2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷78

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1、2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题没人否认创造力的重要性。的确，今后当几乎所有的标准程序均由计算机来完成时， 创造力会被证明为更重要。然而，创造力与智力不能等同起来。一位专家的聪明才智可 能表现在个或几个领域，但他对革新不一定感兴趣，或在这方面不一定成功。与此相似，尽管革新要求一定程度的心智，但我们没有发现智力测试与创造力测试两者之间的重要联系。的确，创造力好像更依赖于某种气质和个性一一敢于冒险，吃苦耐劳，锲而不舍，但首先要有改变现状，对社会留下深远影响的愿望，而不是提高各种信息处理的效率。【答案】No one denies the impor

2、tance of creativity. Indeed, creativity will prove more important in the future when almost all standard programming is done by computers. However, creativity and intelligence cannot be equated. An experts intelligence may manifest itself in several or more areas, but he may not be interested in inn

3、ovation or successful in it. Similarly, although innovation requires a certain level of mind, we have not found a significant link between tests of intelligence and tests of creativity. Indeed, creativity seems to depend more on a certain temperament and personality - the willingness to take risks,

4、to work hard, to persevere, to have a wish to change the current situation and make a far-reaching influence on the society, rather than improve the efficiency of processing all kinds of information.2. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take

5、extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators

6、distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approa

7、ch, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers constru

8、ct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White f

9、amilies, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study there searchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families

10、, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic

11、approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined

12、to（ ）.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more（ ）.4.The etic approach is concerned with（ ）.5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?问题1

13、选项A.be overcautious in constructing meaningfi.il measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture问题2选项A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.The former is bias

14、ed while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.问题3选项A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific问题4选项A.the general charac

15、teristics of minority familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD.the economic conditions of different types of families问题5选项A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to compr

16、ehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章一段第一句“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed

17、any biases they bring with them from their own culture.不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究人员很容易带着文化偏见（从自己的文化角度）去研究其他文化。B选项“从他们自己的文化角度来看待（其他文化）”符合题意。2.判断推理题。the emic approach and the etic approach“主位法和非位法”出现在第二段中，“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one cultu

18、re or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位方法中，研究者的目标是描述一个文化或种族群体的行为，这个行为明确对那个

19、文化或种族群体的人来说是有意义的或智慧的，而不考虑其他文化或种族群体。在非遗传方法中，研究者的目标是描述行为，以便对不同文化群里中的行为进行归纳。”也就是说，这两种方法的区别在于侧重点不同，因此，A选项“他们对民族问题的研究重点不同”正确。3.事实细节题。由上题分析可知，the emic approach专注于对特定文化群体的行为进行描述，因此D选项“文化特异性”正确。A选项“文化互动性”；B选项“文化导向性”；C选项“文化偏见性”。4.事实细节题。由27题分析可知，the etic approach专注于比对不同文化群体的行为特征，因此C选项“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合题意。5.判断推理

20、题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 通过对少数民族家庭的研究，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭的大家庭更是一个支持系统。”因此，比起白人家庭，少数民族家庭成员间的联系应更为紧密。因此

21、D选项“他们的家庭关系比白人家庭更紧密”符合题意。3. 单选题All the students of this university have free（ ） to the Internet via a broadband connection.问题1选项A.accessB.entranceC.permissionD.passageway【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：大学的所有学生通过连接宽带都可以免费上网。access “进入；机会”；entrance “入口”；permission “允许，许可”；passageway “通道，走廊”。根据句意，选项A符合题意。4. 单选题No

22、body in the company pays attention to his opinion, because what he has said is always mere（ ）.问题1选项A.commonplaceB.commonC.ordinaryD.homely【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：公司中没人理会他的观点，因为他说的都是陈词滥调。commonplace “司空见惯的东西”；common “普通”；ordinary “平常的人或事”；homely “家庭的”，形容词。根据句意，选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The rain was so heavy that th

23、e man was wet to the skin; his whole body was（ ）and trembling.问题1选项A.stiffB.straightC.steadyD.hard【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：雨太大，这个人身上已经湿了；他整个身子僵硬并且在瑟瑟发抖。stiff “僵硬的”；straight “直率的；笔直的”；steady “稳定的”；hard “坚硬的”。根据句意，选项A符合题意。6. 单选题Despite repeated（ ） by educational authorities for concrete measures to reduc

24、e students burdens，little has changed.问题1选项A.directionsB.recommendationsC.adviceD.calls【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管教务部再三呼吁减轻学生负担，但是几乎没有改变。direction “指示”；recommendation “推荐；建议”；advice “建议”；calls “呼吁”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The most familiar headache comes from（ ）tightness in the back, head and neck, which mig

25、ht be caused in turn by exertion, or worry or stress.问题1选项A.monopolyB.muscleC.murmurD.monster【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：最常见的头痛来自于后背、头部和脖子处的肌肉紧张，这些可能是由过度工作、担忧和压力造成的。Monopoly “垄断”；muscle “肌肉”；murmur “低语”；monster “怪物”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which wood

26、cut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A. D

27、. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, co

28、vers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew ou

29、t of the goldsmiths art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, “to carve”). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the

30、 plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle

31、modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is c

32、alled an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.1.What does the passage mainly

33、 discuss?2.The authors purposes in paragraph 2 are to describe（ ）.3.The word “incised” in line 15 is closest in meaning to（ ）.4.According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?5.According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they（ ）.问题1选项A.The

34、 origins of textile decoration.B.The characteristics of good-quality prints.C.Two types of printmaking.D.Types of paper used in printmaking.问题2选项A.the woodcuts found in China in the fifth centuryB.the use of woodcuts in the textile industryC.the process involved in creating a woodcutD.the introducti

35、on of woodcuts to Europe问题3选项A.burnedB.cutC.framedD.baked问题4选项A.Their designs are slightly raised.B.They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.C.They were first used in Europe.D.They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.问题5选项A.can be reproduced on materials other tha

36、n paperB.are created from a reversed imageC.show variations between light and dark shadesD.require a printing press【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章主要讨论的问题是什么”。文章第一段第一句为文章的中心句：版画是一系列工艺的总称，其中木刻和雕刻是两个主要的例子（Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and

37、engraving are two prime examples），接下来的内容都是在讲述木刻与雕刻，所以选项C“版画的两种”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段的目的是为了描述”。文章第二段介绍了木刻的来源：公元五世纪中国开始采用，主要用于纺织；十四世纪传入欧洲。然后介绍了木刻工艺的具体流程，因此选项C符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“单词incised与哪个词的意思最接近”。文章第三段提到“图片被进一块高度抛光的金属板”（The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate），由此可以推测出incised有“雕刻”的意思。选

38、项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章内容可知，木刻与雕刻的共同点是什么”。文章最后一段提到“版画很适合多图制作”（Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images），可知选项D符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章内容，下列关于出版哪项是错误的”。文章第二段提到木刻起源于中国，用于纺织，由此可知选项A描述正确，排除；文章第一段提到“当纸被拿掉时，图像会附着在纸上，但是方向是相反的”（When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but i

39、n reverse），由此可知选项B描述正确，排除；文章第一段提到“印刷是把一张纸（或其他材料）压在一个装有油墨的承载图像的表面上”（Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied），由此可知选项D描述正确，排除。综上，选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The first sentence in this paragraph is（ ）; it can be interpreted in man

40、y ways.问题1选项A.intricateB.ambiguousC.duplicatedD.confused【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这段话的第一句很模糊，可以被理解成很多种意思。Intricate “复杂的”；ambiguous “模糊不清的”；duplicated “复制的”；confused “困惑的”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。10. 单选题Dont trust the speaker any more, since the remarks he made in his lectures are never（ ）with the facts.问题1选项A.symm

41、etricalB.comparativeC.compatibleD.harmonious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项symmetrical“匀称的；对称的”；B选项comparative“比较的；相当的”；C选项compatible“兼容的；能共处的；可并立的”；D选项harmonious“和谐的；协调的；悦耳的”。句意：不要再相信演讲者了，因为他在演讲中所做的评论与事实不。compatible with表示“与一致”，符合本句语境，因此C选项正确。11. 单选题The house was very quiet,（ ）as it was on the side of a mount

42、ain.问题1选项A.isolatedB.isolatingC.being isolatedD.having been isolated【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这栋房子非常安静，由于它在山麓上而被隔离开了。后半句句子的主语是it, 指代前面的house，house与isolate是动宾关系，即“房子被隔离”，因此应该用过去分词形式。根据句意，选项A符合题意。12. 单选题The new secretary has written a remarkably（ ）report within a few hundred words but with all the important

43、 details included.问题1选项A.conciseB.briskC.preciseD.elaborate【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concise“简明的；简洁的”；B选项brisk“敏锐的；活泼的；轻快的”；C选项precise“精确的；明确的；严格的”；D选项elaborate“精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的”。句意：新秘书写了一份出色的报告，只有几百字，但包括了所有重要的细节。“只有几百字”说明这篇报告是“简洁的”，A选项正确。13. 单选题Fortune-tellers are good at making（ ）statements such as Your

44、sorrows will change.问题1选项A.literalB.ambiguousC.invalidD.philosophical【答案】B【解析】形容词辨析题。literal“文字的，逐字的，无夸张的”；ambiguous “模糊不清的，引起歧义的”；invalid “无效的，有病的，残废的”；philosophical “哲学的”。由空格后“Your sorrows will change”确定本句句意是算命者擅长做如“你的悲伤将改变”等模糊不清的声明。 B选项正确。14. 单选题Human language is the subject of endless scientific

45、 investigation, but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his wrists together, but almost everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they talk. Susan Goldin-Meadow of the Univ

46、ersity of Chicago, however, studies gestures carefully-and not out of idle curiosity. Introspection suggests that gesturing not only helps people communicate but also helps them to think. She set out to test this, and specifically to find out whether gestures might be used as an aid to childrens lea

47、rning. It turns out, as she told the AAAS, that they can.The experiment she conducted involved balancing equations. Presented with an equation of 2+3+4=x+4 written on a blackboard, a child is asked to calculate the value of x. In the equations Dr. Goldin-Meadow always made the last number on the lef

48、t the same as the last on the right; so x was the sum of the first two numbers. Commonly, however, children who are learning arithmetic will add all three of the numbers on the left to arrive at the value of x.In her previous work Dr. Goldin-Meadow had noted that children often use spontaneous gestu

49、res when explaining how they solve mathematical puzzles, so to see if these hand-movements actually help a child to think, or are merely descriptive, she divided a group of children into two and asked them to balance equations. One group was asked to gesture while doing so. A second was asked not to

50、. Both groups were then given a lesson in how to solve problems of this sort.As Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected, the first group learnt more from the lesson than the second. By observing their gestures she refined the experiment. Often, a child would touch or point to the first two numbers on the left w

51、ith the first two fingers of one hand. Dr Goldin-Meadow therefore taught this gesture explicitly to another group of children or, rather, she taught a third of them, taught another third to point to the second and third numbers this way and told the remainder to use no gestures. When all were given

52、the same lesson it was found those gesturing “correctly” learnt the most. But those gesturing “incorrectly still outperformed the non-gesturers.Gesturing, therefore, clearly does help thought. Indeed, it is so thought-provoking that even the wrong gestures have some value.1.Why does Susan Goldin-Mea

53、dow carry out such a study?2.What can we infer from the first paragraph?3.According to Susans study, children who lean the least may be（ ）.4.The last sentence of this text probably means（ ）.问题1选项A.To test gesturing only helps people communicate.B.To test gesturing only helps people to thinkC.To test

54、 gesturing helps people communicate and think.D.To test gesturing helps people communicate not to think.问题2选项A.Human language is the subject of endless scientific investigation.B.Being ones wrists together is an Italian way to show speechless.C.Everyone moves their hands in meaningful ways when they

55、 talk.D.Gestures accompanying speech are not studies to peoples content.问题3选项A.those who make no gesturesB.those who gesture correctlyC.those who gesture wronglyD.those who make no gestures and gesture wrongly问题4选项A.correct gesturing instead of wrong gesturing is inspiring in learning.B.correct gest

56、uring together with wrong gesturing is inspiring in learningC.no gesturing is more inspiring in learning than wrong gesturingD.neither no gesturing nor wrong gesturing is inspiring in learning【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.细节题。题目提问为什么Susan Goldin-Meadow要进行这样的研究?根据文章第一段第三句与第四句的“Introspection suggests

57、that gesturing not only helps people communicate but also helps them to think. She set out to test this.研究认为手势不仅能帮助人们进行交流，而且还帮助他们去思考。她打算通过实验来证明这些研究”确定C选项测试手势帮助人们进行交流和思考正确。A选项测试手势 仅仅帮助人们进行交流、B选项测试仅仅帮助人们进行思考只提及了一部分，不正确； D 选项测试手势帮助人们进行交流而不进行思考与原文不符。2.推断题。题目提问我们能从第一段推断出什么?A 选项人类语言是无止境的科学研究的主题是第一段中直接提出的，

58、不是推断出的，排除；B选项意大利人表示无语的方式是手腕放在起与文中的 “It is sometimes jokingly said that the way to render an Italian speechless is to tie his wrists together.人们有时开玩笑说，让意大利人闭嘴的方法是将他们的手腕绑在一起意思不符，排除；C选项在交谈的时候都会做出一些意义丰富的手势与“ almost everyone几乎所有人”不符排除；根据文章第一段第一句“ Human language is the subject of endless scientific invest

59、igation, but the gestures that accompany speech are a surprisingly neglected area. 人类语言一直是科学研究的主题，但伴随语言而来的手势却出人意料地被忽视了。”推断出D选项对伴随讲话的手势研究还不尽人意正确。3.细节题。题目提问根据苏珊的研究，学到最少的小孩可能是。根据文中倒数第二段最后两句 “it was found those gesturing “correctly” learnt the most. But those gesturing “incorrectly” still outperformed t

60、he non-gesturers.研究发现手势正确的小孩学到的最多。但是也发现手势不正确的小孩学到的仍然比没有使用手势的小孩多”确定A选项没有做手势的那些小孩正确。4.细节题。题目提问这篇文章的最后一句话可能是指。根据文章最后一句 “Indeed, it is so thought-provoking that even the wrong gestures have some value. 的确，它是如此发人深省，以至于即使是错误的姿态也有一定的价值。”确定B选项正确的和错误的手势都能激励学习正确。15. 单选题He said it was important to put in the h

61、ours, but it was not just the hours that（ ）.问题1选项A.affectedB.countedC.focusedD.faltered【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。affect “影响，感染，感动”；count “计算，认为，起作用，值得考虑”；focus “使集中，使聚焦”；falter “支吾地说，畏缩，蹒跚”。根据句意他说，投入时间是重要的，但是（ ）不只是时间。确定B选项count “起作用”正确。16. 单选题The sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled by thermonuclear

62、reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The sun has existed in its present state for about 4 billion, 600 million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth.By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the Suns will be like. About 5 billion years fr

63、om now, the core of the sun will shrink and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The outer regions of the sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to mercury, which is the close