2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷29

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1、2022年考博英语-湖南师范大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Many of these programmers have developed integrated materials to（ ）the mastery of English.问题1选项A.produceB.aimC.attemptD.facilitate【答案】D【解析】produce生产；aim打算，瞄准；attempt试图，尝试；facilitate促进，帮助。句意：很多程序员开发了一些综合材料来促进人们对英语的掌握。选项D符合句意。2. 单选题After hydrogen, helium is the

2、second most abundant element in the universe. But how do astronomers know that? It might seem that the philosopher Auguste Comte was on solid ground when he stated in 1844 that, because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition. Yet only a few years later chemist

3、s discovered that under the proper circumstances every element emits a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you. By analyzing the light coming from stars, astronomers have been able to identify the different chemical elements in the star

4、s and in cosmic space, as well as their relative quantities. It is an interesting historical note that helium was actually found on the sun, in 1868, before it was found on earth, in the 1890s. (The name helium comes from the Greek world hellos, meaning “sun”)The central principle of chemistry is th

5、at all matter is composed of atoms. These atoms emit the colors of light that characterize each element. Each atom consists of a nucleus, or positively charged core, and around this nucleus are electrons, which are negatively charged particles. The characteristic light emitted by an atom gives us in

6、formation about the arrangement of electrons about the atomic nucleus. This arrangement determines the chemical properties of the atom.The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of one of its atoms. The atomic number is a fundamental property, because it also equals the

7、number of electrons around the nucleus in the normal (electrically neutral) atom, and these electrons determine the atoms chemical properties. The periodic table of the elements (that is, their arrangement into the rows and columns based on their chemical and physical properties) is a result of the

8、way the electrons are arranged in the atoms, and this arrangement or structure depends on the number of electrons and thus on the atomic structure.1.In this passage, fundamental means（ ）.2.The authors purpose in this passage is to（ ）.3.Auguste Comte said that we could never know the composition of t

9、he stars because they are（ ）.4.According to the passage, a central principle of chemistry is that（ ）.5.The tone of this passage can best be described as（ ）.6.The organizational pattern of the first paragraph of this passage is（ ）.7.The author explains the characteristic pattern of color emitted by e

10、ach element by comparing this pattern to（ ） .问题1选项A.firstB.heavyC.basicD.early问题2选项A.persuadeB.informC.entertainD.tell a story问题3选项A.moving away from usB.very far awayC.very hotD.made of helium问题4选项A.different atoms emit different color of lightB.the sun contains heliumC.the atomic number is a funda

11、mental propertyD.all matter is composed of atoms问题5选项A.objectiveB.poeticC.hostileD.opinionated问题6选项A.chronological orderB.spatial orderC.definitionD.example illustration问题7选项A.the scales of a fishB.the feathers of a birdC.a footprintD.a fingerprint.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:D第7题:D【解析】1.词汇题。根据

12、原文可知“fundamental property”指基本性质，fundamental意为“基础的，基本的”，basic也表示“基本的”。所以选项C正确。2.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，本文主要是从客观公正的角度描述事实，讲述化学物质氦的构成及其性质，所以选项B正确。3.细节事实题。根据第一段第三句“because of the remoteness of the stars, we could never know their chemical composition.”由于星星距离遥远，我们永远无法知道它们的化学成分。选项B符合原文。4.根据第二段第一句“The central prin

13、ciple of chemistry is that all matter is composed of atoms.”化学的核心原则是所有的物质都是由原子构成的。选项D符合原文。5.观点态度题。根据原文可知，本文主要是从客观公正的角度描述事实，所以作者的态度是客观的，选项A正确。6.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，本段是用举例说明的方法来介绍氦元素的发现过程，所以选项D正确。chronological order时间顺序；spatial order空间顺序；definition下定义；example illustration举例说明。7.细节事实题。根据第一段第四句“under the p

14、roper circumstances every element emits a certain combination of colors of light that can identify it, just as your fingerprints can identify you.”在适当的情况下，每一种元素都会发出一种特定的光的颜色组合来识别它，就像你的指纹可以识别你一样。由此可知，作者是将光和指纹进行对比，选项D正确。3. 单选题She（ ）a large sum to the college endowment fund.问题1选项A.submittedB.donatedC.a

15、ppliedD.granted【答案】B【解析】submit提交；donate捐赠；apply应用，申请；grant授权。根据“endowment fund”可知这里是捐赠了一大笔钱，所以选项B正确。4. 单选题_ is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.问题1选项A.WhatB.AsC.ItD.That【答案】B【解析】考查定语从句。句意：人们普遍认为，经济增长取决于生产的顺利发展。as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，通常均由逗

16、号将其与主句隔开。B选项As符合题意，其余选项语法错误。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题While its unique eating habits make the mountain gorilla a fascinating subject for observations, its small population and its shyness serve to _ many potential studies.问题1选项A.inspireB.fortifyC.releaseD.hinder【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inspire“赋予灵感；鼓舞；激起”；B选项fortify“

17、（在物质或精神上）加强”；C选项release“（情感）发泄；放松”；D选项hinder“阻碍”。句意：虽然山地大猩猩独特的饮食习惯吸引许多人的观察，但它数量少和害羞的特点_许多研究的可能性。横线处和studies构成动宾关系，While表示转折，大猩猩数量少且害羞，即使很多人想研究大猩猩也不能顺利地进行研究，会遇到一些困难，D选项hinder“阻碍”符合题意。因此D选项正确。6. 单选题The chairman reminded the lecturer not to be carried away and （ ）from the theme.问题1选项A.deviateB.escapeC.

18、descendD.derail【答案】D【解析】deviate from为固定搭配, 意为“脱离, 偏离”。句意：主席提醒演讲者不要忘乎所以, 偏离主题。选项D符合句意。7. 单选题The （ ）of modem bridge is made of concrete or steel and covered with something else.问题1选项A.archB.platformC.skeletonD.coating【答案】A【解析】arch拱形, 拱门；platform平台, 月台；skeleton骨架, 骨骼；coating 涂层, 包衣。句意：现代桥梁的拱是由混凝土或钢制成的,

19、 上面覆盖着其他的材料。选项A符合句意。8. 单选题In Briton the robin is a small bird, but its（ ）in America is much large.问题1选项A.speciesB.counterpartC.analogyD.category【答案】A【解析】句意：在英国知更鸟是一种小鸟, 但在美国它的物种要大得多。species物种, 种类；counterpart相似物；analogy 类比, 类似；category种类, 分类。选项A形容生物种类, 所以选项A正确。9. 翻译题随着地球上人口的增加，人类依靠土地资源生存变得越来越困难。土地的总量

20、是有限的。虽然使用拖拉机等机械和施用化肥可以提高农业产量，但是土地最终所能产出的粮食只有那么多，不会再增加。随着人口越来越多，人类的消耗也越来越多。很明显，地球上某些地区人口已经饱和；在这其中的许多地区，未来的人口增长肯定会带来更多的贫穷和苦难。然而，富裕国家的人们所使用的自然资源的比例，如粮食和能源，则远大于贫穷国家的人们，他们毫无节制地使用在另一方面会造成资源的巨大浪费。【答案】As the number of people on Earth increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive

21、 on the resources of the land. The amount of land is limited. Although agricultural production can be increased by use of machinery such as tractors and the addition of fertilizer, the land ultimately can produce only so much food and no more. As the human population grows, people consume more. Clea

22、rly, some locations on Earth already have too many people, in many of these areas, future increases will surely bring about more poverty and suffering. Yet people in rich nations use proportionally far more of the available resources than people in poorer nations. As they consume these resources wit

23、hout restraint, they also waste large amounts of them.10. 单选题Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for “academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridor

24、s of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobilit

25、y of ideas, their transference across frontiers, and their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether either with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new

26、technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the 20th century, and particularly in th

27、e last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the airplane, making contact between schools even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of know

28、ledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning and a far greater number of scholars an

29、d students. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work

30、m some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.1.According to the passage, scholars and students are great travelers because （ ）.2.The writer says that travel was important in the past because it （ ）.3.What, in the writers opinion, happens to

31、a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues?4.According to the passage, the recent growth in air travel has meant that （ ）.5.The writer thinks that academic work has recently become more specialized because （ ） .问题1选项A.Salaries and conditions are better abroadB.standards are higher at foreign

32、 universitiesC.they are eager for new knowledgeD.their government encourage them to travel问题2选项A.led to economic progressB.was a way of spreading ideasC.made new ideas less shockingD.broke down political barriers问题3选项A.He gains recognition for his achievementsB.He attracts large numbers of studentsC

33、.He risks his ideas being stolenD.He is considered slightly mad问题4选项A.more students from remote areas can attend universityB.universities can be built in remoter places】C.scholars can meet each other more easilyD.textbooks have wide circulation问题5选项A.more people are studying sciencesB.a greater vari

34、ety of subjects is studiedC.more students are doing postgraduate workD.the number of universities has increased【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句, 认真的学生总是准备出国寻找最具启发性的老师和最著名的学院;寻找最纯粹的哲学, 最有效的医学, 最有可能的黄金之路。总而言之, 他们渴望新知识, 所以选项C正确。2.根据第二段的第一句“Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas,

35、 their transference across frontiers,.”这种流动也意味着思想的流动.由此可知作者认为过去的游学很重要的原因是：游学是传播思想的一种方式。选项B符合原文。3.根据第二段第二句, 学习的目的是与学生或同事分享;有人认为, 只有怪人才对一项惊人的发现或一项新技术的功劳不感兴趣。也就是说, 通过分享, 分享者的成就获得了人们的认可。选项A符合原文。4.根据第三段最后一句可知, 交通工具的发展使得学者之间联系更为方便, 所以选项C符合原文。5.根据最后一段倒数第二句, 人们必须认识到学科的大量增加, 特别是在科学领域, 由于扩大了高级研究的总领域, 产生了大量的专家

36、, 他们的特殊兴趣得到了精确的界定。由此可知, 学术研究越来越专业是由于学科的大量增加, 选项B符合原文。11. 单选题Though there are hundreds of test papers, I can pick his out without hesitation, for his handwriting is quite （ ）.问题1选项A.manifestB.separateC.distinctD.obvious【答案】C【解析】句意：尽管有好几百张试卷, 但我可以毫不犹豫地找出他的试卷, 因为他的笔迹很独特。选项C符合语境。12. 单选题People have wonde

37、red for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to expl

38、ain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between propone

39、nts of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as “ nature/nurture”.Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little if anything, to do with our

40、 abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or as they are often called, behaviorists, c

41、laimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic, they m

42、aintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue f

43、or a long time is certain.1.Which of the following statements would supporters of the “nature” theory agree with?2.Which of the following statements would proponents of the “nurture” theory agree with?3.B.F. Skinner （ ）.4.Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article （ ）.5.In

44、 the U.S, black people often score people on intelligence tests. With this in mind, which one of the following statements is not true?问题1选项A.A persons inducts have little effect on his actions.B.Environment is important in determining a persons behavior and personalityC.Biological reasons have a str

45、ong influence on how we act.D.The behaviorists view correctly explains how we act.问题2选项A.Environment has little to do with behaviorB.Behaviorist theory is not correctC.Biologically based instincts are important in how we act.D.A persons character is greatly influenced by his environment问题3选项A.suppor

46、ts the nature theoryB.thinks the environment plays an important role in determining characterC.believes instincts govern behaviorD.believes in the importance of genes in determining personality问题4选项A.supports the nature theoryB.supports the nurture theoryC.believes both are completely wrongD.thinks

47、that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories.问题5选项A.Nature proponents would say that whites are genetically superior to blacksB.Nurture proponents would disagree that blacks are biologically inferior to whitesC.Supporters of the nature theory would say that white

48、s score well because they have a superior environmentD.Behaviorists would say that blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that whites enjoy【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.根据第三段第一句“Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavi

49、or patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. ”那些支持“先天性”的人认为, 我们的个性和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物学和基因因素决定的。选项C符合原文。2.根据第一句可知, “后天性”理论的支持者认为, 环境比基于生物学的本能更能决定我们的行为模式。所以选项D正确。3.根据第四段第二句“A behaviorist B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroun

50、dings.”行为主义者B.F.Skinner认为, 人类的行为几乎完全是由周围环境塑造的。选项B符合原文。4.根据最后一段的内容可知, 这两种理论都不能完全解释人类的行为。事实上, 我们行为的关键很可能在这两个极端之间。选项D符合原文。5.选项C说“先天性”理论的支持者认为白人得分高是因为他们拥有优越的环境。很显然是错误的, 因为环境影响是“后天性”支持者的看法。所以本题选C。13. 写作题More and more people are realizing the fact that students of humanity and art can benefit themselves a

51、 lot by attending to science or engineering course, and the students of science and engineering can profit by referring to humanity disciplines such as literature, linguistics, history, and arts etc. The importance of the relationship between art and science is known to all of us, though some many v

52、oice different opinions. But how to relate science to art is a big question for students. Now please give your stance or pose as a researcher in your area in light of relating art to science if you are accepted as a postgraduate student.You should supply a title for your article which should be abou

53、t 300 words in length. In the first part of your article you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded f

54、or content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【答案】Science and Art14. 单选题All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brai

55、n blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appreciate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic stu

56、dies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automa

57、ticas with typing, for instance. It requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typists fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes

58、much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automaticautomaticity is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a stro

59、ng light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and

60、 the arousal level, therefore, fallsfails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment w

61、hen short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1. According to the brain blood follow studies problem solving _.2. The author believes that _.3. When a typist gets tired _.4. Examining bottles of wine is hard work because _.5. According

62、 to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is _.问题1选项A.increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB.causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC.demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD.is based on the ability to recite the time问题2选项A.the results obtained

63、in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC.the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD.the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations