2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷93

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1、2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。在这些老鼠断奶后，它们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相

2、反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。3.根据自然神经科学杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。研究者道格拉斯麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”【答案】1. Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permane

3、nt shadow over your happiness, scientists believe.2.Some rats were given summer conditions of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness per day. Others had only eight hours of daily light, to mimic the short days of winter.3. Those reared in summer conditions kept to a daily routine, but those b

4、rought up in little light struggled to cope with the change, the journal Nature Neuroscience reports.2. 写作题You are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: “ Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between China and the west? ”【答案】In recent years, with the development of science a

5、nd technology, and with the change of peoples idea, the world is globalized increasingly. People are confronted with a new international life that exchanges between people, whether it is business trade or social activities, become more than before. The same situation winds up between countries. In m

6、y opinion, it is better to set up a bridge between China and the west.A bridge not only makes life more convenient; it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship. There are various factors badly needed to build a “bridge” for China and the west. Firstly, China needs to kno

7、w more about the west, and the west needs to know more about China. For any country in the world, the past always holds the key to the present and the present is always rooted in the past. Furthermore, only when we know where a country has come from, could we possibly understand why the country is w

8、hat it is today, and only then could we realize in which direction it is heading.As far as I am concerned, China and the west enable to take measures to build a bridge in this respect. For one thing, the need of both sides to build a bridge of common cultural prosperity links the two major civilizat

9、ions of China and the west. China represents the Eastern civilization in an important way, while the west is the birthplace of the Western civilization. For another, they both need to build a bridge of economic growth and prosperity. China is one of the most important major economies in the world an

10、d the west has many big markets. We must uphold open market, speed up negotiations on the investment agreement, and actively explore the possibility of a free trade area. Last but not least, they both need to build a bridge of reform and progress. Both China and the west are pursuing reforms that ar

11、e unprecedented in human history, and both are sailing uncharted waters. We need to respect each others path of reform and draw upon each others reform experience. And we need to promote world development and progress through our reform efforts.In conclusion, building a bridge has advantages and we

12、should set up a bridge with the west.3. 单选题Behavior is one of two general responses available to endothermic (warm-blooded) species for the regulation of body temperature, the other being innate (reflexive) mechanisms of heat production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to prov

13、ide a hospitable thermal microclimate for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment is accomplished with minimal involvement of innate mechanisms of heat production and loss. Thermoregulatory behavior anticipates hyperthermia, and the organism adjusts its behavio

14、r to avoid becoming hyperthermic: it removes layers of clothing, it goes for a cool swim, etc. The organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during exercise; but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely wit

15、hin the central nervous system, and the ability of these mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.Until recently it was assumed that organisms respond to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of

16、 radiation. After all, the argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are locate

17、d within the first millimeter of the skins surface, but the energy of a microwave field may be selectively deposited in deep tissues, effectively bypassing these thermoreceptors, particularly if the field is at near-resonant frequencies. The resulting temperature profile may well be a kind of revers

18、e thermal gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not conducted outward to the surface to stimulate the appropriate receptors, the organism does not “appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the

19、skin. In theory, the internal organs of a human being or an animal could be quite literally cooked well-done before the animal even realizes that the balance of its thermomicroclimate has been disturbed.Until a few years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of about 1

20、00 mW/cm2 were considered unequivocally to produce “thermal” effects; irradiations within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm2 might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects observed at power densities below 10 mW/cm2 were assumed to be “nonthermal” in nature. Experiments have shown this to be

21、 an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields as weak as 1 mW/cm2 can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed radio frequency (plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the organism, the thermoregulatory system has be

22、en compromised. Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.The author makes which of the following points about innate mechanisms for heat production?3.Which of the f

23、ollowing would be the most logical topic for the author to take up in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?4.The authors strategy in lines 39-42 is to（ ）.5.The author implies that the proponents of the theory that microwave radiation acts on organisms in the same way as other

24、 forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on（ ）.6.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ）.7.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.showing that behavior is a more effective way of controlling bodily temperature than innate mechanismsB.criticizing researchers who wil

25、l not discard their theories about the effects of microwave radiation on organismsC.demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other forms of radiationD.analyzing the mechanism by which an organism maintains its bodily temperature in a changing thermal environmentE

26、.discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internal temperature of an organism问题2选项A.I onlyB.I and II onlyC.I and III onlyD.II and III onlyE.I, II, and III问题3选项A.A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals and human beingsB.An analysis of

27、 the differences between microwave radiationC.A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is dangerousD.A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beingsE.A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia问题4选项A.i

28、ntroduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a pointB.propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesisC.cite a case study to illustrate a general contentionD.produce a counterexample to disprove an opponents theoryE.speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon问题5选项A.labo

29、ratory researchB.unfounded assumptionC.control group surveysD.deductive reasoningE.causal investigation问题6选项A.genial and conversationalB.alarmed and disparagingC.facetious and cynicalD.scholarly and noncommittalE.scholarly and concerned问题7选项A.pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theoryB.d

30、eveloping a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenonC.reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiationD.criticizing the research methods of earlier investigatorsE.clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenon【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B第6题:E第7题:A【解析】1.主

31、旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者讨论的重点是微波辐射产生的影响不同于其他种类的辐射。从而得出本题答案。2.细节信息题。根据题干关键词“innate mechanisms for heat production”将信息点定位到原文第一段。“but such responses result from the direct stimulation of thermoreceptors distributed widely within the central nervous system（但这种反应是由分布在中枢神经系统内的热感受器的直接刺激引起的）”与I对应；“the ability of thes

32、e mechanisms to help the organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.（这些机制帮助有机体适应其环境的巨大变化的能力是有限的。）”与II对应。从而得出本题答案。3.细节推理题。根据题干关键词“take up in the paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection”，将信息点定位到原文最后一段。根据“Yet surprisingly, not long ago, an increase in the internal b

33、ody temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.（然而，令人惊讶的是，就在不久前，体内温度的升高还仅仅被视为热效应的“证据”。）”即可得出本题答案。4.细节推断题。根据题干，定位到原文对应部分，即可得出本题答案。5.细节信息题。根据题干关键词“microwave radiation in the same way” “other forms of radiation”,将信息点定位到原文第二段第一句。“Until recently it was assumed that organisms respon

34、d to microwave radiation in the same way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation.（直到最近，人们还认为生物体对微波辐射的反应与它们对其他形式辐射引起的温度变化的反应是一样的。）”即可得出本题答案。6.观点态度题。通读全文，可发现作者行文时十分注重相关的学术研究，用词十分专业，并且对该问题十分关注。从而得出本题答案。7.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者全篇讨论的是一个著名的科学理论，尤其是该理论的缺点及不足。从而得出本题答案。4. 翻译题一位专家

35、近日称，漱口水（Mouthwashes）可能会导致口腔癌，并呼吁超市停售这类产品。1. 澳大利亚一名科学家对近期的一些相关研究进行调研后做出评论：目前有“足够的证据”可证明含有酒精的漱口水会增加患口腔癌的风险。麦克尔迈克洛夫教授称，一些漱口水比葡萄酒或啤酒还要危险，因为它们所含的酒精浓度较高，达到26%。该研究结果在澳大利亚口腔健康期刊上发表。迈克洛夫教授指出，漱口水应需处方才能购买，而且建议只能短期使用。他说：“我们发现口腔癌患者正是使用了含有酒精的漱口水，而并未涉及其他风险因素，所以在这项研究中，我们深入分析了现有的全部病例。”2. 吸烟和饮酒已被认定为口腔癌的主要发病因素，每年英国有五千

36、人患口腔癌，死亡病例达1600人。来自墨尔本大学的迈克洛夫教授称，漱口水中的酒精会导致烟碱等致癌物更易渗入口腔内壁。而且酒精的代谢产物乙醛也容易通过漱口过程在口腔中堆积，这种物质也会致癌。3.该评论报告了一项有3210人参加的全球性研究提供的证据。这项研究发现，每天用漱口水是导致患头颈癌的一个“很重要的风险因素”。【答案】1. There is sufficient evidence that those containing alcohol contribute to increased risk of the disease, according to a review of the la

37、test studies by an Australian scientist.2. Smoking and alcohol consumption are well-established risk factors in oral cancer which is diagnosed in 5,000 people in the UK each year, and causes 1,600 deaths.3. The review reported evidence from an international study of 3,210 people which found daily mo

38、uthwash use was a significant risk factor for head and neck cancer.5. 单选题While there have been countless attempts at correlating sunspot cycles with such diverse phenomena as the economy, crop yields, and the weather, there has been little evidence to support these correlations. The past few decades

39、 have seen a renewed interest in the sun-climate relationship with a comprehensive analysis of many different historical records of solar observation. Late in the seventeenth century, a period known as the Maunder Minimum, there were virtually no sunspots observed, indicating a “quiet” period in the

40、 suns activity coinciding with the height of a time known as the Little Ice Age, a period of lower temperatures in Europe. Once this evidence had been synthesized, it has become much clearer that there are indeed robust correlations between the Earths temperature and sunspots. Perhaps the most impor

41、tant development in the solar-climate link came when satellites were developed to measure, in rough terms, the Total Solar Irradiance （TSI）, a factor shown to be directly related to these “activity” cycles. At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate loc

42、al irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irradiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.Unfortunatedly, identifying this evident increase in minimum values

43、 as a trend provokes concern, as there have been only two minima ever measured in this way. We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extension of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance

44、is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be. The solar record has been extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, sugg

45、esting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period. But since 1860 only half the observed warming could be attributable to the irradiance increase, indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential in controlling the temperature change: most likely industrial carbon-di

46、oxide.Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehensive effort to quantify the natural climate variability so that the residual change may be attributed to the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This attempt at quantification of the many different forces effect on the

47、 climate has re-emphasized the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of many influences. Solar irradiance may indeed account for some of the temperature increases recorded over the last several decades, but as the atmospheric CO2 rises, due to the exponential increase in

48、emissions from industrial sources, the influence of solar variability on the Earths climate will most likely decrease, and its relative contribution will be far surpassed by “greenhouse” gases.31.The author focuses primarily on （ ） .32.Which of the following statements concerning the comparison betw

49、een preindustrial and post-industrial climate change, as described in the passage, is accurate?33.According to the passage, extending solar record is important for which of the following reasons?34.According to the passage, sunspot cycles have which of the following characteristics?35.It can be infe

50、rred from the passage that the author regards the correlations drawn in recent decades between sunspots and terrestrial phenomena as（ ）.问题1选项A.pointing out the success of a certain line of scientific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity while qualifying its successes with regard to

51、 climate changeB.giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and explaining their possible implications for future researchC.discussing the successes in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how they may have an impact on preventing furt

52、her climate changeD.presenting two competing scientific theories for the cause of post-industrial climate change and evaluating the body of evidence behind each one问题2选项A.The pre-industrial period experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to solar activityB.The post-industrial perio

53、d experienced a much greater degree of climate change, owing to greenhouse gases.C.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, but their primary causes are different.D.Both periods have experienced a degree of change, and their primary causes are identical.问题3选项A.It would allow scientists to e

54、stablish whether the warming trends owe to industrialization or to natural factors existing prior to industrialization.B.It would help establish whether the data supporting the existence of the Maunder Minimum is reliable.C.It would determine the extent to which sunspots plays a role in increasing t

55、he suns irradiance.D.It could possible corroborate the information on sunspots provided by satellites.问题4选项A.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.B.During the minima phase of the cycle, there is greater overall irrad

56、iance but lower local irradiance, and fewer sunspots.C.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower local irradiance but greater overall irradiance, and more sunspots.D.During the maxima phase of the cycle, there is lower overall irradiance but greater local irradiance, and more sunspots.问题5

57、选项A.more reliable than similar correlations drawn in the past, but still inconclusiveB.solid evidence of the complexity of the climate system and the simultaneous interaction of its many influencesC.poorly supported by the statistics mentioned at the beginning of the passageD.unlikely given the pred

58、ominant role played by greenhouse gases【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】31.主旨大意题。通读全文可发现作者通篇探讨的是太阳活动与气候变化的联系。根据关键词“solar activity” “climate change” “the sun-climate relationship”即可得出本题答案。32.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“preindustrial and post-industrial climate change”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第三句和第四句，根据“The solar record has be

59、en extended by the use of the historical sunspot records already mentioned and correlations have been drawn between solar irradiance and the temperature curve since 1610, suggesting a predominant solar influence in the pre-industrial period.（利用前面提到的太阳黑子历史记录扩展了太阳活动记录，并从1610年起绘制了太阳辐照度与温度曲线之间的关系，表明太阳活动

60、在前工业时期具有重要的影响。）” “indicating that some other influence is becoming more influential（表明其他一些影响正在变得更有影响力）”，即可得出本题答案。33.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“extending solar record”可将信息点定位至原文第二段第二句和第三句。“We must be aware that the warming trend in the surface temperature goes far beyond the last two decades, and that an extensio

61、n of the solar record is necessary to assess whether solar activity and irradiance is indeed increasing at the minima of the cycles and what the potential effect on the climate may be.（我们必须认识到，地表温度的上升趋势远远超过过去二十年，必须扩大太阳记录，以评估太阳活动和辐照度是否确实在以周期的最小值增加，以及对气候可能产生的潜在影响。）”从而得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键字“sunspot cy

62、cles” “characteristics”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第六句，“At the maxima of these cycles, there are more sunspots （magnetic phenomena that attenuate local irradiance）, but new instruments show that these dark sunspots are more than compensated for by bright areas on the sun called faculae; therefore, the overall irr

63、adiance increases in correspondence with higher numbers of sunspots.（这些周期的最大值，太阳黑子（磁现象减弱本地辐照度）,但新仪器显示，这些黑暗的太阳黑子超过补偿在太阳明亮的区域称为光斑；因此，整体较高的辐照度增加对应数量的太阳黑子。）”即可得出本题答案。35.细节推断题。根据题干关键字“correlations drawn in recent decades”可将信息点定位至原文最后一段，根据“Recent studies of global warming have necessitated a more comprehe

64、nsive effort（最近对全球变暖的研究需要更全面的努力。）”可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。6. 单选题Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1 ） an event takes place, newspapers are on the street （2 ） the details.（3 ）anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic （4 ） , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to （5 ） it.Radio, telegraph, t