2022年考博英语-山西大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷10

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1、2022年考博英语-山西大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The ability to focus attention on important things is a（ ）characteristic of intelligence.问题1选项A.decliningB.definingC.deceivingD.defending【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项declining“下滑的；衰退的；倾斜的”；B选项defining“最典型的；起决定性作用的”；C选项deceiving“欺骗性的”；D选项defending“防守型的”。句意：把注意力集中在重要事情上的能力

2、是智慧的一个（ ）特征。根据语境，defining“最典型的”和intelligence“智慧”搭配比较合理。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题A person must satisfy his physiological needs, such as food, clothing and shelter, before（ ）any other objective.问题1选项A.recoveringB.searchingC.chasingD.pursuing【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项recovering“恢复，再生”；B选项searching“查找，思索”；C选项chasing“追赶；追

3、求（事业、金钱、异性）”；D选项pursuing“追赶；追问；努力实现（目标）”。句意：一个人必须先满足生理需要，如衣食住行，才能（ ）任何其他的目标。根据语境，pursuing“努力实现（目标）”搭配objective“目标”比较合理。因此D选项正确。3. 翻译题Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can incr

4、ease the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. Th

5、is report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.【答案】人们普遍认为吸烟成瘾，与其说戒烟是个人选择的

6、问题，不如说是意志力的问题。虽然就医和药物治疗能增加永久戒烟的概率，但避免进退两难的最好办法是一开始就不吸烟。吸烟带来不可逆的影响程度不同，且与烟瘾和烟龄有关，也与最初接触烟的年龄有关。本报告挑战的是一种观点，即几年的吸烟史不会产生长期的不良后果。我们希望劝说人们不要染上这一常见而致命的习惯，并指出随着戒烟时间的增加，烟草对健康产生的影响就会大幅度减少。4. 单选题Libraries are an investment for the future and should not be allowed to fall into（ ）.问题1选项A.dissolutionB.decayC.decl

7、ineD.depression【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项dissolution “分解，溶解”；B选项decay “衰退，衰减；衰败；腐烂，腐朽”；C选项decline “下降；衰退；斜面”；D选项depression“沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区”。题干大意说，图书馆是将来的一种投资，不允许（图书馆）掉入（ ）。常识储备：当今社会我们并没有注意图书馆的价值，现在的图书馆是冷冷清清，一副衰退、衰亡的景象。其实体现一个国家、民族的真正素质就是看图书馆是否冷冷清清。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题With a wide variety of fresh fruit（ ）ava

8、ilable, canned fruit is no longer so popular as before.问题1选项A.personallyB.readilyC.rarelyD.properly【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项personally“亲自地；当面；个别”；B选项readily“容易地；乐意地”；C选项rarely“很少地”；D选项properly“恰当地”。句意：随着各种各样的新鲜水果可（ ）获得，罐头水果不再像以前那样受欢迎。根据语境，因为新鲜水果容易购买，于是水果罐头不那么受欢迎了，readily“容易地”符合题意。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题Each（ ）effo

9、rt a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.问题1选项A.cordialB.compactC.clumsyD.chronic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项cordial“热情的，真诚的”；B选项compact“体积小的，精制的”；C选项clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；D选项chronic“长期的，慢性的”。句意：婴儿在说话时的每一次（ ）努力都是智力发展的标志。“每一次热情的/体积小的/长期的努力”都没有“笨拙的”更合适，因此C选项正确。7. 单选题For about three centuries

10、 we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another seri

11、es of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human development long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have been rai

12、sed in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesnt really work, we

13、d tried it and it doesnt work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters

14、 of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legisla

15、tive intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little ma

16、chine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imagination.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to

17、 do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in gener

18、al we will learn more about ourselves.1.What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?2.The principle discovery in this century shows（ ）.3.Now scientists have found in the past few years（ ）.4.The writers main purpose in writing the passage is to say that（ ）.5.The writers attitude towards science

19、is（ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.B.For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude toward science.C.Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progress unanimously.D.Some people thin

20、k three hundred years is not long enough to set back for critical appraisal of scientific method.问题2选项A.man has overthrown Newtons laws of physicsB.man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzlesC.man has lost many scientific discoveriesD.man has given up some of the once accepted theories问题3选项A.the ex

21、posure of DNA to the public is unnecessaryB.the tiny cell in DNA is a neat little machineC.man knows nothing about DNAD.man has much to learn about DNA问题4选项A.science is just at its beginningB.science has greatly improved mans lifeC.science has made profound progressD.science has done too little to h

22、uman beings问题5选项A.criticalB.approvingC.neutralD.regretful【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段第三句和第四句maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument （甚至长到要投票决定是否继续下去。这是有争议的。），可见对于将科学是否继续进行下去，人们观点不一，有人持敌对态度，故C选项“现代文明依赖科学，所以人们一致支持科学的进步”正确，B选项“三百年来有人一直对科

23、学持敌对态度”错误，D选项“有的人认为三百年的时间不够长，不能让人们对科学方法进行批判性的评价”错误。A选项“过去三百年的科学实验制造出许多有价值的物品”：根据第一段第一、二句，三百年来，我们一直在研究科学，当代每项技术都是通过科学实验而来的。因此C选项正确。2.细节推断题。A选项man has overthrown Newtons laws of physics“人类推翻了牛顿的物理定律”；B选项man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles“人类已经解决了一套新的巨大的谜题”；C选项man has lost many scientific disc

24、overies“人类已经失去了许多科学发现”；D选项man has given up some of the once accepted theories“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”。根据第三段最后一句some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.（有些物理定律每隔几年就会被修订，有些被完全取消

25、，有些经过立法意图的修订版本，就像它们是国会法案一样。），可知人类对理论所采取的做法是修正，摈弃，甚至采取立法手段，故D选项“人类已经放弃了一些曾经被接受的理论”正确。A、B、C选项不是主要发现，而是其中小部分。因此D选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第四段Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolutionFor a while, things seemed simple and clearBut just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex（3

26、0年前，我们称之为一场生物革命有一段时间，事情似乎简单明了但就在最近几年，它变得几乎难以置信地复杂），可知人们对于DNA的认识不断在更新，有很多要了解的，不是一无所知，故D选项“人类对DNA还需要了解很多”正确，C选项“人类对DNA一无所知”错误。A选项“没有必要把DNA的信息告诉大众”：作者没有这个意思。B选项“DNA中的小细胞是一台小巧的机器”：根据第四段第二句，DNA在30年前被比作小机器，但现在这个概念被颠覆。因此D选项正确。4.细节推断题。根据第五段第一句It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to d

27、o.（不仅是有更多的事情要做，而是每件事都要做。），可知人类在科学发展方面还需要做大量的研究，这只是一个开始，故A选项“科学才刚刚开始”正确。B选项“科学极大地改善了人类生活”和D选项“科学对人类作用太小”没有着重表述。C选项“科学取得了里程碑式的进步”没有提到。因此A选项正确。5.综合归纳题。A选项critical“批判的”；B选项approving“支持的”；C选项neutral“中性的”；D选项regretful“伟大的”。根据第五段最后一句As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general w

28、e will learn more about ourselves.（随着我们更多地了解生物的基本过程，我们也将更多地了解我们自己。），以及全文对科技进步的描述，作者点出了科学进步的好处，可见对科学持正向肯定态度，故B选项“支持的”正确。A，C和D选项不符合题意。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题Well continue along the road（ ）by our presidents more than seventy years ago.问题1选项A.given outB.made outC.wiped outD.mapped out【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。A选项give ou

29、t“发出，排放，公开，分发”；B选项make out“艰难地看到，理解，填写”；C选项wipe out“消灭”；D选项map out“认真安排或设计，绘制”。句意：我们将继续沿着我们两国总统七十多年前（ ）的道路前进。“发出道路/理解道路/消灭道路”都不符合题意，因此D选项正确。9. 单选题He is a young and（ ）coach who is prepared to lead his team to win the championship in his first season.问题1选项A.realisticB.humorousC.ambitiousD.intimate【答案】

30、C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项realistic “现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的”；B选项humorous “诙谐的，幽默的；滑稽的，可笑的”；C选项ambitious “野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的”；D选项intimate “亲密的；私人的；精通的”。句意：他是一个年轻而有（ ）的教练，他准备在他的第一个赛季带领他的球队赢得冠军。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题If the universality of immersion-style language programs, emergency test prep classes, tired college kids is any

31、 indication, cramming (临时抱佛脚) is a wildly popular study strategy. Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like “Evolution” or “World history 1914 to present” into the last week of a course. So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms wha

32、t you may suspect deep down: The answer is no. Hurried memorization is a hopeless approach for retaining information. But its not all bad news. The team offers a precise formula for better study habits, and it doesnt necessarily need dogged discipline and routine.To arrive at their prescription, the

33、 scientists tested the “spacing effect” on long-term memory. In other words, they wanted to know how the time gap between study sessions influences the ability to remember material on test day. They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as “Who invented snow golf.” (Rudyard Kipli

34、ng) and “What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food” (Norway). Participants reviewed the answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.The findings Students perform better when they space their study sessions

35、 rather than when they try to cram everything into their heads during one sitting. But for those who must cram, timing is everything. According to the researchers, if you have only one date on which to study, choose a day thats closer to when you first learned the material than when you take the tes

36、tbut not too close. For instance, if you have a French lesson on Monday and a quiz the following Monday, you should study on Wednesday for maximum retention. Tuesday is too early and Sunday is too late. If you want to remember something for a year, wait about a month to review what you learned.Hal P

37、ashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers dont realize the error of their ways. “Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular,” he told me in an email. “And I have never heard people who take these courses even notice the

38、 fact that they are a perfect prescription for rapid forgetting.”1.Which of the following can best describe professors attitude toward cramming?2. According to Paragraph 1, the new study on cramming（ ）.3.In Paragraph 2 the author mainly describes（ ）.4.According to the passage, the most important cra

39、mming strategy is（ ）.5.By mentioning the science community, Hal Pashler tries to stress that（ ）.问题1选项A.Rationally rejecting.B.Reasonably ignoring.C.Readily accepting.D.Reluctantly helping.问题2选项A.proves the correctness of the general understandingB.makes us confused about how to understand itC.points

40、 out the problems of the popular theoriesD.raises questions as to what should be avoided问题3选项A.the necessity of the testB.the procedure of the testC.the selection of the test subjectsD.the content of the test questions问题4选项A.putting things into categoryB.dividing the study sessionC.lengthening the r

41、eview sessionD.choosing the optimal review time问题5选项A.people are not fully aware of the problems with crammingB.it is important to develop better study habits than crammingC.forgetting is one of the major negative effects of crammingD.science people should take the lead in giving up cramming【答案】第1题:

42、A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段中的“Professors frown upon it yet conspire by squeezing vast topics like Evolution or World history 1914 to present into the last week of a course.（教授们对此并不赞成，但他们会在课程的最后一周，把进化论或1914年世界史这样的大话题挤到课堂上，共同密谋。）”很好地诠释了教授们对临时抱佛脚的态度，即理性地拒绝。B选项“合理的忽略”；C选项“欣然接受”；D选项“不情愿的帮助”都不能

43、代表教授们的态度，因此A选项正确。2.推理判断题。文章第一段主要阐明了临时抱佛脚式学习策略以及教授们对此的态度，还有关于该学习策略的研究。文中“So is cramming effective or not? A new study by UC-San Diego psychologists confirms what you may suspect deep down: The answer is no.（那么死记硬背到底有效还是无效呢？加州大学圣地亚哥分校的心理学家进行的一项新研究证实了你内心深处的猜测：答案是否定的。）”说明该研究证明了一般人的理解是正确的，所以选择A选项。B选项“让我们

44、对如何理解它感到困惑”文中没有提到；C选项“指出流行理论的问题”也不符合段意；D选项“提出了应该避免什么的问题”也没有提到，因此A选项正确。3.推理判断题。第二段主要描述了专家进行的研究。“They asked 1,354 volunteers to memorize 32 trivial facts, such as Who invented snow golf. (Rudyard Kipling) and What European nation consumes the most spicy Mexican food (Norway). Participants reviewed the

45、 answers anywhere from several minutes to several months after first learning them, and then were tested up to a year later.（他们要求1354名志愿者记住32件小事，比如谁发明了雪高尔夫球（拉迪亚德吉卜林）。和欧洲哪个国家吃的墨西哥菜最辣（挪威）。在第一次学习答案后，参与者在几分钟到几个月的时间内对答案进行复核，然后在一年后进行测试。）”这句话主要描述了该研究的程序，并没有侧重于A选项“研究的必要性”，也没有侧重于C选项“研究对象的选择”，更没有侧重于D选项“测试的内容”

46、，即描述32件小事的内容，因此B选项正确。4.事实细节题。第三段中的“But for those who must cram, timing is everything.（但对于那些必须死记硬背的人来说，时机就是一切。）”指出死记硬背最重要的就是选择好记忆时机。A选项“把东西分类”；B选项“划分学习环节”；C选项“延长复习期”都没有提到，因此D选项“选择最佳的复习时间”正确。5.事实细节题。最后一段中的“Hal Pashler, one of the lead authors, suspects that most crammers dont realize the error of thei

47、r ways. Even in the scientific community, cram-type summer courses on new research methods are extremely popular, he told me in an email.（该研究的主要作者之一哈尔帕什勒（Hal Pashler）在一封电子邮件中告诉我他怀疑大多数死记硬背式学习的人没有意识到他们学习方法的错误。即使在科学界，关于新研究方法的临时暑期课程也非常受欢迎。）”说到大多数人并没有完全意识到死记硬背这个方法的不可行，尽管在科学界也是如此。B选项“养成更好的学习习惯比死记硬背更重要”原文没

48、有提到；C选项“遗忘是死记硬背的主要负面影响之一”与题干无关；D选项“科学人应该带头放弃死记硬背”文中也没有提到，因此A选项“人们没有完全意识到死记硬背的问题”正确。11. 单选题The great（ ）between the teams did not make for an entertaining game.问题1选项A.disparityB.discomfitC.discretionD.dislocation【答案】A【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项disparity“明显差异”；B选项discomfit“使难堪”；C选项discretion“自行决定权；审慎”；D选项dislocatio

49、n“（制度、进程、生活方式）紊乱”。句意：两队之间的巨大（ ）并没有使比赛变得有趣。Dislocation形容制度等，不能和team搭配，disparity可以和team搭配，也符合生活中因为两个团队的巨大差异让比赛有看点的场景。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题Some of the worlds most important museums are confirming what weve suspected all along but didnt dare say: selfie sticks (自拍杆) are stupid.The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)

50、has banned the sticks from their exhibition halls to prevent damage to the artwork. If youve ever set foot in MoMA youll know what a difficult experience it can be. Not because it isnt an exceptional art institution thats given the mind-expanding exhibitions, but because of other people. The MoMA is

51、 one of the worlds busiest museumsadd selfie sticks among the crowds and youve got a recipe for disaster.The same situation can be found at many famous tourist landmarks. Like seat belts, the selfie stick problem doesnt hit home until someone gets hurt. An increasing number of sites have seen the po

52、tential hazard and put a stop to things before a “tragedy” occurs. The Australian Open has banned selfie sticks. Sports and music stadiums around London have banned the stick, as well.Yet the real issue behind the selfie stick is the selfie itself. Its somehow become socially acceptable for us to ta

53、ke the narcissism (自恋) of adolescence and extend it through adulthood, manifested in selfies. I admit that I do enjoy the occasional guilty pleasure of a selfie, so I cant and wont be a hypocrite about it.When it comes to traveling, though, when it comes to once-in-a-lifetime visits to sacred landma

54、rks and world-class museums, Id hope that we could all turn the lens away from ourselves.Or simply put the camera away. Travel writer Paul Theroux once told his readers: “I never bring a camerabecause taking pictures, Ive found, makes me less observant and interferes with my memory.” How much do we

55、rely on photo graphs to remember our vacations? Does it really matter that we have a permanent documentation of every moment of our travels?What if we entirely let go of documenting and just simply experience? I tried it for a day. It is what I imagine skydiving would be like: terrifying at first, t

56、hen exciting and finally, when I got my mind to stop subconsciously framing every street scene, I became more present than Ive ever been on a trip.1.What do we learn about MoMA?2.As mentioned in the passage, selfie sticks have been banned in the following events EXCEPT （ ）.3.According to Paragraph 4

57、, the author considers selfies as（ ）.4.Travel writer Paul Theroux is quoted to（ ）.5.In “I became more present than Ive ever been on a trip” (last paragraph), the author feeling can be summarized as（ ）.问题1选项A.MoMA is one of the most visited museums in the world.B.Not everyone appreciates the exhibiti

58、ons in MoMA .C.MoMA has to be heavily guarded to protect the artwork.D.Taking pictures in MoMA can be a pleasant experience.问题2选项A.museum visitsB.music performanceC.sports competitionD.tourist sightseeing问题3选项A.a waste of timeB.a real life saverC.sometimes enjoyableD.mostly boring问题4选项A.instruct tra

59、velers on how to take quality picturesB.remind people of the beauty of natural landmarksC.persuade travelers against taking too many picturesD.encourage people to travel around the world问题5选项A.shockingB.appreciatingC.excitingD.confusing【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第二段第四句the MoMA is one

60、 of the worlds busiest museums（现代艺术博物馆是世界上最繁忙的博物馆之一），可知A选项“现代艺术博物馆是世界上参观人数最多的博物馆之一”正确。B选项“不是每个人都喜欢现代艺术博物馆的展览”没有提到。C选项“现代艺术博物馆必须戒备森严以保护艺术品”：根据第二段第一句The Museum of Modern Art has banned the sticks from their exhibition halls to prevent damage to the artwork.（现代艺术博物馆已经禁止在他们的展厅内使用棍子，以防止损坏艺术品。），可知现代艺术博物馆采

61、取了措施保护艺术品，但不至于戒备森严。D选项“在MoMA拍照是一种愉快的经历”：根据第二段最后一句add selfie sticks among the crowds and youve got a recipe for disaster（在人群中使用自拍杆，简直就是一场灾难），可知在现代艺术博物馆拍照并不愉快。因此A选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句The same situation can be found at many famous tourist landmarks（在许多著名的旅游景点也可以看到同样的情况。）和第三句An increasing number of site

62、s have seen the potential hazard and put a stop to things before a “tragedy” occurs.（越来越多的地点已经发现了潜在的危险，并在“悲剧”发生之前阻止了事情的发生。），在第三句后面讲述禁止使用自拍杆的地方，可知许多人在旅游景点拍照，并且没有禁止，故D选项“旅游景点”正确。根据第三段第四句和第五句The Australian Open has banned selfie sticks. Sports and music stadiums around London have banned the stick, as

63、well.（澳大利亚网球公开赛禁止使用自拍杆。伦敦周围的体育和音乐厅也禁止使用自拍杆。），可知体育竞赛、音乐厅禁止使用自拍杆，因此B选项“音乐厅”和C选项“体育竞赛”错误。根据前文，A选项“博物馆”错误。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第四段最后一句I admit that I do enjoy the occasional guilty pleasure of a selfie（我承认我确实很享受自拍的那种偶尔带着罪恶感的快感），可知C选项“有时享受”正确。A选项“浪费时间”，B选项“拯救生活”和D选项“大多数时候无聊”没有提到。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第六段第一句Or simply put the camera away.（或者干脆把相机收起来。），可知这一段在讲述不要拍太多照片，最好不拍，引用作家的话用来举例证明，故C选项“说服旅行者不要拍太多的照片”正确，A选项“指导游客如何拍摄高质量的照片”错误。B选项“提醒人们自然景色的美”和D选项“鼓励人们环游世界”没有提到。因此C选项正确。5.语义推测题。根据第七段最后一句It