2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷85

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1、2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Someones future blurs and goes blank as anticipation（ ）nothingness.问题1选项A.smashes intoB.squeezes intoC.fades intoD.jams into【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项smash into表示“猛撞在”；B选项squeeze into表示“挤入；硬塞进”；C选项fade into表示“渐渐融入于，逐渐变成”；D选项jam into表示“挤进”。根据Someones future blurs

2、and goes blank （个人的未来变得渺茫，成为空白）可知，期望应当是逐渐变成虚无，故C项fade into符合语境。句意：当期望逐渐变得虚无，个人的未来也会变得渺茫，成为空白。2. 翻译题A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.The air we breathe is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet without it we could not survive more than a few minutes. For the most part,

3、the same air is available to everyone, and everyone needs it. Some people use the air to sustain them while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. Others breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life for themselves.Opportunity is the same way. It is everywhere.

4、 Opportunity is so freely available that we take it for granted. Yet opportunity alone is not enough to create success. Opportunity must be seized and acted upon in order to have value. So many people are so anxious to “get in” on a “ground floor opportunity, as if the opportunity will do all the wo

5、rk. Thats impossible. Just as you need air to breathe, you need opportunity to succeed. It takes more than just breathing in the fresh air of opportunity, however. You must make use of that opportunity. Thats not up to the opportunity. Thats up to you. It doesnt matter what “floor” the opportunity i

6、s on. What matters is what you do with it.B. Translate the following passage into English.如果失败了你会怎么做？很多人可能会选择放弃。然而，要想成功，最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。在通往成功的路上，你必须坚持你的方向。它就像一盏灯，在黑暗中为你指路，帮助你度过难关。否则，你很容易就会迷失方向或犹豫不前。方向意味着目标，人生如果没有目标，将一事无成。你可以试着把你的目标写在纸上，并制定实现目标的计划。这样，你就会懂得如何合理安排时间，如何正确地支配时间。而且你还要有这 样的信念：只要你一直坚持自己的方

7、向，你就一定可以成功。【答案】A. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.【参考译文】我们所呼吸的空气触手可及，以至于我们将其视为理所当然。然而，倘若没有空气，我们只能存活几分钟。大多数情况下，每个人都能呼吸到同样的空气，也都需要空气。有的人一边坐着自怨自艾，一边又呼吸空气来维持生命。另一些人却呼吸空气，并利用空气提供的能量为自己创造美好的生活。机遇也是如此。它无处不在。机遇是如此唾手可得，以至于我们将其当作理所当然。然而，只有机遇不足以创造成功。为了让机遇有价值，必须抓住机遇并采取行动。很多人都急于抓住“先机”，好像抓住机遇就会一劳永逸

8、，这是不可能的。正如你需要空气来呼吸一样，你也需要获得成功的机遇。然而，成功不仅仅是呼吸到机遇的新鲜空气。你必须利用所获得的机遇。对机遇的利用不取决于机遇，而取决于你。机遇处于什么“阶段”不重要，最重要的是你如何利用它。B. Translate the following passage into English.【参考译文】What would you do if you failed? Many people may choose to give up. However, the reliable way to success is to adhere to your direction

9、and goal. On the way to success, you must keep your direction. It is just like a lamp, guiding you in darkness and helping you pull though. Otherwise, you will easily get lost or hang back. Direction means goals. Nothing can be done without a goal in your life. You can try to write down your goals a

10、nd make some plans to achieve them. In this way, you will know how to arrange and use your time properly. Furthermore, you should have a belief that you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time.3. 单选题Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlant

11、ic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. Of all the birds on these cliffs, the black-legged kittiwake gull is the best suited for nesting on narrow ledges. Although its nesting habits

12、are similar to those of gulls that nest on flat ground, there are a number of important differences related to the cliff-nesting habit,The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have di

13、fficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs. This immunity has been followed by a relaxation of the defenses, and kittiwakes do not react to predators nearly as fiercely as do ground-nesting gulls. A colony of Bonapartes gulls responds to the appearance of a predatory herring gull by flying u

14、p as a group with a clamor of alarm calls, followed by concerted mobbing, but kittiwakes simply ignore herring gulfs, since they pose little threat to nests on cliffs. Neither do kittiwakes attempt to conceal their nest. Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells af

15、ter the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.On the other hand, nesting

16、 on a narrow ledge has its own peculiar problems, and kittiwake behavior has become adapted to overcome them. The female kittiwake sits when mating, whereas other gulls stand, so the pair will not overbalance and fall off the ledge. The nest is a deep cup, made of mud or seaweed, to hold the eggs sa

17、fely, compared with the shallow scrape of other gulls, and the chicks are remarkably immobile until fully grown. They do not run from their nests when approached, and if they should come near to the cliff edge, they instinctively turn back.1. What aspect of the kittiwake gull does the passage mainly

18、 discuss?2. The word “immunity” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（ ）.3. Why is it difficult for ravens to steal the kittiwakes eggs?4. The author mentions that eggshells litter the nests of kittiwakes in order to（ ）.5. According to the passage, it can be inferred that which of the following bi

19、rds conceal their nest?问题1选项A.Its defensive behaviorB.It interactions with other gull speciesC.Its nesting habitsD.Its physical difference from other gull species问题2选项A.distanceB.transitionC.protectionD.reminder问题3选项A.The kittiwakes can see the ravens approaching the nest.B.The ravens cannot land on

20、 the narrow ledges where kittiwakes nest.C.The kittiwakes eggs are too big for the ravens to carry.D.The female kittiwakes rarely leave the nest.问题4选项A.demonstrate that kittiwakes are not concerned about predatorsB.prove how busy kittiwakes are in caring for their offspringC.show a similarity to oth

21、er types of gullsD.illustrate kittiwakes lack of concern for their chick问题5选项A.Bonapartes gullsB.Atlantic puffinsC.Kittiwake gullsD.Northern gannets【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。分析文章内容可知，第一段主要讲不同于其它海鸥，三趾鸥习惯在峭壁上筑巢；第二段讲三趾鸥在峭壁上筑巢的优势；最后一段讲了三趾鸥如何适应在峭壁上筑巢。由此可知，本文叙述的主要内容是三趾鸥的筑巢习惯。因此，本题正确答案为C项。词汇

22、题。2.由原文第二段The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes,which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal egg可知，三趾鸥在在悬崖上筑巢的一大好处就是更安全，可以躲避无法攀登峭壁的狐狸和那些难以在陡峭岩石上立足的乌鸦和其他鸥类，防止鸟卵被偷走。因此，本题的正确答案

23、为C项。3.细节事实题。由原文第二段The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.可知，乌鸦无法偷走三趾鸥鸟卵的原因是它们难以在三趾鸥的巢边落脚。因此，本题正确答案为B选项。4.推理判断题。根据原文第二段Kitti

24、wakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean,but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous可知，三趾鸥会在巢边排便，以保持巢内干净，但这种做法以及它们倾向于在鸟窝里乱丢蛋壳的行为，使得它们巢的位置非常显眼。这里的描述是为和大多数海鸥作对比，说明三趾鸥也不会试着去隐藏它们的巢（Neither do kittiwakes

25、 attempt to conceal their nest）。根据上下文可知三趾鸥之所以这样做是因为它们在峭壁上筑巢比在地面上筑巢更有优势，无需在意捕猎者，因此本题正确答案为A项。5.推理判断题。原文第二段中指出，三趾鸥对捕食者的反应不像在地面筑巢的海鸥那么强烈。接着举出了Bonapartes gulls的例子，说明Bonapartes gulls和三趾鸥的筑巢习惯不同。大多数的海鸥在平地上筑巢，所以它们在雏鸟出生后会把蛋壳拿走，尽量不暴露鸟巢的位置。因此，可推测Bonapartes gulls也是这样的习惯，所以才会暴露自己的位置。由此可知，本题正确答案为A项。4. 单选题Three un

26、iversity departments have been （ ）$600,000 to develop good practice in teaching and learning.问题1选项A.promotedB.includedC.securedD.awarded【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A项promote表示“促进；提升；发扬”；B项include表示“包含，包括”；C项secure表示“保护，招致”；D项award表示“授予”。根据句意可知，大学的三个系被 60万美元来开展良好的教学实践。因此，本题正确答案为D项。5. 单选题The president made a （

27、）speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh【答案】A【解析】句意:校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。考查形容词辨析。vigorous 充满活力的，精力充沛的;tedious 冗长的，啰唆的，单调乏味的；flat 平淡的，单调的，平坦的；harsh 严酷的，严厉的，恶 劣的。根据后半句句意可知A正确。6. 单选题Through the years,

28、 our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginning of a general theory of leadership,

29、 from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common exc

30、ept that they have not been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it.But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how and who people lea

31、d, but it wasnt easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from n

32、on-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but

33、 each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions dont agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They dont always reflect

34、reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. Its as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained.Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. N

35、one has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label the la Brea Tar Pits of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehis

36、toric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.1.Several big names are mentioned in the first paragraph mainly to show their（ ）.2.According to the writer, peoples opinions of leadership are on the whole quite（ ）.3.The writer thinks that（ ）.4.The la Brea Tar Pits probably signifies th

37、ings that（ ）.5.This passage is mainly concerned with（ ）?问题1选项A.different styles of leadershipB.effective exercise of leadershipC.contributions to the theory of leadershipD.wisdom in applying the theory of leadership问题2选项A.dividedB.originalC.misleadingD.sophisticated问题3选项A.many people have labored to

38、 be leadersB.leaders are beyond our understandingC.the essence of leadership has not been graspedD.the definitions of leadership should vary问题4选项A.can be traced back to the prehistoric ageB.are traps for those who want to inquireC.are located in one place foreverD.dont deserve full investigation问题5选

39、项A.the inaccurate definitions of leadershipB.the famous leaders and their theoriesC.the changes in the trend of leadershipD.the inconsistent theories of leadership【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问：第一段中提到这几位伟人的名字是为了表明什么？根据题干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我们对领导力的初识源于历史和社会的研究，尤其是从反思性实践者的思想而来，譬如摩西、凯撒大帝

40、和詹姆斯麦迪逊；在我们自己的时代就来源于甘地、温斯顿丘吉尔、毛泽东和亨利基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位领导人的目的，是想表明他们对于领导力理论的贡献。因此本题正确答案选C。2.观点态度题。题干询问：作者认为，人们对领导力的看法总体上是怎样的。根据原文第三段Multiple interpretations of leadership exist.以及 Most of these definitions dont agree with each other可知，人们对领导力存在多种解释 并且大多数的定义都不一致。因此，作者认为人们对于领导力的观点是分化的，故本题正确答案为A项

41、。3.观点态度题。由原文第二段Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last 75 years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perha

42、ps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations.可知，几十年的学术分析为我们提供了350多种领导力的定义。仅在过去的75年里，人们就对领导者进行了成千上万的实证研究，但对于如何区分领导者和非领导者，或许更重要的是如何区分有效的领导者和无效的领导者，以及有效的组织和无效的组织，却没有明确的认识。由此可知，C选项 “领导力的本质还没有被掌握”符合题意，故本题正确答案为C

43、项。4.词汇题。将the la Brea Tar Pits定位到原文最后一段， 由后文信息Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.可知，这些沥青坑位于洛杉矶，里面存放着一长串史前动物的遗骸，这些动物前来调查，但从未离开过这个地区。由此可知，这些沥青坑是那些想要问问题的人的陷阱。故本题正确答案为B选项。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段讲述了多

44、年来，我们对什么是领导以及谁能行使领导职能的看法发生了很大变化；第二段虽然我们对领导力的认识有了更进一步的认识，但是这样的研究还远远不够；最后两段讲了关于领导力的解释五花八门，但这些解释都不充分且互相抵触，许多理论都只是暂时的，经不住时间的考验。由此可知，文章主要阐述的是对于领导力的理论不一致，故本题正确答案为D项。7. 单选题Americans today believe, erroneously that acceptable social behavior follows effortlessly from personal virtue. The （1） between morals

45、and manners has become blurred (模糊).All you need is a good heart, most people（2 ） and the rest will take care of itself. You dont have to write thank-you notes.Many Americans believe that natural behavior is beautiful. The natural（3 ） to human relations presumes that to know any person（4 ） is to lov

46、e him. That the only human problem is a communication problem. This（5） that people might be separated by basic, genuinely irreconcilable (不可调和的)differences-philosophical, political, or religious - and assumes that all such differences are（6） misunderstandings.Indeed, it has never been easier to insu

47、lt people inadvertently(非故意的).A gentleman opens a door for a lady because his mother taught him that ladies（ 7 ） such courtesies, but she（8 ） and spits in his eye because lie has insulted her womanhood. A young lady（ 9 ） in a crowded bus to an elderly, frail gentleman, and lie gives her a dirty look

48、 because she has insulted his manhood.（10 ） you, those are just people trying to be nice; the only problem is that they are（11） on different systems of etiquette.Curiously, it has never been（12） to insult people intentionally. If you say, You are nasty and I hate you” the person is apt to reply, Oh,

49、 youre feeling（13） : Ill wait until you feel better.”The idea that people can behave naturally without resorting to a(n)（14） code tacitly (心照不宣的)agreed upon by their society is as silly as the idea that they can communicate by using a language without（15） accepted semantic and grammatical rules.问题1选

50、项A.instinctB.distinctionC.intuitionD.similarity问题2选项A.resumeB.performC.assumeD.conduct问题3选项A.approachB.wayC.roadD.means问题4选项A.enough wellB.enough goodC.good enoughD.well enough问题5选项A.approvesB.deniesC.supportsD.disagrees问题6选项A.no more thanB.not more thanC.a bit more thanD.much more than问题7选项A.dislik

51、eB.appreciateC.thankD.approve问题8选项A.turns outB.turns upC.turns aroundD.looks around问题9选项A.offeringB.offersC.offeredD.offer问题10选项A.MindB.WarnC.BewareD.Notice问题11选项A.doingB.assumingC.tryingD.operating问题12选项A.harderB.easierC.worseD.better问题13选项A.friendlyB.terribleC.disgustingD.hostile问题14选项A.naturalB.a

52、rtificialC.unnaturalD.artistic问题15选项A.superficiallyB.profoundlyC.commonlyD.individually【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B第6题:A第7题:B第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A第11题:D第12题:A第13题:B第14题:B第15题:C【解析】1.考察名词词义辨析。instinct “本能”，distinction “区别”，intuition “直觉”；similarity “相似”。根据后面blur（模糊）这个词可知此处讲述的是“美德”与“礼貌”之间的“区别”已经被模糊化，因此选项B

53、符合题意。2.考察动词词义辨析。resume “重新开始，继续，恢复”；perform “执行；完成；表演”；assume “假定；设想”；conduct “组织，实施；表现”。Most people _ 在此处是个插入语，空格处所在句子的大意是：你需要的只是一颗善良的新，大部分人设想，剩下的事情会自己解决。选项C符合题意。3.考察固定搭配。way, approach, means都有 “方法”的意思，但搭配不同。approach to +n./doing sth; way to do/of doing sth和by means of均为 “做某事的方法”，根据横线后是名词判断答案是A。4.考

54、察语法结构。考察enough的用法以及good / well 的区别。good是形容词，well为副词。enough修饰形容词或副词时，应置于其后。根据前文动词know，可知空格处应该填入一个副词，因此选项D符合题意。5.考察动词词义辨析。approve “批准；赞成；满意”；deny “否认”；support“支持”，disagree“不同意”。前面提到“人类唯一的问题是沟通问题”（the only human problems is a communication problem）,后文提到“这些差异都是误解”（all such differences are _ misunderstan

55、ding）,说明导致沟通问题的原因只是因为误解，而不是哲学、政治、或者宗教这些层面的差异，所以空格处填入“否认”这个词符合题意，选项B符合。6.考察词组辨析。no more than “仅仅，只是”；not more than “不超过，至多”；a bit more “多一点”；much more than “更加，多得多”。根据前文可知“这些禅意仅仅是因为误解”，选项A符合题意。7.考察动词词义辨析。dislike “不喜欢”；appreciate “欣赏”；thank “感谢”；approve “批准，赞成”。空格处所在句子的大意为：绅士为女士开门是因为他的母亲告诉他女士_这样的行为，根据

56、常识，可知是“欣赏这样的行为”，选项B符合题意。8.考察词组辨析。turn out “证明是，结果是”;turn up “出现；发生；开大”；turn around“转身”；look around“四处看”,根据并列连词but可知此句与上文是转折关系，那位女士并没有欣赏他的行为，而是转身给他一个白眼，选项C符合题意。9.考察主谓一致。根据 and lie gives her，可知空格处的谓语动词也应该是一般现在时，主语为a young girl，所以动词用第三人称单数，选项B符合题意。10.考察固定搭配。mind you是口语，意思是“请注意”。选项A符合题意。11.考察动词词义辨析。空格处所

57、在句子的大意是：唯一的问题是他们在不同的礼仪体系进行操作。选项D符合题意。12.考察上下文逻辑。上一段提到indeed, it has never been easier to insult people inadvertently，此处intentionally “故意地”可知此处应是与这一句意思相反，因此选项A符合题意。13.考察形容词词义辨析。friendly “友好地”；terrible “糟糕的”；disgusting “令人厌恶的”；hostile “怀有敌意的；敌对的”。根据前文的“nasty” “hate”可知是感觉很糟糕，所以选项B符合题意。14.考察形容词词义辨析。natu

58、ral “自然的”；artificial “人造的，人为的”；unnatural “不自然的”；artistic “艺术的”。 由 code tacitly agreed upon by their society和accepted semantic and grammatical rules “公认的语义和语法规则”可知填artificial表示“人为的”符合文意。15.考察副词词义辨析。superficially “表面地”；profoundly “深刻地”；commonly “一般地”；individually “个别地”。空格处所在句子的大意为：他们能使用一种不被大众接受的语义和语法规

59、则。选项C符合题意。8. 单选题Monkeys and beagles were central to recent studies linking regular physical activity and an enhanced diet to improved brain function. The monkeys participated in an Oregon Health and Science University study. It showed primates that exercised regularly using a treadmill five days per

60、 week had a higher brain capillary volume after 20 weeks than a control group that did not exercise. Also, monkeys in the exercise group more rapidly learned new tasks. The study showed that the most significant brain benefits were experienced by monkeys deemed “least fit” at the start of the trial.

61、 The Oregon researchers said studying monkeys eliminates any skewing from the decidedly human behaviors of smoking, drinking and overeating. The findings were discussed at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in New Orleans.Another new study employed 39 beagles to test the brain-enhanc

62、ing effectiveness of antioxidant-rich foods (especially those rich in vitamins C and E and beta carotene). University of Toronto researchers discovered that old dogs might possibly even learn some new tricks with the proper fortified food in their dinner bowls. “We found old dogs on the antioxidant

63、diet performed better on a variety of cognitive tests than dogs not on the diet,” said P. Dwight Tapp, a study co-author now based at the University of California at Irvine.” In fact, the dogs eating the antioxidant-fortified foods performed as well as young beagles.” For the uninitiated or those of us who h