motivating问题3选项A.It protected plants and animals people cared about.B.It functioned well at the local level.C.It voted unsympathetic politicians out of office.D.It forced ratification of important national laws.问题4选项A.inspiredB.ledC.conceivedD.modified问题5选项A.It suggested measures t

55、hat would harm the economy.B.Its predictions could not be prevented through practical action.C.That it lacked the support needed to make any real progress.D.The environmental damage it claimed was not seen.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】31.【选项释义】31. On which of the following does the passage mainl

56、y focus? 31. 这篇文章主要关注以下哪一点？A. Earth Days impact on the environmental movement. A. 地球日对环境运动的影响。B. How to protect the environment of the planet. B. 如何保护地球环境。C. The environmental protection movement, and how it began. C. 环境保护运动及其起源。D. The success of the EPA in protecting natural resources. D. 环境保护署保护自然

57、资源的成功。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段先分析早期没有环保意识时的状况，然后谈到对于环境保护工作的重视；接着中间两段讲述了各个团体共同合作才开始有环保工作的开始；最后一段涉及了环保事业的一些批评。全文的主题词就是“environmental protection”，所以本文主要关注的是环境保护运动以及它的起源，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、D选项只在文中某一段提到，并不全面，属于以偏概全；B选项属于曲解原文，文章并没有就这个问题展开论述。32.【选项释义】32. The word spurring in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

58、 _.32. 第二段中的单词spurring的意思最接近_。A. opposing A. 反对B. managing B. 管理C. supporting C. 支持D. motivating D. 激励【考查点】词汇推理题。【解题思路】定位第二段第二句“迅速扩大的发展压力也spurring人们努力去保护独特的土地和受到威胁的野生动物栖息地，并在它们灭绝之前保护它们所支持的濒危物种”，根据前后词语pressures和efforts to do，可推测，是“压力促使人们努力去做某事”，所以spurring与“促使”的意思相近，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项明显与文意不符，属于曲解原文；C选项

59、表述也不正确，压力对于去做某事的努力不太可能是“支持”，该项曲解原文。33.【选项释义】33. According to Paragraph 2, why was the environmental protection movement so widely successful? 33. 根据第二段，为什么环境保护运动如此广泛地成功？A. It protected plants and animals people cared about. A. 它保护人们关心的植物和动物。B. It functioned well at the local level. B. 它在地方一级运作良好。C.

60、It voted unsympathetic politicians out of office. C. 它投票把没有同情心的政客赶下台。D. It forced ratification of important national laws. D. 它强制批准重要的国家法律。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】定位到第二段第三句“人们普遍认为，环保运动之所以如此成功，是因为它得到了群众的支持（its grass roots support）；数百个城镇的积极分子主动清理自己的社区”，可知，环保运动广泛地成功是因为得到了基层人群的大力支持，所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C选项没有提到，属于无中

61、生有；D选项定位第二段最后一句“在20世纪70年代，这种地方行动主义加强了（local activism reinforced support）对国家层面关键法律的通过的支持”可知，并不是环保主义使得国家层面关键法律被通过，并且forced用词也很不恰当，属于曲解原文。34.【选项释义】34. The word spearheaded in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by _. 34. 第三段中spearheaded一词最好用_代替。A. inspired A. 鼓舞B. led B. 导致，领导C. conceived C. 构思，设想D. modif

62、ied D. 修改【考查点】词汇推理题。【解题思路】定位第三段第二句“环境保护署spearheaded当代许多保护环境努力，但它并不是单独行动”，head本来就有“领导”的意思；另外，前一句提到EPA是“一个致力于恢复和保护环境的组织”，综合推测，可知，spearhead的意思就是“带领”，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均不符合文意，属于曲解原文。35.【选项释义】35. According to Paragraph 4, what was a common criticism of the environmental protection? 35. 根据第四段，对环境保护最常见的批评是什么？A. It suggested measures that would harm the economy. A. 它提出了一些会损害经济的措施。B. Its predictions could not be prevented through practical action. B. 它的预测不能通过实际行动加以