2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷1

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1、2022年考博英语-重庆大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 填空题We use language primarily as a means of communication with other human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which 1 we live a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing 2 conventions as to the way in which words should be arranged to 3 convey a p

2、articular message: the English speaker has in his disposal 4 a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to 5 communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of style, to other English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses actively and that which he r

3、ecognizes, increases in 6 size as he grows old, as a result of education and experience.But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, 7 unless he has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by anoth

4、er member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system a concrete 8 transmission form. We take it for granted the two most common forms of transmission by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs 9 (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 10 among most striking of human ach

5、ievements.【答案】1.agreeing改为agreed2.words改为these/those words3.in改为at4.enables改为enable5.style改为styles6.old改为older7.seen改为understood8.删除it9.And改为However10.most striking改为the most striking【解析】1.语法题。根据句子结构可知，agreeing作前置定语修饰conventions，agree和conventions之间存在被动关系，所以要用agree的过去分词形式agreed “一致的，同意的”。Agreed conve

6、ntions “一致的惯例” 。2.语法题。根据上文的a store of words，可知下文再次提及words，应该添加指示代词表特指。又因为words为复数，所以选用指示代词these或者those。3.固定搭配。根据固定搭配at one s disposal “由支配”，所以in his disposal介词搭配错误。4.语法题。根据句子结构，可知which引导的定语从句，先行词为a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules，为复数，所以定语从句中的谓语动词不能用第三人称单数形式。5.语法题。根据a variety of “各种各样的”，用来修

7、饰名词的复数形式。这里要用名词style的复数形式。6.语法题。根据句意，“特别是他的词汇量，无论是经常使用的还是他认识的，随着年龄的增长，由于教育和使用经验，词汇量也会增加”。可知这里的old应该用比较级的形式。7.上下文语义。根据句意“除非他能够运用一种能够被语言社区中的其他成员所理解的表达方式”，所以这里要表达的意思是“理解”，而不是seen “被看到”。8.固定搭配。根据固定搭配take sth. for granted “认为某事是理所当然的”。根据下文提到的the two most common forms of transmission “两种最常见的交流方式”，可知文章要表达的

8、意思是“认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，所以这里的it为多余的代词。9.上下文逻辑关系。上文提到 We take for granted the two most common forms of transmission，“我们认为这两种最常见的交流方式是理所当然的”，下文提到these are among most striking of human achievements, “这是人类最显著的成就之一”。可知前后两句存在转折关系，而不是并列关系。所以并列连词误用，应改为转折连词。10.语法题。文中most striking应该要表达的意思为“最显著的”，为形容词的最高级形式。形

9、容词的最高级前面应该加上定冠词the，为英语的习惯用法和表达。2. 单选题The most noticeable trend among todays media companies is vertical integrationan attempt to control several related aspects of the media business at once, each part helping the other. Besides publishing magazines and books, Time Warner, for example, owns Home Box

10、 Office (HBO), Warner movie studios, various cable TV systems throughout the United States and CNN as well. The Japanese company Matsushita owns MCA Records and Universal Studios and manufactures broadcast production equipment.To describe the financial status of todays media is also to talk about ac

11、quisitions. The media are buying and selling each other in unprecedented numbers and forming media groups to position themselves in the marketplace to maintain and increase their profits. In 1986, the first time a broadcast network had been sold, two networks were sold that yearABC and NBC.Media acq

12、uisitions have skyrocketed since 1980 for two reasons. The first is that most big corporations today are publicly traded companies, which means that their stock is traded on one of the nations stock exchanges. This makes acquisitions relatively easy.A media company that wants to buy a publicly owned

13、 company can buy that companys stock when the stock becomes available. The open availability of stock in these companies means that anybody with enough money can invest in the American media industries, which is exactly how Rupert Murdoch joined the media business.The second reason for the increase

14、in media alliances is that beginning in 1980, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) gradually deregulated the broadcast media. Before 1980, for example, the FCC allowed one company to own only five TV stations, live AM radio stations, and five FM radio stations; Companies also were required to

15、 hold onto a station for three years before the station could be sold. The post-1980 FCC eliminated the three-year rule and raised the number of broadcast holdings allowed for one owner. This trend of media acquisitions is continuing throughout the 1990s, as changing technology expands the market fo

16、r media products.The issue of media ownership is important. If only a few corporations direct the media industries in this country, the outlets for differing political viewpoints and innovative ideas could be limited.1.What do Time Warner and Matsushita have in common?2.It is true about the media me

17、ntioned in the passage that they（ ）.3.According to the passage, which of the following makes acquisitions easier?4.The FCCs new policy regarding media alliances is that（ ）.5.The issue of media ownership is important because（ ）.问题1选项A.They both belong to Rupert Murdoch.B.They are both big American me

18、dia corporations.C.They are both outlet of differing viewpoints and innovative ideas.D.They both own several different but related media businesses.问题2选项A.used to sell and buy each other in great numbersB.are trading each other in greater numbers todayC.used to be controlled by two networks ABC and

19、NBCD.have stopped the trend of acquisitions in the 1990s问题3选项A.The changing technology employed by the media.B.The medias increasing profits in the marketplace.C.The even tougher regulations of the FCC on the media since 1980.D.The availability of the medias stocks on stock exchanges.问题4选项A.it allow

20、s companies to sell their stocks publiclyB.it doesnt allow companies to sell their stocks publiclyC.it permits one company to own more media businesses at the same timeD.it means that more and more people will hold onto only a few stations问题5选项A.it affects the amount of money the stockholders will m

21、akeB.it decides whether we can have different aspects of the mediaC.it concerns the channels through which to express opinionsD.it means that more and more people will hold onto only a few stations【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段，“The most noticeable trend among todays media companie

22、s is vertical integrationan attempt to control several related aspects of the media business at once, each part helping the other.”，可知在当今的媒体公司中，最引人注目的趋势是纵向一体化，即试图同时控制媒体业务的几个相关方面，每个部分都互相扶持。下文就用Time Warner和Matsushita这两家公司进行了举例说明。可判断出两家公司的共同点在于他们都拥有几家不同但相关的媒体公司。选项D符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第二段，“The media are bu

23、ying and selling each other in unprecedented numbers and forming media groups to position themselves in the marketplace to maintain and increase their profits.”，可知媒体正以前所未有的数量相互买卖，并组建媒体集团，以便在市场上站稳脚跟，维持和增加利润。可判断出文章中提到的媒体正大量地进行交易。选项B符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“The first is that most big corporations today ar

24、e publicly traded companies, which means that their stock is traded on one of the nations stock exchanges.”，可知首先，如今媒体大多数大公司都是上市公司，这意味着它们的股票可以在国家的股票市场交易。可判断出收购交易数量增加的原因就在于媒体股票在股票市场中交易的实现。选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。根据文章第五段，“The post-1980 FCC eliminated the three-year rule and raised the number of broadcast holdi

25、ngs allowed for one owner.”，可知1980年以后，FCC废除了三年售出禁令并提高了一个老板可拥有传媒公司的数量。可判断出FCC在媒体公司方面的新政策是它允许一家公司同时拥有更多的媒体业务。选项C符合题意。5.细节事实题。根据文章最后一段，“If only a few corporations direct the media industries in this country, the outlets for differing political viewpoints and innovative ideas could be limited.”，可知如果只有少数

26、几家公司在这个国家管理媒体产业，那么发表不同的政治观点和创新思想的渠道可能会受到限制。可判断出媒体所有权的问题很重要，原因在于它关乎到人们表达意见和观点的渠道。选项C符合题意。3. 案例题Computer SecurityIt is believed that the problem of computer security has changed over a period of time as business, through an increased use of information technology (IT), have become more and more depend

27、ent on information and the associated information systems (IS). However, at the same time, there has been limited change in the implanted security or safeguards to these information systems. In fact many executives or managers fail to even identify the relevant requirement for security or policies.A

28、: The Internet has been roughly doubling in size every year, and the associated security incidents have been running to parity. Even if the percentage of malicious users is small, the increase in size of the Internet and in the number of incidents of ailed security is significant. The importance of

29、the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.B: In 1988, the “worm” was introduced on the Internet to invade, attack and replicate itself on the network. The respo

30、nse was to shut down E-mail and connectivity. However, the “fixes” were to be distributed via E-mail and so the solution was self-defeating. As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.C: One of the problems with Inte

31、rnet security is the fact that the incidents are increasing in sophistication. One of the reasons for this has been the increasing availability of toolkits. Although these toolkits are designed to assist computer systems designers to protect and develop their sites, they also allow relatively ignora

32、nt intruders to carry out increasingly complex incidents with the utilization of many routers and disguises to reach their “target”. According to a US Development of Defence report, less than 1% of incidents are identified but 65% of these are successful. Another thing to bear in mind with intruders

33、 and hackers is that they do not respect geographical or administrative boundaries. Or time zones. They may be geographically disclosed from the point of attack and therefore operation in “off-duty” hours.D: The thing to remember with security is that the system administrations must get it right all

34、 the time; the intruder must get it right just once. Evidence of this is easy to find. In 1997, a teenager hacked into a Bell Atlantic network. His backing crashed the computer and resulted in 600 homes, a regional airport and emergency services being without telephone communications for six hours.

35、And what was the punishment for this offence? Two years probation community service and a fine of $US 5,000.E: Governments are getting tough on cybercrimes, especially in the wake of September 11th. These crimes are being linked to national security, which in the US is now of major concern to govern

36、ment officials and the general public alike. And the government has been swift to act. In late 2001, the US Patriot Act was introduced. This Act increased the maximum sentence for breaking into a computer from five to ten years. Then in July 2002, the House of representatives approved the Cyber Secu

37、rity Enhancement Act. Now if a cybercrime results in the death of an individual, the offender could face a life sentence. There has been additional fall-out from the September 11th attacks with the FBI and other government security agencies dramatically escalating their monitoring of the Internet. T

38、his has pushed some hackers further underground, fearful that what they had previously been doing out of boredom or challenge could now be viewed as an act of terrorism.F: On the other hand, the events of September 11th have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to jo

39、in forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.G: However, even with the increased the threats of punishment, computer viruses and incidents of hacking continue to be widespread. Long-time security measures which have been utilized by companies and individuals are not fail-sale. O

40、ne of the more IS security measures is the use of firewalls, which “filter” the data entering/leaving the corporate IS. It is true that these firewalls have a number of advantages, nevertheless, they should not be seen as a panacea to all IS security woes, merely an enhancement.They can provide a fa

41、lse sense of security and have limited protection from internal attacks. In short, the corporate world needs to realize that computer security will be an on-going problem and expense.Questions 1-3Complete the table below with information found in the text.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for

42、 each answer.【答案】1.50%2.19923.knowledge【解析】1.事实细节题。根据文章第二段，“The importance of the growth in the Internet can be highlighted by the fact that in July 1991 33% of Internet users were from the commercial sectors, whereas in July 1996 this figure had risen to 50%.”，可知1991年7月有33%互联网用户来自商业领域，而1996年7月这一数字已

43、上升到50%，这一事实突出了互联网增长的重要性。可判断出1996年商业领域使用电脑的占比增加到了50%。2.事实细节题。根据文章第三段，“As a result of this worm virus CERT (Computer emergency Response Team) was formed, with the Australian version staring in 1992.”，可知由于“蠕虫病毒”，1992年成立了CERT(计算机应急响应团队)。可判断出CERT成立的时间为1992。3.事实细节题。根据文章倒数第三段，“the events of September 11th

44、have led to some ex-hackers using their extensive knowledge and experience to join forces with security forces to aid the fight against terrorism.”，可知一些前黑客利用他们广泛的知识和经验与安全部队合作，帮助打击恐怖主义。4. 单选题Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an i

45、mage in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or

46、a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are mat

47、ched serially with an objects features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects

48、 that are not notably simple and familiar.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?I. A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.II. An object is re

49、cognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.III. The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is（ ）.问题1选项A.explaining how the brain receives imagesB.

50、synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognitionC.examining the evidence supporting the serial recognition hypothesisD.discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it问题2选项A.II onlyB.III onlyC.I and III onlyD.II and III only问题3选项A.not a neural activityB.not possible when an obje

51、ct is viewed for the very first timeC.not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some wayD.now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一句为整段的中心句，根据文章第一句，“Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.”，可知

52、本文的话题为视觉识别。下文对视觉识别的过程和原理通过一系列的假设进行具体的阐释。可判断出作者在本文涉及到的主要问题是讨论视觉识别，并提出一些假设来解释它。选项D符合题意。2.判断推理题。根据文章第五句，“Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.”，格式塔学

53、派的心理学家认为，物体是通过一个并行的过程被识别为一个整体的：内部表征与视网膜图像是在一个单独的操作中匹配的。可判断出“一个物体作为一个整体被识别，不需要拆解成组成部分”和“物体与其内部图像的匹配只需要一步”都是格式塔学派心理学家对视觉识别做出的假设。选项D符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第二、三句，“Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.

54、 When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.”，视觉识别的过程为：由眼睛触发的神经活动在大脑的记忆系统中形成一个图像，这个图像构成了被观察物体的内部表象。当这个物体再次被看到时，物体与它内部的表象进行匹配，从而识别该对象。可判断出根据本文，视觉识别中的匹配过程是不可能发生在一个物体第一次被看到时。选项B符合题意。5. 填空题deed continue keep consistentevade greet barrier wh

55、encollaborative share earn beliefpart ourselves butIn many ways, trust is the glue that holds us together, in turn making our interactions work more smoothly. We buy and sell things to other people via eBay and the transaction is based on trust. We get into other peoples cars with a service like Ube

56、r or let strangers stay in our homes with Airbnb, and that requires taking a big leap of faith. We provide very personal data about（1）to companies like Fitbit or Apple and trust that they will（2）the data safe and secure. We work in（3）teams in our offices and trust that our colleagues will pull their

57、 weight and do good work. Almost every time we interact with one another it comes with a certain amount of（4）that the people or businesses we deal with are trustworthy. But trust is（5）through hard work and actions, not simply good intentions. Demonstrating trustworthiness has to be（6）of the very DNA

58、 of a company. It must be proven not only by word but also by（7）, from the boardroom and executive team through to the shop front, the factory floor, and the person who（8）staff and clients as they walk through the doors.One of the biggest（9）to building trust is secrecy or dissembling. No doubt, some

59、 things must be kept confidential in business（10）there are ways a company can be clear about its practices without revealing confidential information. If you want people to trust you or your company, you must be willing to（11）at least some of the information that feeds into the decisions you are mak

60、ing. Transparency is particularly important（12）there is a need to rebuild trust. For example, the banking sector has recently made big statements about impending reform, but their conduct（13）to run counter to the many promises that were made. Most recently weve seen the bank hitting the headlines fo

61、r allegedly aiding its clients to（14）paying tax. This pattern of behavior continues to erode trust, and rebuilding it becomes more difficult over time. People need to see real and（15）action and know that the people who are responsible for maleficence and oversight are actually held to account and th

62、at business practices actually change as a result. Even then, it will take time and concerted effort to rebuild the trust lost by reckless action in the past.【答案】1.ourselves2.keep3.collaborative4.belief5.earned6.part7.deed8.greets9.barriers10.but11.share12.when13.has continued14.evade15.consistent【解

63、析】1.上下文理解。根据空格前“We provide very personal data”，我们提供非常私人的信息，可判断出这些信息是与我们自己相关的。所以单词“ourselves 我们自己”符合文意。2.上下文理解。上文提到我们把一些非常私人的信息给一些公司，所以是相信这些公司会使数据保持安全可靠。单词“keep 保持”符合文意。3.上下文理解。根据空格后“and trust that our colleagues will pull their weight and do good work.”，可知我们相信我们的同事会尽心尽力地工作，这是基于上文提到的各团队的互相协作。单词“colla

64、borative 协作的”符合文意。4.上下文理解。根据空格后文“the people or businesses we deal with are trustworthy.”，我们与之打交道的企业和个人都是值得信赖的，可知上文要表达的意思为“几乎每次我们和别人交流时，都要带着一定的信任。”单词“belief 信任”符合文意。5.上下文理解。根据空格后文“through hard work and actions, not simply good intentions.”，可知信任是通过努力工作和行动而不是仅仅凭好意而获得的。单词“earned 赢得，获得”符合文意。6.上下文理解。根据空格前后文“Demonstrating trustworthiness has to beof the very DNA of a company.”，可知证明自己具有可信度是一家公司基因的必须部分。单词“part 部分”符合文意。7.上下文理解。根据空格前后文“It mu