2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷42

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题An anonymous letter _ police to the possibility of a terrorist attack at the airport.问题1选项A.imposedB.alertedC.warnedD.informed【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imposed 使（别人）接受自己的意见 B. alerted 向报警，使警惕，使戒备（警告某人危险或紧急情况）C. warned 提醒注意（可能发生的事），使警惕（以便于避免某事，尤指可能发生的危险或不愉快的事情） D. in

2、formed 知会，通知（尤指以官方的方式告诉某人某事）【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】横线处和police构成动宾搭配关系，指的是有人匿名向警察报警，说可能会有人袭击机场，alerted符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】一封匿名信提醒警方注意机场可能会发生恐怖袭击。2. 翻译题For those playing the game of science, the method by which they ascertain what they believe is crucial. They have to evaluate data and

3、arguments and decide for themselves on their validity. Scientists communicating to others have the task of convincing the hearers of the validity of their statements in terms of the data and their explanations of the data. They are not playing the game correctly if they win support by the strength o

4、f their personality or prestige. In the short run scientists may follow another on the basis of prestige, but this cannot continue indefinitely. It is up to the hearers to evaluate what the scientists say rather than accept it because they say it. And the culmination of this enterprise is the determ

5、ination of whether the explanations account for the data observed. The relationship between scientific explanations and data helps to ensure the integrity of scientists. If their findings are important, they can be sure that their theories and data will be examined critically and new evidence attain

6、ed.It is the system of data-based explanation that distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and the responsibility to decide for themselves, on the basis of evidence at hand, the best explanation of a set of phenomena. On the other hand, dogma (religious, economic, political

7、or social) depends on pronouncements by established authorities.【答案】【参考译文】对于那些玩科学游戏的人来说，用什么方法来确定相信什么至关重要。他们必须评估数据和论点，并自己判断其正确性。科学家在与他人交流时，需要让听者相信他们的数据陈述及其对数据解释的正确性。如果他们以自己的个性或威望赢得支持，就没有遵循正确的游戏之道。在短期内，科学家们可能会基于声望而追随另一个科学家，但这种情况不可能无限期地持续下去。听者应该评估科学家所说的，而不是因为他们说了就接受。而这一事业的顶级目标是确定解释到了观测到的数据。科学解释与数据之间的关系

8、有助于确保科学家的完整性。如果他们的发现是重要的，就可以确信他们的理论和数据会得到严格的检验，并获得新的证据。正是基于数据的解释，系统将科学与教条区分开来。科学家有权利也有责任根据手头的证据，自行做出对一系列现象的最佳解释。另一方面，教条（宗教的、经济的、政治的或社会的）取决于权威的观点。3. 单选题According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from m

9、olten granite like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable p

10、ractical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earths surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still lead to an occasional dis

11、covery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aeri

12、al images that yield a broad geological overview; geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated; and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. Howe

13、ver, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selec

14、tion relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those

15、 geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with _.2. According to the passage, the widely held view of Arche

16、an-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems _.3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by inf

17、ormation in the passage?问题1选项A.advocating a return to an older methodologyB.explaining the importance of a recent theoryC.enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD.describing events leading to a discovery问题2选项A.were formed from metamorphic fluidsB.originated in molten granite like bod

18、iesC.were formed from alluvial depositsD.generally have surface expression问题3选项A.Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago.B.Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metamorphic fluid.C.Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site

19、 for further exploration.D.Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.问题4选项A.It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.B.Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of

20、simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.C.Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new discoveries of gold deposits.D.New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to

21、locate buried mineralization.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author is primarily concerned with _. 作者主要关注_。A. advocating a return to an older methodology A. 主张回归旧方法B. explaining the importance of a recent theory B. 解释一种新理论的重要性C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods C. 列举

22、两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异D. describing events leading to a discovery D. 描述是什么事件导致的发现【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段指出最近的一项理论（recent theory），并且点出这一理论具有相当大的实际意义（has considerable practical importance）；第二段点出这一理论帮助寻找地下矿物（take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors），从理论中衍生出目前的一些方法和模型；第三段具体讲勘探人员如何使用这些模型，和第二

23、段是递进的关系。综上所述，这一文章讲的是这个新理论对于实际开采矿物的重要性，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“主张回归旧方法”：文章花了大量篇幅在讲新理论和新方法，主张采用新方法，而不是旧方法，属于反向干扰；C选项“列举两种广泛使用的方法之间的差异”：这两种方法是以前广泛使用和现在广泛使用的差别，而且主要不是在比较这两种方法的差异，属于曲解原文；D选项“描述是什么事件导致的发现”：文章没有提到新理论是如何得出的，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz

24、 vein systems is that such systems _. 文章认为，人们认为太古代金石英脉系统_。A. were formed from metamorphic fluids A. 由变质流体形成B. originated in molten granite like bodies B. 起源于熔融花岗岩状体C. were formed from alluvial deposits C. 由冲积物形成D. generally have surface expression D. 一般有地表表现【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词widely held定

25、位到第一段第二句，该处讲到“人们普遍持有的观点就是这些太古代金石英脉是由变质流体沉积的（deposited from metamorphic fluids）。”，结合选项，A选项符合文章内容，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“起源于熔融花岗岩状体”：对应第一段第一句“根据最近的一项理论（recent theory），太古代金石英脉系统是在20亿年前由岩浆流体形成的（formed over.from magmatic fluids）。”，可知这不是人们普遍认为的，而是最新理论认为的，属于偷换概念；C选项“由冲积物形成”：对应第一段第二句“这些系统是由变质流体沉积的，即由湿的沉积岩脱水过程（d

26、uring the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks）中形成的流体沉积（fluids that formed）的。”，可知不是冲积物，而是沉积岩脱水形成的，属于偷换概念；D选项“一般有地表表现”：对应第一段最后一句“但大多数尚未发现的矿床都没有被发现，因为它们被埋在地下，没有地表表现（have no surface expression）。”，可知人们认为太古代金石英脉系统没有地表表现，属于反向干扰。第3题:【选项释义】The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the f

27、irst performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold? 这篇文章暗示，想要最大限度地提高发现黄金的机会，勘探人员首先会采取下列哪一步？A. Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two million years ago. A. 调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址。B. Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed from metam

28、orphic fluid. B. 将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点。C. Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration. C. 使用合适的概念模型选择场地进行进一步勘探。D. Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area. D. 使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词maximize their chances of discovering gold

29、定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层（selecting the ground formations）。这种地面选择在不同程度上依赖于概念模型（relies to varying degrees on conceptual models），这些模型考虑了相关因素的理论研究。”，可知勘探人员需要依赖于概念模型，选择合适的场地进行勘探，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“调查几个已知形成于200万年前的遗址”：文中没有提到形成于200万年前的遗址

30、，属于无中生有；B选项“将勘探限制在已知由变质流体形成的地点”和D选项“使用地球物理方法分析大面积的岩石”：对应第二段第二、三句“目前广泛使用的方法包括分析航空图像以获得广泛的地质概况（geological overview），使用地球物理技术（geophysical techniques）得出所调查岩石的磁性、电性和矿物学性质数据但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值（none of these high-technology methods are of any value）。”，可知这两种方法适用于已经矿化的地方，不适用于未经矿化的地方，不能最大程度地发现金子

31、，属于本末倒置。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage? 关于发现金矿的陈述，下列哪项文中有信息支持？A. It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes. A.

32、新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平。B. Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits. B. 在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧。C. Models based on the theory that gold originated from magmatic fluids have already led to new

33、discoveries of gold deposits. C. 基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿。D. New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of exploration techniques designed to locate buried mineralization. D. 新发现的金矿很可能是定位埋藏矿物的勘探技术的结果。【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第二段，该处讲到“勘探的挑战是了解某地区的地下地质状况，并且查明埋藏矿物的位置（pinpoint the p

34、osition of buried minerals）。”，紧接着提到各项勘探技术，可知找到金矿需要定位埋藏矿物的地方，并且需要勘探技术，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“新发现的金矿产量不太可能达到最初淘金热时期的水平”：文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B选项“在简单找矿方法作为新发现金矿来源的应用问题上，现代探索者们存在分歧”：对应第二段倒数第二句“但是，如果应用这些高技术方法的地点从未矿化，这些方法就没有任何价值，因此，为了最大限度地增加发现金子的机会（to maximize the chances of discovery），勘探人员必须特别注意选择最有可能矿化的地层。”，这里的两种方

35、法不是相互对立，可以同时使用，属于偷换概念；C选项“基于金起源于岩浆流体理论的模型，人们发现了新的金矿”：文章没有提到这个模型让人们新发现了金矿，属于无中生有。4. 填空题Sedona, located in Arizonas high desert, is famous for its _ beautiful red-sandstone formations. (startle)【答案】startlingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰形容词beautiful，所以应该用副词，startlingly意思为“惊人地”，在这里强调美丽的程度，符合语境。【句意】塞多纳位于美国亚利

36、桑那州的高沙漠地带，以美丽的红砂岩而闻名。5. 填空题People are most likely to say they have been dreaming if they are awakened during a period of so-called rapid eye movement, at this time distinctive changes in brain activity are observable. A B C D【答案】D this改为which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】D部分引导定语从句，对rapid eye movement进行修饰，D部分在从句

37、中充当状语，this不能引导从句，which代表物，可以在这里引导从句。【句意】如果人们在所谓的眼球快速运动时期醒来，可以观察到大脑活动的显著变化，那么他们最有可能说自己一直在做梦。6. 填空题The situation comedy (or sitcom) depends on audience _ with recurring characters and conditions to explore life in the home, workplace, or some other common location. (familiar)【答案】familiarity【解析】【考查点】名词

38、。【解题思路】根据动词短语depends on，可知audience _为名词短语，familiarity的意思为“熟悉”，符合语境，指的是观众对情景喜剧的反应需要看他们对情景喜剧中的角色和环境有多熟悉。【句意】情景喜剧要看观众对反复出现的角色和用来探索家庭、工作场所及其他常见场所的生活环境有多熟悉。7. 单选题Creatively exciting and commercially attractiveYouve got a movie here that will _ kids and adults alike.问题1选项A.appeal toB.resort toC.switch toD

39、.refer to【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. appeal to 对有吸引力 B. resort to 依靠，求助于C. switch to 切换到，转变成 D. refer to 指的是【答案】A【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】横线处和kids and adults构成动宾搭配关系，结合前面的关键词Creatively exciting and commercially attractive，可知这部电影非常精彩，孩子和成年人都会喜欢，appeal to符合语境，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】在创意上令人兴奋，在商业上具有吸引力这是一部既能吸引孩子也

40、能吸引成年人的电影。8. 单选题Investigators of monkeys social behavior have always been struck by monkeys aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechan

41、isms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more

42、than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwicks on the reduction of space or the withhol

43、ding, of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intergroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivati

44、on likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one

45、 of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adul

46、t members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer me

47、ets ever more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if o

48、nly because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the grou

49、ps precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their establ

50、ished social order rather than to engage in hostilities perse.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior?3. The passage suggests that investigators

51、 of monkeys social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because _.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to _.问题1选项A.advancing a new methodology for changin

52、g a monkeys social behaviorB.comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeysC.discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggression among monkeysD.examining the effects of competition on monkeys social behavior问题2选项A.Food deprivation increases aggressio

53、n among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.B.Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild.C.Food deprivation may temp

54、orarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.D.Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys.问题3选项A.aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeysB.successful competition for incentives dete

55、rmines the social order in a monkey groupC.most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulsesD.most monkeys are social, yet they frequently respond to newcomers entering existing social units by attacking them问题

56、4选项A.keep the monkeys from straying and joining other groupsB.control aggressive behavior among group membersC.prevent the domination of that group by anotherD.prevent aggressive competition for incentives between that group and another【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author of the passage

57、is primarily concerned with _. 本文作者主要关注的是_。A. advancing a new methodology for changing a monkeys social behavior A. 提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法B. comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys B. 比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法C. discussing the development of investigators1 theories about aggressi

58、on among monkeys C. 讨论研究人员关于猴子间攻击性的理论的发展D. examining the effects of competition on monkeys social behavior D. 考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响【答案】C【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段讲述研究人员对猴子间的攻击性很感兴趣（struck by monkeys aggressive potential），并且展开调查（first investigations）；第二段讲述研究人员最初的观点（Investigators initially believed），这个观点在实验中（exp

59、eriments like Southwicks）受到质疑（doubted）；第三段讲述对野生动物和灵长类群体攻击性的研究（Studies）和得到的证据（evidence）；第四段解释研究结果（These studies of intruders suggest）。综上所述，本文围绕研究猴子间攻击性的过程为中心展开讨论，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“提出了改变猴子社会行为的新方法”：文中没有提到此新方法，属于无中生有；B选项“比较几种研究猴子攻击性的方法”：文中没有对这些方法进行比较，属于无中生有；D选项“考查竞争对猴子社会行为的影响”：竞争是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全

60、。第2题:【选项释义】Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys behavior? 以下哪个选项最恰当地总结了文章中缺乏食物对猴子行为影响的发现？A. Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is t

61、he competition for incentives. A. 缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励。B. Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increases among monkeys in the wild. B. 在实验室环境中，缺乏食物可能会增强猴子的长期攻击性，但在野生环境中只会导致暂时的增强。C. Food deprivation ma

62、y temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. C. 缺乏食物可能会暂时增强猴子之间的攻击性，但也会导致冲突的减少。D. Food deprivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkeys. D. 缺乏食物降低了猴子攻击事件的强度，但没有降低频率。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词food depr

63、ivation定位到第二段倒数一、二句，该处讲到“减少空间或不给猴子喂食（withholding），只能暂时增强（temporary increases）猴子群体内部的攻击性。事实上（Indeed），缺乏食物不仅没有增强攻击性（failed to increase aggression），而且在某些情况下实际上导致了攻击频率的降低（decreased frequencies of aggression）。”，结合第三段第一句“对极端缺乏食物条件下的野生动物的研究同样表明（likewise revealed），饥饿的猴子几乎没有剩余的能量用于攻击性互动（little energy remaining for aggressive interaction）。”，可知缺乏食物可能会在短期增强攻击性，但会导致冲突减少，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“缺乏食物会增强猴子的攻击性，因为激发攻击性的最有力刺激之一是对竞争的奖励”：对应