2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷56

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1、2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 不定项选择题More than two million films lie in storerooms around the world, some of them so badly damaged that they can no longer be screened. If nothing is done, they could disappear for good, like half the films made in the US before 1950. But research promises an au

2、tomated technique, to restore these old films to their former glory.Films can be cleaned chemically or by using ultrasound. But this is time-consuming and expensive, and chemicals can also damage the original films. Another approach is to digitize the film and then clean up the digital version frame

3、 by framea terrible job. When Disney cleaned up Snow White for release on DVD, for instance, graphic artists worked in shifts on 40 computers day and night for 18 weeks.“These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive,” says Samia Boukir, who started work on an automated system, “only an autom

4、ated system can hope to salvage the archive of deteriorating films.”Once a film has been scanned in, the first stage of the process is to find dust spots. They usually occur only on single frames, so the system looks for small spots that are visible on one frame and absent on its neighbors. The soft

5、ware repairs the image by sampling the unspoilt area of the image on the adjacent frames and replacing the dust spot with an average of the sampled picture element.Detecting scratches is more complicated because they may run over several frames and can be confused with vertical lines that are part o

6、f the film. But a telltale pattern often gives them away: scratches are normally caused by the mechanical parts of a projector rubbing on the film, so they tend to repeat at regular intervals.The system looks for a periodic pattern of this type from frame to frame, predicting when it should occur in

7、 the subsequent frames. Having identified the scratch and its duration, the software then repairs the damage by taking picture element from undamaged frames before and after the scratch. This smoothing effect avoids any sharp edges in the restored image.Once restored, the digitized films can be view

8、ed by future generations without risking more damage to the original by running it through a projector. “Film has a hundred-year history, but the knowledge of how to store it properly is only 15 years old,” says Godfrey Pye of Sunset Digital, a Hollywood-based company.1. From the second paragraph we

9、 learn that（ ）.2. What is Samia Boukirs attitude towards automated restoration of the film?3. What is the characteristic of the distribution of dust spots on the films?4. The following statements is the reasons why scratches are hard to be detected.（ ）5. By saying that “without risking more damage t

10、o the original by running it through a projector”, (L.1-2, Para. 7) the author means that（ ）问题1选项A.there have been many methods to clean up the filmsB.Disney repaired the damage of Snow White for profitC.chemical cleaning and the use of ultrasound have the same effectD.cleaning digitalized film is c

11、onsidered feasible in film restoration问题2选项A.Neutral.B.Negative.C.Positive.D.Indifferent.问题3选项A.The spots are in the unspoilt area of the image.B.The spots are on the average sampled picture element.C.The spots cannot appear on two adjacent frames at the same time.D.The spots are on the frame that i

12、s visile.问题4选项A.The scratches appear at order intervals.B.It is easy to distinguish vertical lines and scratches.C.The scratches can extend to several frames.D.The shape of scratches is different from some parts of the film.问题5选项A.later use may not cause new damage to the films after restoration.B.t

13、here is no environmental risk in repairing the original films.C.the restored films have perfect visual effect.D.the projector has the function of protecting the restored films.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节推断题。A项可以从第二段的“Another approach is to”得知，至少有三种方法来修复，因此正确，暂时保留；B项错误，确实是修复了白雪公主，但是并没有说是否

14、是为了收益；C项第二段中提到，“chemicals can also damage the original films”也就是化学的方式可能会损坏，因此两者不同，C错误；D项文章说了这种方法“shifts on 40 computers day and night for 18 weeks”是非常大的工作量，很累人，因此不一定可行。答案为A。第2题:作者态度题。从第三段他说“These computer-aided techniques remain very expensive,”以及“only an automated system can hope to salvage the arc

15、hive of deteriorating films.”这两句话可以看出，他是非常支持自动修复的，甚至认为这是唯一的方法来拯救老电影。因此答案为C。第3题:细节推断题。答案出处根据题干可以定位到第四段和第五段，第四段的第二句：They usually occur only on single frames意思是它们通常只出现在单帧上，因此答案为C，是这句话的转述。第4题:细节推断题。根据题干定位到第五段，第五段第一句，“Detecting scratches is more complicated because they may run over several framesthe fil

16、m.”意为“探测划痕更为复杂，因为划痕可能会覆盖好几帧，而且可能会与作为胶片一部分的垂直线混淆。”因此告诉我们划痕可能延展到好几帧，答案为C。第5题:作者意图题。句子字面含义为“数字化的胶片一旦被修复，就可以被子孙后代观看，而不会因为通过放映机放映而对原胶片造成更大的损害。”我们可以看出意思是一旦修复好了，之后就一劳永逸了，不用担心会有其他的损坏，答案A为同义转述，正确。2. 不定项选择题One of the most dangerous drugs for pregnant women to consume is alcohol. Because alcohol is (1) quickly

17、 into the blood and passes quickly into the (2) and membranes, the human fetus is particularly (3) to its effect. In fact, the negative effects on a fetus are so (4) that babies born after (5) to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal alcohol (6).(7) a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol

18、, is passed into the bloodstream almost (8). Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is (9) that of the mother, the alcohol passes directly into the fetus as well. (10), whats more, the (11) of alcohol in the fetus is exactly the same as in the mother.For the mother, this concentration is not

19、 a problem because her liver can (12) one ounce of alcohol from her system per hour. However, the fetus liver is not completely (13). The rate at which it is able to (14) the alcohol from the blood of the fetus is much slower. (15), the alcohol will be returned to the mothers system by passing acros

20、s the placenta, but this process is slow. By the time this (16), major neurological damage may have already (17). Research has shown that as little as one drink of alcohol can produce significant, (18) damage to the fetus.Babies born after exposure to alcohol generally (19) facial distortion, inabil

21、ity to concentrate, and difficulty in remembering. Simply speaking, it is (20) that pregnant women avoid alcohol.问题1选项A.conferredB.deliveredC.endowedD.injected问题2选项A.tissueB.muscleC.fabricD.liver问题3选项A.accessibleB.resistantC.vulnerableD.immune问题4选项A.pronouncedB.accurateC.severeD.harsh问题5选项A.adaptati

22、onB.infectionC.exposureD.contraction问题6选项A.affectionB.impactC.consequenceD.syndrome问题7选项A.AfterB.AsC.WhenD.Because问题8选项A.simultaneouslyB.immediatelyC.directlyD.frequently问题9选项A.tied toB.similar toC.fixed uponD.linked to问题10选项A.BesidesB.AndC.RatherD.Likewise问题11选项A.condensationB.functionC.concentrati

23、onD.poison问题12选项A.distinguishB.removeC.abandonD.discriminate问题13选项A.developedB.cultivatedC.nurturedD.grown问题14选项A.eliminateB.preventC.distanceD.relieve问题15选项A.EventuallyB.PracticallyC.VirtuallyD.Gradually问题16选项A.takes effectB.takes placeC.has impactD.prevails over问题17选项A.experiencedB.arisenC.emerged

24、D.occurred问题18选项A.irreversibleB.perceivableC.incomprehensibleD.unimaginable问题19选项A.revealB.exhibitC.involveD.perform问题20选项A.desirousB.hopefulC.imperativeD.optimistic【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C第6题:D第7题:B第8题:A第9题:A第10题:B第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:B第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:C【解析】第1题:本题考查了词义辨析。A项

25、confer“授予；给予”，B项deliver“传递；投递”，C项endow “赋予；天生具有”，D项inject“注入；注射”，根据题干可得，“酒精被传输到血液里”答案为B，其他选项均没有这个搭配。第2题:本题考查了名词辨析。A项tissue“组织；纸巾”，B项muscle“肌肉”，C项fabric“织物；建构”，D项liver“肝脏”，空格后的单词“membranes”是膜的意思，那么我们可以看出，通过了细胞膜，那么就会到组织里，而其他的选项都是题干中没有明显暗示的，只有A选项还能从题干中推断出来。第3题:本题考查了形容词辨析。A项accessible“易接近的；可进入的；可理解的”，B项

26、resistant“抵抗的，反抗的；顽固的”，C项vulnerable“易受攻击的，易受的攻击；易受伤害的”，D项immune“免疫的；免于的”，根据前文的描述，我们可以知道，胎儿对于酒精应该是抵抗力更加弱的，因此答案为C，翻译为：所以胎儿面对酒精尤其脆弱。第4题:本题考查了词义辨析。A项pronounced“显著的；断然的；讲出来的”，B项accurate“正确的；准确的”，C项severe“严重的”，D项harsh“严厉的；严酷的”，这一题的解题关键就是对词义的掌握，从前后文的描述我们都能看出酒精对于胎儿的影响是远远大于母体的，因此它的影响应该是“显著的”。答案为A。第5题:本题考查了名词

27、词组。A项adaptation“适应；改编”，B项infection“感染；传染；影响”，C项exposure“暴露；曝光”，D项contraction“收缩，紧缩”，这一题的解题关键是联系全文，可能一开始考生并不能确定答案，但是我们看到最后一段的第一句“Babies born after exposure to alcohol generally”，这一句就是呼应本空，暗示了我们答案为C，句意为：接触酒精对胎儿的负面影响如此明显。第6题:本题考查了名词词组。A项affection“喜爱，感情”，B项impact“影响；效果”，C项consequence“结果；后果”，D项syndrome“综

28、合症”，本题也要结合上下文，上文说到胎儿接触的负面影响非常明显，那么我们可以得到，这里要选的应该是一个消极的词汇，排除A，那么胎儿究竟会得什么，根据选项我们不难得出是酒精综合症，而不是单纯的一个结果，因此答案为D。第7题:本题考查了连词的辨析。A项After“在之后”，B项As“当”，C项When“当”，D项Because“因为”，根据句意我们可以排除A、D，因为翻译应该是：当孕妇饮酒时，酒精几乎同时进入她的血液。所以不是A，那么我们需要区分B、C两个“当”，when和延续性动词、短暂性动词连用，as只和延续性动词连用；且as一般表示主从句两个句子同时发生，而when有时类似于before和a

29、fter，因此这一题选B更好。第8题:本题考查了副词的辨析。A项simultaneously“同时地”，B项immediately“立即”，C项directly“直接地”，D项frequently“频繁地，经常地”，根据上下文，这一空呼应22题的当，应该是“当孕妇饮酒时，酒精几乎同时进入她的血液”，因此答案为A。第9题:本题考查了副词的辨析。A项tied to“依赖；依靠”，B项similar to“相似”，C项fixed upon“固定在”，D项linked to“链接到；把和连接”，前后文说的是：此外，由于胎儿的血液与母亲的血液_。根据前文的逻辑，婴儿的血液应该是和妈妈的连在一起的，应该是

30、婴儿依靠母亲的血液，因此答案为A。第10题:本题考查了连词的辨析。A项Besides“除之外”，B项And“和；并且；还有”，C项Rather“而不是”，D项Likewise“同样地；也”，“and，whats more”就是还有的意思，其他代入语义都不通。第11题:本题考查名词词义和句意。A项condensation“冷凝；凝结；压缩”，B项function“功能；函数；职责”，C项concentration“浓度；集中；浓缩”，D项poison“毒药；极有害的思想；抑制剂”，本题想表达的就是胎儿体内的酒精浓度和母亲体内的完全一样，从而表达胎儿在酒精面前的脆弱，答案为C，并且在下一段的开头也

31、有提示，“For the mother, this concentration is”提示了这一空应该与之呼应；并且酒精浓度也是一个常见的表达。第12题:本题考查动词词义。A项distinguish“区分；辨别”，B项remove“移动，迁移”，C项abandon“遗弃；离开”，D项discriminate“歧视；区别；辨别”，这句话的句意是：对母亲来说，这个量不是问题，因为她的肝脏每小时可以_一盎司的酒精；我们不难看出，这句话想表达的是，母亲体内的器官可以定时移除这些酒精，但是胎儿因为发育不完全不可以，因此答案为B。第13题:本题考查形容词词义。A项developed“发达的（国家或地区）；

32、成熟的”，B项cultivated“用于耕种的；有教养的”，C项nurtured“培育；养育”，D项grown“长大的；成年的”，本题想要表达的是胎儿的解酒能力不像他们的妈妈一样，原因就是他们的身体还不是成熟的，D项不对，并没有说一定要成年，只是现在胎儿的身体和器官发育还不成熟。第14题:本题考查动词词义。A项eliminate“消除；排除”，B项prevent“预防，防止”，C项distance“疏远；把远远甩在后面”，D项relieve“解除，减轻”，要解答这句话必须要理解句意，它是和上文的母亲的情况形成对比，描述的是：这个比率从胎儿血液中清除酒精的速度要慢得多。因此这里选择A。第15题:

33、本题考查副词词义。A项eventually“最后；终于”，B项practically “实际地；几乎”，C项virtually“事实上；几乎；实质上”，D项gradually“逐步地；渐渐地”，知道词义之后我们一个个代入题干的空格，可以得出应该是：最终，酒精会通过胎盘回到母亲的身体系统。这也是根据我们的常识可以得出的，胎儿的所有养分都和母亲互通。第16题:本题考查了词组辨析。A项takes effect“生效；起作用”，B项takes place“发生；举行”，C项has impact“有影响”，D项prevails over“胜过；占优势”，前文讲的是酒精最终会回到母体，但是在这个发生之前，

34、已经对胎儿造成损伤了，这一空只要知道词组和上下文的意思应该不难做出答案。第17题:本题考查了动词词义。A项experienced“经验；经历”，B项arisen“出现；上升”，C项emerged“浮现；摆脱”，D项occurred“发生；出现；存在”，通过题干我们可以翻译出句意为：到这个时候，严重的神经损伤可能已经发生了。答案为D。第18题:本题考查了形容词的词义。A项irreversible“不可逆的；不能取消的；不能翻转的”，B项perceivable“可知觉的，可感知的”，C项incomprehensible“费解的；无限的；不可思议的”，D项unimaginable“不可思议的；难以想

35、象的”，句意为：研究表明，少量的酒精就能对胎儿造成严重的、不可逆转的伤害。答案为A。第19题:本题考查了动词的词义。A项reveal“透露；揭露”，B项exhibit“展览；显示；提出”，C项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于”，D项perform“执行；完成；演奏”，句意为：在酒精环境下出生的婴儿通常会表现出面部扭曲、无法集中注意力和记忆困难。这里的exhibit是指的会出现这些症状，其他代入均不符合句意。第20题:本题考查了形容词的辨析。A项desirous“渴望的；想要的”，B项hopeful“有希望的；有前途的”，C项imperative“必须的，有必要的”，D项optimistic“

36、乐观的”，很明显全文都在说孕妇喝酒对于胎儿的危害，因此：孕妇避免饮酒是必要的。答案为C。3. 不定项选择题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rail

37、s. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any thre

38、at of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within

39、the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the fede

40、ral governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all

41、 customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves rail

42、roads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they wi

43、ll soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, wi

44、th Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many cap

45、tive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because（ ）.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?3. It can be inferred from parag

46、raph 3 that（ ）.4. The word “arbiters”（line 6, paragraph 4） most probably refers to those （ ） .5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by（ ）.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will co

47、ntinue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD

48、.a government board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】

49、第1题:本题考查了对细节的理解。题目问的是并购支持者为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，因为后半段说的是货主们的观点。支持者们认为：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因为要和卡车（指公路运输）竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。所以C选项最符合文章的意思。A项不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，与竞争没有关系。B项没有根据。D项把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。第2题:这题和上一题是一样的。上题问的是支持者的

50、观点，本题问的是货主的态度，要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。通过文章中几处对托运商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that.”（第二段），“Many captive shippers also worry.”（第五段），“Many captive shippers fear that.”（第五段），我们可以判断出货主的态度是忧虑的，对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以D选项是正确的。C项并不对。C项的含义是“愤怒的”。这篇文章是论说性的文章，反映的是各方对铁路行业内合并的趋势和前景的看法。文中的许多描述用的是将来时，因为是对未来的推测。文中并没有线索说明货主们有强

51、烈的敌对情绪，C项言过其实了。第3题:本题考查了段落细节的理解。需要考生具有推理能力和引申能力。A项正好与原文意思相反。从第三段第二句中，我们得知铁路公司合并后，铁路公司向货主们收取的费用是以前的20至30，所以，应该是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。B项缺乏依据，所以也是不对的。C项是正确的，因为文章里说到：货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是，因为申诉的过程耗时费钱，所以极少人提出申诉。由此，我们可以推断出受到剥削的货主们不大可能提出申诉。D项说的是政府能保证铁路行业内的公

52、平竞争。这种说法缺乏依据。事实上，由于货主们申诉的困难大，更多时候政府部门不会管。第4题:该题考查的是考生对于具体词义的掌握及推测能力。“arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句，其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了：“Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which

53、will fail.”。由此，我们可以猜测出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B。考生应知道，语言交流中，重复是一种常用的修辞手段，以强调某个信息或观点。文章中也常会利用重复手法。所以，考生猜测词义时不应只限于一个句子，而应从上下文寻找线索。D项虽有“determine”一词，但是意思不对。文中说的意思是，因为铁路对不同的顾客收取的费用不同，这种不公平使铁路公司无形中决定了托运商的命运（一些托运商的花费就会比其他托运商的高出很多，从而影响了他们的效益），所以铁路公司就好比是商场中

54、的裁判，能决定谁赢谁输。D项的含义不准确。第5题:该题为细节推断题，问的是铁路花费的上涨主要是用于什么事项。根据题干定位线索在最后一段，“Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another”，也就是说铁路还在不断借钱去收购合并，从这里得出答案为A，A是原文的转述，而B项，文中提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去增加投资，以满足快速发展的交通的需要，但并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重点也不是交通的问题。C、D项在全文中均未有明显提及，是错误选项。4. 不定项选择题Most British newspapers are n

55、ot necessarily careful about language, but they are careful about bad words anyway. The phrase “family newspaper” is an inevitable part of our lives. Newspapers are not in the business of giving unjustified offence. It is a limitation of newspaper writing, and everybody in the business, whether writ

56、ing or reading, understands and accepts. There are many other necessary limitations, and most of these concern time and space.Newspapers have dominated sportswriting in Britain for years. But ten years ago, a new player entered the game. This was the phenomenon of mens magazines. GQ was the pioneer

57、and it leads the way still, leaving the rest panting distantly in its wake.Sports, of course, a blindingly obvious subject for a mens magazine but it could not be tackled in a blindingly obvious way. Certainly, one of the first things GQ was able to offer was a new way of writing about sport, but th

58、is was not so much a cunning plan as a necessity. The magazine was doomed, as it were, to offer a whole new range of freedoms to its sportswriters. Freedom of vocabulary was simply the most obvious one and, inevitably, it appealed to the schoolboy within us. But space and time were the others, and t

59、hese possibilities meant that the craft of sportswriting had to be reinvented.Unlike newspapers, a magazine can offer a decent length of time to research and to write. These are, you would think, luxuries especially to those of us who are often required to read an 800-word match report over the tele

60、phone the instant the final whistle has gone. No one expects a masterpiece under such circumstances. But a long magazine deadline gives you the disconcerting and agoraphobic freedom to research, to write, to think.GQ is not restricted by the same conventions of reader expectation as a newspaper. You

61、 need not worry about offending people or alienating them; the whole ethos of the magazine is that readers are there to be challenged. There will be readers who would find some of its pieces offensive or even impossible in a newspaper, or even in a different magazine. But the same readers will read

62、the piece in GQ and find it enthralling.That is because the magazine is always slightly uncomfortable to be with. It is not like a cozy member of the family, nor even like a friend. It is the strong, self-opinionated person that you can never quite make up your mind whether you like or not. You admire him, but you are slightly uneasy with him. The people around him might not altogether approve of everything he says; some might not care for him at all. But they feel compelled to listen. The self-confidence is too comp