2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷16

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1、2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题In order to meet the global challenges in todays highly competitive environment, a firms strategic cost management programs should not restrict their attention to the cost structure of the firm or the firms cost performance relative to that of other firms and

2、, in particular, competitors.There are two benefits that can be derived from such extra-organizational cost analysis. The first benefit is a steady stream of ideas that can be used to make a firm more efficient and its products more competitive. These benefits are derived from all aspects of extra-o

3、rganizational cost analysis, but especially from product teardown and participation in roundtables. The second benefit is a comparison of a firms own progress at becoming efficient with the progress of other firms.【答案】在今天竞争激烈的环境中，为了迎接全球性挑战，一个公司的战略成本管理不应该只关注公司的成本结构，或者与其它公司尤其是竞争对手相比，本公司的成本表现。这种对组织外的成本

4、分析有两个好处。第一个好处是可以不断获得启发，从而使公司提高效率，让产品更有竞争力。这些好处来自对组织外的成本分析的各个方面，尤其是产 品分解分析和参加圆桌会议。第二个好处是可以把本公司在提高效率方面的进步速度与其它公司进行对比。2. 翻译题The miniaturization of the components of computer chips has proved unstoppable. In each new generation, those components are smaller and more tightly packed than they were in its

5、predecessor. Progress has been so rapid that chip designers are approaching apparently fundamental barriers to further reductions in size and increases in density. One of these is imposed by the need to wire the components in a chip together, so that they can exchange signals. But, in a miniaturized

6、 version of the shift to wireless communication in the macroscopic world, a group of researchers led by Alain Nogaret of the University of Bath, in England, think they can make chips whose components talk to each other wirelessly.At present, the electronics that transmit and receive the radio waves

7、used in wireless devices are too large to be used within individual chips. But Dr Nogaret believes he can overcome this. Last week he and his colleagues at three other British universities, another in Belgium and a research institute in France won the money to try to build such a device.The research

8、ers intend to use the standard lithographic（平印刷板）techniques employed in chipmaking to coat a semiconductor with microscopic magnets. These magnets will generate local magnetic fields that point in opposite directions at different points on the chips surface. Electrons have a property called spin tha

9、t is affected by magnetic fields, and the team hopes to use an effect called inverse electron-spin resonance（谐振）to make electrons passing through the chip emit microwaves. .The technique they are proposing is the reverse of the process in medical magnetic-resonance imaging. In MRI, the patient is pl

10、aced in a strong magnetic field that causes some of his body atomic nuclei, which act like tiny magnetized spinning tops, to align themselves with the field. The nuclei are then zapped briefly with a second magnetic field that knocks them out of alignment with the first one. The coils in the scannin

11、g apparatus detect these magnetic changes, which are used to build up a map of the part of the body being examined. After a few seconds, the nuclei themselves with the field, radiating small amounts of energy as heat or, more rarely, as radio waves.In chips, Dr Nogaret proposes to use the spin of th

12、e electron rather than the spin of the atomic nucleus. Electrons flowing through the chip would “see” a magnetic field that flips from one direction to the opposite every few hundred nanometres (billionths of a metre). This is the equivalent of zapping to the stationary object with an oscillating ma

13、gnetic field of the sort used in MRI. The changing magnetic field would force the electrons to oscillate, too, but would not allow them to radiate heat. As a result, they would be forced to emit radio waves or, rather, microwaves, which are similar but of shorter wavelength.【答案】事实证明，计算机芯片元件的小型化是不可阻挡

14、的。每一次更新换代，这些组件相比以前更小巧，排列更紧密。发展如此之快，使得芯片设计者在进一步缩小元件尺寸、压缩元件密度方面逐渐面临一些根本性难题。其中一个问题就是芯片中的组件需要用线路连接起来，以便于交换信号。不过，英国巴斯大学的阿兰诺加雷特领导的一组研究人员认为，通过将宏观条件下的无线通信传输微型化，他们可以研制出使用无线通信组件的芯片。目前，无线设备中用来发射和接收无线电波的电子设备太大，无法在单个芯片中使用。但诺加雷特博士认为他可以解决这一问题。上周他和他来自另三所英国大学、一所比利时大学及一个法国研究所的同事争取到了一笔资金用来研发这个设备。研究者打算使用芯片制作的标准平印刷板技术，将

15、许多极小的磁铁包被到一块半导体上。这些磁铁可产生局部磁场，从相反的方向作用于芯片表面的不同位点。电子具有一种自旋特性，可受磁场影响。研究小组希望利用一种“反电子自旋谐振”效应，让穿过芯片的电子发射微波。他们提出的技术与医学核磁共振成像的过程正好相反。在这个过程中，病人被置于一个强磁场，该磁场可让患者机体原子核（运动方式类似于磁化的陀螺）顺着磁场方向排列。然后，用第二个磁场短时轰击这些原子核，使其脱离第一个磁场的阵列。扫描仪中的线圈探测到这些磁性变化，并由此构建出受检身体部位的图谱。几秒钟之后，原子核沿磁场方向重新排列，并放射出少量热能或者无线电波（更罕见）。在芯片制作方面，诺加雷特博士提议利用

16、电子自旋而非原子核自旋。流经芯片的电子可以“识别”某一磁场，该磁场每隔几百纳米（十亿分之一米）就变换一次方向。这相当于核磁共振中不断摆动的磁场，令其轰击某一静止物体。不断变化的磁场也会迫使电子振荡，但不允许它们散射热能。这样一来，电子仅可发出无线电波或者更确切地说是微波，它与无线电波类似，但波长较短。3. 翻译题无比强大的科技很快就将完全改变我们的生活。这可能会产生危险的后果，尤其是因为我们可能不懂背后的基础科学。我们的科技能力和对科学的基本理解之间的差距愈发加大。我们借助于未来科技可以从事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科学，这是很危险的。未来的一百年中特别危险的技术是纳米技术、人工智能和生

17、物技术。它们带来的好处不容置疑，但它们潜在的危险很大。在人工智能领域，到2010年比人脑聪明500亿倍的东西原型设计已经出现。电影终结者（Terminator）中唯一不可能实现的事是人类获胜。假如你在和比自己聪明得多的技术对抗，你可能不会取胜。我们都听说过灰色粘质（grey goo）问题，能自我复制的纳米技术装置不停地复制，直到世界沦为黏糊糊的质体（sticky goo）。无疑在生物技术方面，我们真的有个大问题，因为它在与纳米技术合流。一旦把纳米技术和有机体相结合，就有了纳米技术制造的细菌，我们能够比星际迷航中的博格飞船（the Borg in Star Trek）旅行得更远，但那些超人生物体

18、可能对我们并不太友好。我们所处的世界科学与商业日益结盟。在全球自由贸易体制的环境中，技术正在发展，这种体制认为技术的传播与商业结合实质上是件好事。我们应该做好准备，迎接围绕新兴技术而展开的前所未有的争论。【答案】【参考译文】Very soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them

19、. Theres a growing gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of basic science, and that is very dangerous.The technologies that are particularly dangerous

20、 over the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50000 million times smart

21、er than the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If youre fighting against technology that is much smarter than you, you probably will not win. Weve all heard of the issue about grey goo that self-replicating nanotech devices might

22、keep on replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo. Certainly in biotechnology, weve really got a big problem because its converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech-enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Bor

23、g in Star Trek, and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much.We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as

24、intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.4. 单选题In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come, work and live here? In the wake of the Sept 11 attacks these questions have never seemed

25、 more pressing.On Dec. 11, 2001, as part of the effort to increase homeland security, federal and local authorities in 14 states staged “Operation Safe Travel”一raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification. In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests. But those captured were anything b

26、ut terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America. Authorities said the undocumented workers illegal status made them open to blackmail by terrorists.Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposa

27、ble goods.Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent, “Were saying we want you to work in these places, were going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when its convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, es

28、pecially after Sept. 11, then youre disposable. There are whole families being uprooted for all of the wrong reasons,” Anderson said.If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. Ana Castro, a

29、 manager at a Ben & Jerrys ice cream shop at the airport had been working 10 years with the same false Social Security card when she was arrested in the December airport raid. Now she and her family are living under the threat of deportation, Castros case is currently waiting to be settled. While sh

30、e awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerrys.1.According to the author, the United States claims to be a nation （ ）.2.How did the immigrants in Salt Lake City feel about “Operation Safe Travel?3.Undocumented workers beca

31、me the target of “Operation Safe Travel” because（ ） .4. By saying were going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are” (Line 2,Para. 4), Mayor Anderson means “ （ ）5.What do we learn about Ana Castro from the last paragraph?问题1选项A.composed of people having different valuesB.encouraging ind

32、ividual pursuitsC.sharing common interestsD.founded on shared ideals问题2选项A.GuiltyB.OffendedC.DisappointedD.Discouraged问题3选项A.evidence was found that they were potential terroristsB.most of them worked at airports under threat of terroristsC.terrorists might take advantage of their illegal statusD.th

33、ey were reportedly helping hide terrorists around the airport问题4选项A.we will turn a blind eye to your illegal statusB.we will examine the laws in a different wayC.there are other ways of enforcing the lawD.the existing laws must not be ignored问题5选项A.She will be deported sooner or later.B.She is allow

34、ed to stay permanently.C.Her case has been droppedD.Her fate remains uncertain.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.根据文章第一句In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come, work and live here?在一个以理想而非以共同血缘为基石的国家，应该允许什么样的人来工作和居住呢？由此可以得知美国重视共同的理想(shared idea

35、ls)。所以D选项正确。2.根据第三段Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.盐湖城的许多移民都对这次逮捕表示愤慨，他们说感觉自己就像是一次性商品一样被对待。确定移民们反应强烈，自尊心受到很大伤害，所以B选项被冒犯的符合题意。A有罪的、C失望的、D 气馁的都不能与文章angered的意思符合，所以排除。3.根据第二段最后一句Authorities said the und

36、ocumented workers illegal status made them open to blackmail by terrorists.当局声称这些没有合法证件的劳工的非法身份使他们极易受到恐怖分子的讹诈，确定C选项恐怖分子可能会利用他们不合法的身份正确。根据第二段But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America. 但这些被捕的人并非恐怖分子，他们大多数人只是中南美洲的非法移民。确定A选项有证据表 明他们是潜在

37、的恐怖分子错误。B选项他们大多数在机场工作，并且受到恐怖分子的威 胁前半句是事实，但后半句原文没有提及。D选项他们被举报正在帮助机场周围 的恐怖分子文中完全没有提及。所以排除。4.根据第四段Were saying we want you to work in these places, were going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when its convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national

38、 security, especially after Sept.11, then youre disposable. 我们说希望你们来这些地方工作，我们会想其他办法来对法律中的规定做出解释。然而当一切都方便我们行动时或是在我们谈到国家安全问题的时候，尤其是911事件”后，你们就任由处置了。可以推测美国在劳动力短缺时期对非法移民是睁一眼闭一眼的，所以A选项 我们将会对你 们的非法身份视而不见正确。C选项有强化法律的其他方法与题目中look the other way “视而不见， 忽视”矛盾了。B选项我们将会采取不同的方式监管法律和D选项现存的法律不容忽视文中没有提及，排除。5.根据最后一段第

39、三、四句：Now she and her family are living under the threat of deportation, Castros case is currently waiting to be settled. While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerrys.现在，她和她的家人每天都生活在要被驱逐出境的威胁之中。卡斯特罗的案件目前正等待最终审理。政府

40、已允许她在等候审 判结果期间在美国工作，现在她已重新回到了 Ben &Jerry冰激凌店工作。确定D选项她的命运尚不确定正确。5. 单选题There he was Americas first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate Wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief execut

41、ives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives “breaching trust and abusing power.” It was time for “a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community”. He was going to “end the days of cooking the books, shadin

42、g the truth and breaking our laws”.Only months ago, the idea that George Bush would publicly lambaste Americas cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on Americans love affair with corporat

43、e success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery, Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of Americas most high-flying firms-including Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com-has ra

44、dically changed the public mood.As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr. Bush. Is the businessmans president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not, Mr. Bush thinks the current cris

45、is stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focuses on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corpora

46、te fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill. There are few s

47、igns yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bushs approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very stron

48、g.The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the Clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be wa

49、tered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed.1.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?2.We can infer from the third paragraph that Mr. Bush3.Which of the following statem

50、ents about Mr. Bush is mentioned in this passage?4.The authors attitude towards the reform is （ ）.5.The phrase “a great opportunity in the last paragraph refers to an opportunity to问题1选项A.Bush had to offer concrete suggestions for reform as political pressure increase.B.At present, the maximum priso

51、n sentence for financial fraud is five years.C.It is laughable that Mr. Bush publicly attacked Americas corporate bosses.D.Americans have little faith in their business as well as political leaders.问题2选项A.didnt intend to take business on and push hard for reformB.did not do anything at all for the p

52、resence of the current situationC.took shareholders right into account, but he didnt approve reform billD.took some measures to pave the way for the reform问题3选项A.Mr. Bush is the second President with an MBA in American history.B.My. Bush contributes a lot to decade-long economic boom.C.Mr. Bushs app

53、roval ratings are still high.D.My Bush didnt get support in his presidential campaign.问题4选项A.indifferentB.optimisticC.skepticalD.favorable问题5选项A.carry out reformB.boom economyC.animate the votersD.attack chief executive【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.根据文章第三段：Is the businessmans president really p

54、repared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not,虽然在纽约他紧咬牙关，语 气坚决，但很有可能他不会推行改革。确定 A选项Bush had to offer concrete suggestions for reform as political pressure increase. 随着政治压力的增加，布什不得不提出具体的改革建议。错误，排除。根据第三段“wants to double the maximu

55、m prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. 希望将金融诈骗罪的最高刑期从5年提高一倍至10年。确定B选项现在的商业欺诈最长的刑期是5年正确。C选项根据语义布什总统公开批判美国企业老板是可笑的，可判断表述错误。根据在第三段末尾：Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. 民意调查显示，美国人对他们的商界领袖缺

56、乏信心，但政客们似乎并没有因此而受到影响。确定D选项 Americans have little faith in their business as well as political leaders. 美国人对他们的企业和政治领袖几乎没有信心。错误。2.由第三段Is the businessmans president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not,虽然在纽约他紧咬牙关

57、，语 气坚决，但很有可能他不会推行改革。确定 A选项didnt intend to take business on and push hard for reform,布什不打算承担重任，也不打算大力推进改革正确。3.根据文章第一段“他趁机利用了美国公司的成功”可排除选项B。根据第三段最后一句Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bushs approval rating

58、s have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong. 民意调查显示，美国人对他们的商界领袖缺乏信心，但政客们似乎并没有因此而受到影响。布什总统的支持率已经从最高点下降，但是仍然非常强劲。确定C选项Mr. Bushs approval ratings are still high.正确。4.文章的最后一段讲，随着经济回暖，对改革的呼声会越来越弱。 但对美国的资本主义来讲，却错失了个好机会。从中可以看出，作者是很希望改革的， 他是赞同改革的。所以A选项正确。5.文章的最后一句话提到“将会错失绝好的机会”，这个机会指的

59、是前一句提到的far-reaching reform。所以A选项正确。6. 翻译题October 16th is World Food Day, a day of action against hunger. The date commemorates the founding in 1945 of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, or FAO. On this day, people around the world come together to declare their commitment to eradi

60、cate hunger in our lifetime.Over the past decade or so, we have seen a great reduction of people living with hunger on a nearly daily basis. Back then, about one in six people went to bed hungry most nights. Now its about one in every nine.Nonetheless, that still leaves some 795,000 thousand chronic

61、ally hungry people around the world. Of these, 60 percent are women, and this despite the fact that most small farmers living in the developing world are women. And when women go hungry, so, all too often, do children. About 161 million kids under the age of five malnourished. This means that their

62、brains wont develop normally, they may have difficulties learning, and their physical and cognitive growth is stunted. Lack of nutrition compromises not only their own success in the future, but also the development of the communities, economies and countries in which they live. In addition to those

63、 children who are chronically undernourished, almost 5 million children under the age of 5 die of malnutrition-related causes every year.The global community is working to eradicate hunger, because it is the right thing to do. The first of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, called for

64、halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger and facing extreme poverty. We have achieved that goal. As we transition to a sustainable development agenda for 2030, we have raised our ambitions and are striving to effectively end hunger and extreme poverty altogether.【答案】【参考译文】10月16日是世界粮食日，在这一天会反对饥饿。这一天是为了纪念FAO，即联合国粮食和农业组织于1945年的这一天成立。就是这一天，世界各地的人们团结一心宣布他们会在有生之年消除饥饿。在过去的10年间，我们已经很大程度减少了几乎每天忍饥挨饿的人数。当时，大约六分之一的人晚上都是饿着肚子睡觉。而现在大约每9人中仍有1人挨饿。尽管如此，全世界仍有7950万人长期饥饿。尽管发展中国家的大多数小农是女性，但挨饿的女性仍占60%。而当女性饿肚子，她们的孩子也会挨饿。5岁以下约有