2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷44

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Black holes arent exactly polite eaters.For the first time, scientists observed a black hole both devouring a star and ripping a plasma “burp” as it consumed its mealan incredibly rare find. Scientists have previously seen a black hole consume a star, and theyve

2、 also seen black holes spew superheated matter, but this is the first time theyve seen both events occur so closely together. Viewing this particular disappearing act at the center of a nearby galaxy has shed light on a previously theoretical phenomenon and brought researchers closer to understandin

3、g the physics of black holes.Ever since researchers at Ohio State University noticed a star roughly the size of the sun being pulled into a black hole in December 2014, a team of scientists led by Johns Hopkins University professor Sjoert van Velzen fixed its eyes on the hungry black hole, located r

4、oughly 300 million light years from Earth. Over the course of several months, van Velzens team watched the black hole siphon material from the doomed star until it was entirely devoured. Using a combination of X-ray, radio and optical signals, the team tracked the stars demise across multiple wavele

5、ngths, which allowed them to piece together a more complete picture of what happens when a black hole snacks on a star.Jets of X-ray and gamma ray radiation emanating from black holes have been documented before, but never as a direct result of a star being consumed. Black holes periodically emit pa

6、rticles from accretion disks, or rings of particles caught in their gravitational pull. It had been hypothesized that a similar emission would occur if a large body, such as a star, were dragged into a black hole. Scientists, however, had never been able to observe such an event. So, when researcher

7、s noticed an abrupt spike in activity around the black hole back in 2014, they knew they were about to watch something special. The size and intensity of the flare ruled out the possibility that it was caused by the black holes accretion disk, leaving few other possibilities.“Previous efforts to fin

8、d evidence for these jets, including my own, were late to the game,” van Velzen said in a news release.Because they caught the black hole in the act this time, researchers were able to confirm the theory that black holes emit flares of radiation in the process of consuming large quantities of matter

9、. While this phenomenon is still largely a mystery, it is thought that the jets are caused by magnetic fields interacting with the particles swirling around a black hole. The team published their findings in the journal Science.“The destruction of a star by a black hole is beautifully complicated, a

10、nd far from understood,” van Velzen said. “From our observations, we learn the streams of stellar debris can organize and make a jet rather quickly which is valuable input for constructing a complete theory of these events.”13. It is the first time that scientists have witnessed（ ）.14. Since Decembe

11、r 2014, professor van Velzen and his team have observed and tracked（ ）.15. Before this observation, scientists didnt know（ ）.16. According to professor van Velzen, theory about the events is（ ）.问题1选项A.a black hole consumes large quantities of matterB.a black hole spew superheated mattersC.a black ho

12、le consuming a star and emitting radiationD.a black hole interacts with another one问题2选项A.a black hole devouring a star bigger than the sunB.a black hole 300 million years from EarthC.the development of the black hole for yearsD.the process of the star being devoured问题3选项A.black holes can emit gamma

13、 ray radiationB.black holes can emit X-ray radiationC.black holes emits radiations when consuming starsD.black holes have abrupt spike in activity around itself问题4选项A.complicatedB.innovateC.matureD.embryonic【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D【解析】13.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“first time”可以定位到文章第二段第一句For the firs

14、t time, scientists observed a black hole both devouring a star and ripping a plasma “burp” as it consumed its mealan incredibly rare find.（科学家首次观测到一个黑洞吞噬了一颗恒星，并在吞噬恒星时撕裂了等离子体的“饱嗝”这是一个极其罕见的发现。），这里的“饱嗝”指的是黑洞吞噬了恒星后发出了辐射。因此C选项“黑洞吞噬了一颗恒星并发出辐射”正确。A选项“黑洞会消耗大量的物质”，B选项“黑洞喷出热物质”，D选项“一个黑洞与另一个黑洞相互影响”均不符合题意，所以A，B

15、，D错误。14.【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干关键词“professor van Velzen”可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Ever since researchers at Ohio State University noticed a star roughly the size of the sun being pulled into a black hole in December 2014, a team of scientists led by Johns Hopkins University professor Sjoert van Velzen fixed its

16、 eyes on the hungry black hole, located roughly 300 million light years from Earth. Over the course of several months, van Velzens team watched the black hole siphon material from the doomed star until it was entirely devoured.（自从俄亥俄州立大学的研究人员在2014年12月注意到一颗与太阳差不多大小的恒星被拉入黑洞后，约翰霍普金斯大学的Sjoert van Velzen

17、教授领导的科学家团队就把目光锁定在了这个距离地球约3亿光年的饥饿黑洞上。在几个月的时间里，van Velzen的团队看着黑洞从这颗注定要毁灭的恒星中吸取物质，直到它被完全吞噬。），说明自从2014年12月以来，van Velzen教授及其团队观察并跟踪了黑洞吞噬恒星的过程。因此D选项“恒星被吞噬的过程”正确。A选项“一个黑洞吞噬了一颗比太阳还大的恒星”，由原文可知，这颗恒星与太阳差不多大，所以A错误。B选项“距离地球3亿年的黑洞”，由原文可知这个黑洞距离地球约3亿光年，所以B错误。C选项“观察了好几年黑洞的发展”，由原文可知，他们观察的时间是几个月，所以C错误。15.【试题答案】C【试题解析】

18、客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段第三、四句It had been hypothesized that a similar emission would occur if a large body, such as a star, were dragged into a black hole. Scientists, however, had never been able to observe such an event.（有人曾假设，如果一个巨大的物体，比如一颗恒星，被拖进黑洞，也会发生类似的辐射。然而，科学家们从未能够观察到这样的事件。），说明在这次观测之前，科学家们并不知道黑洞在吞

19、噬恒星时也会产生辐射。因此C选项“黑洞吞噬恒星时会发出辐射”正确。A选项“黑洞可以发出伽马射线辐射”，B选项“黑洞能发出X射线辐射”，D选项“黑洞在自身周围有突然的活动峰值”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。16.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段“The destruction of a star by a black hole is beautifully complicated, and far from understood,” van Velzen said. “From our observations, we learn the streams o

20、f stellar debris can organize and make a jet rather quickly which is valuable input for constructing a complete theory of these events.”（“一颗恒星被黑洞毁灭的过程是非常复杂的，而且远未被理解，”van Velzen说。“从我们的观察中，我们了解到，恒星碎片流可以组织起来，并相当迅速地形成喷射流，这对构建这些事件的完整理论非常有价值。”），说明van Velzen教授认为关于这些事件的理论还处于初级阶段。因此D选项“萌芽阶段”正确。A选项“复杂”，B选项“创新

21、”，C选项“成熟”均不符合题意，所以A，B，C错误。2. 单选题Obesity generally is defined as an accumulation of fat (adipose tissue) beyond what is considered normal for a persons age, sex, and body type. In todays society obesity is considered as a disease, not a moral failing. It occurs when energy intake exceeds the amount o

22、f energy expended over time. Only in a small minority of cases is obesity caused by such illnesses as hypothyroidism , or the result of taking medications, such as steroids, that can cause weight gain.The more a person weighs, the more blood vessels the body needs to circulate blood throughout the b

23、ody. The heart takes on a heavy burden as it has to pump harder to force the blood flow through so many vessels. As a result, the heart grows in size and blood pressure tends to rise. Obesity is also a factor in osteoarthritis (because of the extra weight placed on joints), gout, bone and joint dise

24、ases (including ruptured intervertebral discs), varicose veins, respiratory ailments, gallbladder disease, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and higher accidental death rate.Obesity can alter hormone levels, affect immune function, and cause impotence in men and reproductive problems in w

25、omen. Women who are 30% overweight are twice as likely to die of endometrial cancer, and those who are 40% overweight have four times the risk. Obese women also are more likely to incur cancers of the breast, cervix, ovaries, and gallbladder. Obese men are more likely to develop cancers of the rectu

26、m, colon, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and prostate.Obesity can also cause psychological problems. Sufferers are associated with laziness, failure, or inadequate willpower. As a result, overweight men and women blame themselves for being heavy, thus causing feelings of guilt and depression

27、.Scientific evidence has found an association between MBI (body-mass index) and higher death rates. However, the relative risk of being heavy declines with age. Some researchers have found that data linking overweight and death are inconclusive, while other researchers have found that losing weight

28、may be riskier than dangers posed by extra pounds. Some researchers counter that overweight indirectly contributes to over 300,000 deaths a year.A poll by Shape Up America found that 78% of overweight or obese adults have abandoned dieting as a means of losing weight. Diets do not teach people how t

29、o eat properly. They merely restrict food intake temporarily, so when the diet ends, weight gain resumes.1.The main idea of this passage is（ ） .2.According to the passage, （ ）.3.According to the passage, why does dieting not result in permanent weight loss?4.What does the underlined sentence from th

30、e fifth paragraph suggest about obesity?问题1选项A.obesity can lead to many health problemsB.obesity is considered to be a diseaseC.obesity can teach people dietingD.obesity puts a burden on the heart问题2选项A.medications such as steroids are often related to obesityB.obesity does not affect a persons chan

31、ces of getting cancerC.a diagnosis of obesity is based on a normal weight for ones age and sexD.obesity is becoming less of a problem in todays society问题3选项A.Diets cause feelings of deprivation.B.There are too many diets and each has different requirements.C.Diets lead to guilt and depression.D.Diet

32、s dont teach people good eating habits.问题4选项A.Losing a lot of weight is not wise for older persons.B.Stomach stapling and other surgical methods for weight loss are superior to dieting.C.All obese people need to shed their extra pounds.D.Obese people should consult their doctors about the pros and c

33、ons of losing weight.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The main idea of this passage is _. 1. 这篇文章的主旨是_？A. obesity can lead to many health problems A. 肥胖会导致很多疾病B. obesity is considered to be a disease B. 肥胖被认为是一种疾病C. obesity can teach people dieting C. 肥胖教会人节食D. obesity puts a burden on the

34、 heart D. 肥胖给心脏带来负担【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，定位文章首尾段核心句，第一段第一句“肥胖通常被定义为脂肪的堆积，超出了一个人的年龄、性别和体型所认为的正常水平”，以及最后一段第一句“78%的超重或肥胖成年人已经放弃了作为减肥手段的节食”，从中可知文章的主题是关于“肥胖”的；然后看到文章结构，文章首先是引入话题，中间三段阐述了肥胖引起的一系列疾病，最后两段讲述了节食并不能作为减肥手段；综上所述，可知，这篇文章主要目的是为了告诉读者，肥胖会引起很多疾病，所以A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“肥胖被认为是一种疾病”和D项“肥胖给心脏带来负担”都只是段落里面有提到，属于以

35、偏概全；C项“肥胖教会人节食”，根据第六段第一句“Shape Up America的一项民意调查发现，78%超重或肥胖的成年人已放弃节食作为减肥的一种方式”，这也就是说很多超重的人已经放弃节食作为减肥方式，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. According to the passage, _. 2. 根据文章，_。A. medications such as steroids are often related to obesity A. 类固醇等药物通常与肥胖有关B. obesity does not affect a persons chances of get

36、ting cancer B. 肥胖并不影响一个人患癌的几率C. a diagnosis of obesity is based on a normal weight for ones age and sex C. 肥胖的诊断是基于一个人的年龄和性别的正常体重D. obesity is becoming less of a problem in todays society D. 在当今社会，肥胖已经不是什么问题了【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据原文第一段第一句“肥胖通常被定义为脂肪的堆积，超出了一个人的年龄、性别和体型所认为的正常水平”，可知，肥胖的诊断的基于一个人的年龄、性别和体型所认

37、为的正常水平，C项表述正确。【干扰项排除】A项“类固醇等药物通常与肥胖有关”，根据第一段最后一句“只有在少数情况下（Only in a small minority of cases），肥胖是由甲状腺功能减退等疾病或服用类固醇等药物导致的，这些药物会导致体重增加”，从Only in a small minority of cases（只有在少数情况下）可知，该项表述不准确，属于曲解原文；B项“肥胖并不影响一个人患癌的几率”表述与原文相反，第三段最后提到肥胖男女性有可能患各种癌症，该项反向干扰；D项“在当今社会，肥胖已经不是什么问题了”，根据第一段第二句“在当今社会，肥胖被认为是一种疾病”可知，

38、该项与原文相反，反向干扰。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. According to the passage, why does dieting not result in permanent weight loss? 3. 根据这篇文章，为什么节食不会导致永久性的体重减轻？A. Diets cause feelings of deprivation. A. 节食会抑制食欲。B. There are too many diets and each has different requirements. B. 节食方式太多，每种都有不同的要求。C. Diets lead to guilt and d

39、epression. C. 节食会导致内疚和抑郁。D. Diets dont teach people good eating habits. D. 节食并没有教会人们良好的饮食习惯。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据最后一段的最后两句“节食不会教人们如何正确的饮食。它们只是暂时限制食物的摄入量（merely restrict food intake temporarily），所以当节食结束时，体重又会增加。”，可知，节食并不是减肥的好办法，因为它只是暂时控制人们的食物摄入量，而且没有给人养成一个良好的饮食习惯。故D项“节食并没有教会人们良好的饮食习惯”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“节食会

40、抑制食欲”，根据解题思路可知，节食只是暂时限制食物的摄入量，不等于抑制食欲，该项偷换概念；B项“节食方式太多，每种都有不同的要求”原文没有提到，无中生有；C项“节食会导致内疚和抑郁”，文中第四段提到“超重的男人和女人会因为自己太胖而自责，从而导致内疚和抑郁”，可知是超重会导致内疚和抑郁，并不是节食，该项曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. What does the underlined sentence from the fifth paragraph suggest about obesity? 4. 第五段中划线的句子说明了关于肥胖的什么问题？A. Losing a lot of we

41、ight is not wise for older persons. A. 对老年人来说，减重太多是不明智的。B. Stomach stapling and other surgical methods for weight loss are superior to dieting. B. 胃部缝合和其他手术方法减肥比节食减肥更好。C. All obese people need to shed their extra pounds. C. 所有肥胖的人都需要减掉多余的体重。D. Obese people should consult their doctors about the pros

42、 and cons of losing weight. D. 肥胖者应该向医生咨询减肥的利弊。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第五段中的划线句子“一些研究人员发现，将超重和死亡联系起来的数据并不确定，而另一些研究人员则发现，减肥可能比超重的危害更大”，结合划线部分的前一句“体重超标的相对风险会随着年龄的增长而下降”，综合理解可知，年龄越大，体重超标的相对风险就会下降，而减肥比超重的危害更大，所以推断，老年人减肥是不明智的。A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“胃部缝合和其他手术方法减肥比节食减肥更好”和D项“肥胖者应该向医生咨询减肥的利弊”在文章中没有提到，属于无中生有；C项“所有肥胖

43、的人都需要减掉多余的体重”，划线部分说到另一些研究人员则发现，减肥可能比超重的危害更大，所以不是所有肥胖的人都应该减重，该项曲解原文。3. 不定项选择题Researchers have created male mice with no trace of a Y chromosome, supposedly the defining hallmark of being male.Reproductive biologist Monika Ward of University of Hawaii in Honolulu and colleagues started with mice that

44、have only one X chromosome (and no second sex chromosome). Normally those animals would develop as females. But when the researchers manipulated genes found on the X and another chromosome, the mice became males that could produce immature sperm. Those engineered males fathered offspring with reprod

45、uctive assistance from the researchers, who injected the immature sperm into eggs, Ward and colleagues report in the Jan. 29 Science.The experiments demonstrate that there are multiple ways to make males, says Richard Behringer, a developmental geneticist at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. “Th

46、eyve done it without any Y chromosome gene information,” he says “Theres not even a sniff of the Y around.”At first glance, the experiments would seem to suggest Y chromosomes arent necessary for reproduction, which hints that evolution may eventually show Ys the door. “To me it is a paradigm of the

47、 decline and fall of the Y chromosome,” says reproductive biologist Jennifer Marshall Graves of La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.But Ward and other researchers say the Y isnt going anywhere and that interpreting the new results as the chromosomes death knell is wrong. Because the Y-less m

48、ales needed help to reproduce, “clearly we need the Y chromosome for full natural male reproduction,” says Mary Ann Handel, a reproductive biologist at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine.Ward and colleagues had previously shown that two Y chromosome genesSry and Eif2s3yare crucial for male

49、mouse development. Sry is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming in early embryos. It turns on a gene called Sox9, which then sets off a biochemical chain reaction that leads to male development.But in the new experiments, the researchers turned on Sox9 through other means. Activ

50、ating Sox9 in a genetically female embryo will cause it to develop as a male, Ward and colleagues found. But those males didnt make sperm. “The testes were empty,” says Ward.In order to produce sperm, mice need the Eif2s3y gene, the researchers had previously discovered. In the new experiment, the m

51、ice were missing the gene because they didnt have Y chromosomes. So researchers substituted a similar gene from the X chromosome called Eif2s3x. Only one copy of the Y version is needed to make immature, tailless sperm, but it takes at least five copies of the X version to do the same thing. “This i

52、ndicates that the Y chromosome gene is the strong one,” says Ward.Her research suggests that the Y chromosome has optimized production from genes that are necessary for making males. Making just the right dose of male development factors is how the Y protects itself from evolutionary erasure, Ward s

53、ays. “Our work does not support that the Y chromosome will disappear.”Graves disagrees, Wards work is “a lovely example of how you can lose even a really important gene,” she says. At least two species of rodents have already jettisoned their Y chromosomes entirely. Primates, including humans, dont

54、have Eif2s3y genes on their Y chromosomes. The new work may help explain how primates get along without the gene, Graves suggests, and the research may “give us useful information about what happens at the end of the Y chromosome.”1.Which of the following is CORRECT according to the passage?2.Why is

55、 Eif2s3Y gene crucial for male mouse development?3.Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage?4.What can be the best title for this passage?问题1选项A.Mice with only one X chromosome would develop as females normally.B.Y chromosome is definitely the hallmark of being male.C.Those engin

56、eered male mice cannot father offspring even with reproductive assistanceD.There is only one way to make male mice from relevant experiments in the University of Hawaii.问题2选项A.It is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming early embryos.B.It sets off a biochemical chain reaction th

57、at leads to male development.C.Mice need it to produce sperm.D.Mice need it to develop testes.问题3选项A.At least two species of rodents have jettisoned their Y chromosomes completely.B.Eif2s3X, a gene from the Y chromosome, is similar with Eif2s3y.C.Y chromosome has optimized production from gene neces

58、sary for making males.D.Humans dont have EiSs3y genes on their Y chromosomes.问题4选项A.Mice Can Be Male Without Y Chromosome.B.The Artificial Reproduction of Mice.C.The Mysterious Y Chromosome in Mice.D.The Male and Female Mice.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Which of the following is CORREC

59、T according to the passage? 1. 根据文章，下列哪个选项是正确的？A. Mice with only one X chromosome would develop as females normally. A. 正常情况下，只有一个X染色体的老鼠会发育成雌性老鼠。B. Y chromosome is definitely the hallmark of being male. B. Y染色体绝对是男性的标志。C. Those engineered male mice cannot father offspring even with reproductive ass

60、istance. C. 即使有生殖辅助，这些转基因雄性老鼠也不能生育后代。D. There is only one way to make male mice from relevant experiments in the University of Hawaii. D. 从夏威夷大学的相关实验中，只有一种方法可以制造出雄性老鼠。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第二段前两句“檀香山夏威夷大学的生殖生物学家Monika Ward和他的同事从只有一个X染色体的老鼠开始研究。正常情况下，这些动物会发育成雌性（Normally those animals would develop as fe

61、males.）。”，理解可知，只有一个X染色体的老鼠在正常情况下会发育成雌性老鼠，A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“Y染色体绝对是男性的标志”，第一段“研究人员已经创造出了没有Y染色体痕迹的雄性老鼠（created male mice with no trace of a Y chromosome），Y染色体被认为是雄性的标志”可知没有Y染色体也能创造出雄性，且文中就研究者们对于Y染色体是否是雄性的典型特点这一问题发表了不同的观点，选项B中的definitely过于绝对，曲解原文；C选项“即使有生殖辅助，这些转基因雄性老鼠也不能生育后代”根据第二段倒数第二句“在研究人员的生殖协助下，这些转基因

62、雄鼠繁衍出了后代”可知，该项与原文相悖，反向干扰；D选项“从夏威夷大学的相关实验中，只有一种方法可以制造出雄性老鼠”，第二段提及夏威夷大学的科学家们已经培育出没有Y染色体的雄性小鼠，所以，培育雄性小鼠的方法不是只有一个，该项曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Why is Eif2s3Y gene crucial for male mouse development? 2. 为什么Eif2s3Y基因对雄性小鼠的发育至关重要？A. It is a master gene that turns on male developmental programming early embryos. A

63、. 它是开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因。B. It sets off a biochemical chain reaction that leads to male development. B. 它引发了一个生化连锁反应，导致了男性的发育。C. Mice need it to produce sperm. C. 老鼠需要它来产生精子。D. Mice need it to develop testes. D. 老鼠需要它来发育睾丸。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第八段的第一句“研究人员此前发现，为了产生精子，老鼠需要Eif2s3y基因”，理解可知，Eif2s3Y基因对雄性小鼠的发育至关

64、重要的原因是，它能帮助老鼠产生精子，选项C符合原文。【干扰项排除】A选项“它是开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因”和B选项“它引发了一个生化连锁反应，导致了男性的发育”根据第六段最后两句“Sry是在早期胚胎中开启男性发育程序的主控基因。它启动了一种叫作Sox9的基因，然后引发了一个导致男性发育的生化连锁反应。”，理解可知，开启男性发育早期胚胎的主控基因和引发生化连锁反应的基因是Sry，而不是Eif2s3Y，属于张冠李戴；D选项“老鼠需要它来发育睾丸”没有提到，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following is INCORRECT according to the passage? 3. 根据文章，下列哪个选项是错误的？A. At least two species of rodents have jettisoned their Y chromosomes completely. A. 至少有两种啮