2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷8

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1、2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题An enquiring mind can catch _ to a new idea quickly.问题1选项A.onB.uC.atD.out【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. on 在之上 B. up 向上C. at 在 D. out 向外【答案】A【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】固定搭配catch on to表示“理解；明白”。由句意“善于探究的人能很快一个新观点。”可知，该搭配符合句意，译为：善于探究的人能很快理解一个新观点。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合搭配。【句意】善于探究的人能很

2、快理解一个新观点。2. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have

3、 yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot a

4、ssembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems th

5、at can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able t

6、o make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the

7、 quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to ext

8、end that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the erro

9、r of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspi

10、cious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (paragraph 2) most probably means _.3. According to the text, what

11、 is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the inventio

12、n of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a ch

13、anging world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focu

14、sing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _. 人类的智慧最初是在_上展示的。A. the use of machines to produce science fiction A. 用机器制作科幻小说B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry B. 机器在制造业中的广

15、泛应用C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work C. 发明用于处理困难和危险工作的工具D. the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work D. 精英们对危险和枯燥工作的巧妙处理【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第一句“自从人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作（people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope

16、 with work）。”由此可知人们最初的智慧是设计用于处理工作的工具。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“用机器制作科幻小说”，文中提到“虽然科学家们还没有创造出科幻小说的机械版本，但是他们已经开始接近了。”说明还没有用机器制作科幻小说，该选项属于过度推断；B选项“机器在制造业中的广泛应用”，这并不是人们最初智慧的展示，该选项属于张冠李戴；D选项“精英们对危险和枯燥工作的巧妙处理”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】The word “gizmos” (paragraph 2) most probably means _. “gizmos”(第二段)的意思很可能是_。A. pr

17、ograms A. 项目B. experts B. 专家C. devices C. 设备D. creatures D. 生物【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 2与题干信息可定位到第二段第一句“由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能gizmos，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。”然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的举例和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。对比选项，C正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项曲解原

18、意，属于过度推断。3.【选项释义】According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _. 根据这篇文章，目前人类所无法做到的是设计一个能够_的机器人。A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery A. 完成一些精细的任务，比如做脑部手术B. interact with human beings verbally B. 与人进行口头交流C. have a little common sense C. 有一点常识D

19、. respond independently to a changing world D. 独立应对变化的世界【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段最后“但我们还不能给机器人足够的常识，让它们与动态的世界可靠地互动（we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world）。”因此人类无法做到的是设计一个能应对变化的世界的机器人。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“完成一些精细的任务，比如做脑部手术”，文章第二段提到“现在已经有一些机器人系统能够进行

20、精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术”，说明已经设计出这样的机器人了，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“与人进行口头交流”，文章第二段讲“我们的银行业务是在自动柜员机上完成的，这些柜员机会礼貌地对我们的交易表示感谢。”自动柜员机向我们表示感谢说明已经设计出机器人来跟我们进行交流了，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“有一点常识”，文章讲的是不能设计出足够常识让他们与世界互动，这些常识是特指的，且一点和足够之间是有区别的，该选项属于偷换概念。4.【选项释义】 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _. 除了减少人类劳动，机器人还可以_。 A. make a fe

21、w decisions for themselves A. 为自己做一些决定B. deal with some errors with human intervention B. 用人工干预处理一些错误C. improve factory environments C. 改善工厂的环境D. cultivate human creativity D. 培养人创造性【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段“虽然我们知道如何让机器人处理特定的错误（While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error）”

22、。也就是说我们可以人工让机器处理错误。因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“为自己做一些决定”，文章第三段第一句“但是，如果机器人要达到节省劳动力的下一个阶段，它们将不得不在更少的人类监督下操作，并且至少能够自己做一些决定这些目标构成了真正的挑战。”说明目前机器人还不能自己做决定，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“改善工厂的环境”，文章最后一段提到“他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。”可知机器人是受环境控制的，不能改善工厂环境，该选项本末倒置；D选项“培养人创造性”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】The author uses th

23、e example of a monkey to argue that robots are _. 作者用猴子的例子来说明机器人是_。A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure A. 预计会复制人脑的内部结构B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately B. 能够立即察觉异常C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information C. 在关注相关信息方面远不如人类大脑D. best used in a

24、controlled environment D. 最好在受控环境下使用【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立即排除98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。”由于文章举这个例子就是为了说明计算机虽然功能强大，但是仍然无法和人脑的复杂性相比，因为人脑看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速地排除不相干的信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，这一点计算机是做不到的。由此可推断机器在关注相关信息方面远不如人类大脑。【干扰项排除】A选项“预计会复制人脑

25、的内部结构”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“能够立即察觉异常”，文章最后一段提到“也要复杂得多。他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立即排除98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力”说明机器不能立即察觉异常，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；D选项“最好在受控环境下使用”，文章最后一段提到“他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。”，并没有说最

26、好在受控环境下使用，该选项属于过度推断。3. 单选题Rest and proper diet are contributive to good health.问题1选项A.conduciveB.apprehensiveC.pervasiveD.exclusive【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. conducive 有助的；有益的 B. apprehensive 忧虑的；不安的C. pervasive 普遍的 D. exclusive 独有的；专用的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】句意：休息和适当的饮食对身体健康。根据句意，休息和适当饮食应该是有益于身体健康。因此选A。划线词con

27、tributive意为“有帮助的”。A选项与划线词意思相近。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合句意。【句意】休息和适当的饮食有助于身体健康。4. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to s

28、tay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soo

29、n disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members or groups. Societys economic underpinnings (支柱) would

30、be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure

31、 the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We

32、 also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect

33、 of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself, it gives hi

34、gh rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1. The reason why people m

35、ight not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.2. According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.4. Emotions are significant for mans survival and

36、adaptation because _.5. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _.问题1选项A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD

37、.they would do things that hurt each others feelings问题2选项A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD.know what is vital to the progress of society问题3选项A.the ability to make mon

38、eyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences问题4选项A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage

39、people to perform dangerous achievementsD.they generate more love than hate among people问题5选项A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4

40、题:B第5题:D【解析】1. 【选项释义】The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _. 人们可能无法在没有情感的世界中生存的原因是_。A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects A. 他们无法分辨物体的纹理B. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them B. 他们不知道什么对他们有益，什么对他们

41、有害C. they would not be happy with a life without love C. 没有爱的生活不会幸福D. they would do things that hurt each others feelings D. 他们会做伤害彼此感情的事【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“想象一个突然间没有情感的世界一个人类感觉不到爱或幸福、恐惧或仇恨的世界。试着想象一下这种转变的后果。人们可能无法活下去：既不知喜也不知乐，既不知道焦虑也不知道恐惧，他们可能重复伤害自己的行为，就像重复有益的行为一样。（they would be as l

42、ikely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial）”由此可推断，没有感情的世界里，人们可能重复伤害或者有益的行为，因为他们不知道什么对他们有益，什么对他们有害。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们无法分辨物体的纹理”，文章第二段第四句提到“但一个物体的物理方面没有它对我们所做或能做的事伤害我们、让我们惊讶、激怒我们或让我们快乐那么重要。”由此可知物体的物理方面对人们影响不大，因此不是人们无法生存的原因，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“没有爱的生活不会幸福”，根据定位点可知，不只是没有爱的生活，还有恐惧和仇恨，该选项属于

43、以偏概全；D选项“他们会做伤害彼此感情的事”，根据定位点可知，人们也会重复有益行为，该选项属于以偏概全。2. 【选项释义】According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _. 根据文章，人们的学习活动是可能的，因为他们_。A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive A. 相信情绪是他们生存的基础B. benefit from providing help and support to one anot

44、her B. 受益于互相提供帮助和支持C. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing C. 享受因做正确的事情而得到奖励D. know what is vital to the progress of society D. 知道什么是对社会进步至关重要的【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第五行“他们无法学习：他们无法从经验中获益，因为这个没有情感的世界将缺少奖励和惩罚（they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world

45、would lack rewards and punishments）。”由此可推断他们学习是因为可以从经验中获益，从世界里获得奖励。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“相信情绪是他们生存的基础”，文中虽然提到，但该选项与题目无关，该选项属于出处错位；B选项“受益于互相提供帮助和支持”，文中第一段提到“社会很快就会消失：人们互相伤害的可能性和提供帮助和支持的可能性一样大。”由此可知该选项与题目无关，该选项属于出处错位；D选项“知道什么是对社会进步至关重要的”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。3. 【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the

46、 economic foundation of society is dependent on _. 从文章中可以推断，社会的经济基础依赖于_。A. the ability to make money A. 赚钱的能力B. the will to work for pleasure B. 为快乐而工作的意愿C. the capacity to enjoy incentives C. 享受激励的能力D. the categorizations of our emotional experiences D. 我们对情感经验的分类【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段

47、最后“社会的经济基础将被摧毁，因为不会有任何形式的激励。因为正如我们将看到的，激励意味着享受它们的能力。”由此可推断，社会的经济基础依赖于享受激励的能力。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“赚钱的能力”，赚钱的能力只是激励能力的一种，该选项属于以偏概全；B选项“为快乐而工作的意愿”，工作的意愿只是享受激励能力的一种表现，该选项属于以偏概全；D选项“我们对情感经验的分类”，文中提到“在我们的家庭、社区和整个社会中，我们也会根据情绪进行分类。”但与经济基础无关，该选项属于出处错位。4. 【选项释义】Emotions are significant for mans survival and adapt

48、ation because _. 情绪对人类的生存和适应是重要的，因为_。A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects A. 它们提供了人们观察物体大小和形状的方法B. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained B. 它们是维系社会的社会认同感的基础C. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievement

49、s C. 它们鼓励人们去完成危险的成就D. they generate more love than hate among people D. 它们在人们之间产生的爱多于恨【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“在这样一个世界里，人类生存的机会几乎为零，因为情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具。情感以重要的方式为我们构建世界。”以及“我们与对象和事件的情感体验产生一种社会认同感，某些事情的感觉和行动是好和其他的是坏，我们这些类别适用于我们社会的方方面面推而广之，从我们所吃的食物和我们所穿的衣物到我们如何保持承诺，我们这个群体会接受什么样的人。”由此可推断，我们的情感涉

50、及社会认同感，会对某些事物达成好或者坏的情感认同，并且情感是我们构建世界的基础。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“它们提供了人们观察物体大小和形状的方法”，人类对事物的形状大小的认知并不来源于情感，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；C选项“它们鼓励人们去完成危险的成就”，文章最后一段提到“事实上，社会利用我们的情绪反应和态度，如忠诚、道德、骄傲、羞耻、内疚、恐惧和贪婪，为了保持本身，它高度奖励执行重要任务的个人，如手术，使得个人因为不寻常的或危险的成就，如在战争中驾驶战斗机成为英雄，并使用法律和刑法系统让人们不敢从事反社会行为。”可知是社会利用情感去完成危险的成就而不是情感本身，该选项属于偷换

51、概念；D选项“它们在人们之间产生的爱多于恨”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有。5. 【选项释义】The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _. 一个物体的情感方面比它的物理方面更重要，因为它们_。A. help society exploit its members for profit A. 有助于社会剥削其成员以获取利益B. encourage us to perform important tasks B. 鼓励我们执行重要的任务C. help

52、 to perfect the legal and penal system C. 有助于完善法律和刑罚制度D. help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us D. 帮助我们调整我们的行为以适应我们周围的世界【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段第一句“在这样一个世界里，人类生存的机会几乎为零，因为情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具。”以及“我们与时间和对象的情感体验涉及社会认同感，某些事情的感觉和行动是好和其他的是坏，我们这些类别适用于我们社会的方方面面推而广之，从我们所吃的食物和我们所穿的衣物到我

53、们如何保持承诺，我们这个群体会接受什么样的人。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“有助于社会剥削其成员以获取利益”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“鼓励我们执行重要的任务”，文中提到“它高度奖励执行重要任务的个人”是社会利用人们的情绪反应和态度使人们调节行为的具体方式之一，该选项属于以偏概全；C选项“有助于完善法律和刑罚制度”，文中提到“并使用法律和刑法系统让人们不敢从事反社会行为”是社会利用人们的情绪反应和态度使人们调节行为的具体方式之一，该选项属于以偏概全。5. 单选题Joyce Carol Oates published her first collection of short

54、stories By The North Gates, in 1963, two years after she had received her Masters degree from the University of Wisconsin and become an instructor of English at the University of Detroit. Her line productivity since then has been prodigious, accumulating in less than two decades to nearly thirty tit

55、les, including novels, collections of short stories and verse, plays, and literary criticism. In the meantime, she has continued to teach, moving in 1967 from the University of Detroit to the University of Windsor, in Ontario, and in 1978 to Princeton University. Reviewers have admired her enormous

56、energy, but find a productivity of such magnitude difficult to assess.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth, Donald Barthelme, and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insist

57、ence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction. Hers is a world of violence, insanity, fractured love, and hopeless loneliness. Although some of it appears to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly form the experience of others. Her first novel

58、, With Shuddering Fall (1964), dealt with stock car racing, though she had never seen a race. In Them (1969) she focused on Detroit from the Depression through the riots of 1967, drawing much of her material from the Depression made on her by the problems of one of her students. Whatever the source

59、and however shocking the events or the motivations, however, her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day.1. What is the main purpose of the passage?2. Which of the following doe

60、s the passage indicate about Joyce Carol Oatess first publication?3. Which of the following does the passage suggest about Joyce Carol Oates in terms of her writing career?4. What was the subject of Joyce Carol Oatess first novel?5. Which of the following would Joyce Carol Oates be most likely to wr

61、ite?问题1选项A.To review Oatess By the North Gate.B.To compare some modern writers.C.To describe Oatess childhood.D.To outline Oatess career.问题2选项A.It was part of her masters thesis.B.It was a volume of short fiction.C.It was not successful.D.It was about an English instructor in Detroit.问题3选项A.She has

62、experienced long nonproductive periods in her writing.B.Her style is imitative of other contemporary authors.C.She has produced a surprising amount of fictions in a relative short time.D.Most of her work is based on personal experience.问题4选项A.Loneliness.B.Insanity.C.Teaching.D.Racing.问题5选项A.A story

63、with an unhappy ending.B.A romance novel set in the nineteenth century.C.A science fiction novel.D.A dialogue for a talk show.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】What is the main purpose of the passage? 这篇文章的主要目的是什么？A. To review Oatess By the North Gate A. 回顾Oates的北门B. To compare some modern writersB. 来比较一些现代作家C. To describe Oatess childhood C. 来描述Oates的童年D. To outlin