2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷67

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why its harmful generally （1） it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. （2） ， Kenneth D. Pimple claims that plagiarism is

2、 not an（3）that undermines the knowledge-building project of science. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are（4） for participating in this knowledge-building project.（5） , Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it i

3、s unfair.While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science（6）honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to ones（7）scientists. I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important（8）in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods

4、, or results can（9）the knowledge-building project of science.On the surface, plagiarism, while（10）nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific communitys（11）of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and（12）a number of different obser

5、vation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon.（13）this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of the knowledge -building project, from the earliest planning of their experiments to well after results are published, scientists are（14）in asking and

6、answering questions about the details of the experience and of the conditions（15） which the phenomenon was observed. Misrepresenting someone elses honest observation report as ones own strips the report of accurate information for such a dialogue.问题1选项A.makeB.getC.haveD.help问题2选项A.ThereforeB.So farC

7、.HoweverD.For example问题3选项A.excuseB.ideologyC.objectD.offense问题4选项A.competingB.attractedC.dueD.craving问题5选项A.On the other handB.In other wordsC.By and byD.In the meanwhile问题6选项A.besidesB.towardsC.exceptD.for问题7选项A.fellowB.rivalC.teamD.peer问题8选项A.chanceB.wayC.reasonD.base问题9选项A.stimulateB.constructC.

8、undermineD.assess问题10选项A.surprisinglyB.accordinglyC.potentiallyD.necessarily问题11选项A.knowledgeB.discoveryC.creationD.evaluation问题12选项A.presentingB.comparingC.submittingD.producing问题13选项A.SoB.WhileC.ButD.And问题14选项A.devotedB.scheduledC.committedD.engaged问题15选项A.withB.underC.forD.around【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题

9、:D第4题:C第5题:B第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B第9题:C第10题:C第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:D第15题:B【解析】（1）考察动词辨析。make使；get到达，获得；have 拥有； help帮助。句意：剽窃被广泛认定为是对科研项目的犯罪，但对其为何有害的解释使它看上去不同于伪造和篡改这两种行为。选项A符合句意。（2）考察逻辑连接词。Therefore于是（表示结果）；So far到目前为止（表示时间）；However然而（表示转折）；For example例如，比如（举例说明）。句意：例如，Kenneth D. Pimple声称 选项D符合句意。（3）考察名词辨析

10、。excuse借口；ideology思想意识；object物体，目标；offense冒犯行为。句意：Kenneth D. Pimple声称剽窃不是破坏科学知识建构的一种冒犯行为。选项D符合句意。（4）考察形容词辨析。competing竞争的，抵触的；attracted被吸引的；due应得的，预期的；craving渴望的。句意：剽窃这种行为剥夺了其他科学家从事知识构建应得的奖励。选项C符合句意。（5）考察逻辑连接词。On the other hand另一方面；In other words换一句话说；By and by迟早；In the meanwhile与此同时。句意：换句话说，Pimple以为

11、剽窃的问题不在于该行为不诚实，而是不公平。选项B符合句意。（6）考察介词辨析。besides 除之外还有；towards朝向；except除了以外（不包括后面所提到的内容或事物）；for为了。句意：除了诚实这一组成要素外，我认为Pimple指出了负责任的科研行为的其他额外组成部分。选项A符合句意。（7）考察名词辨析。fellow同伴；rival对手；team团队；peer同龄人。句意：负责任的科研行为的另一方面就是对科研同伴的公平。选项A符合句意。（8）考察名词辨析。chance机会;way方式，方法；reason原因；base基础。句意：我还认为Pimple对剽窃的分析遗漏了很重要的一个方面

12、。选项B符合句意。（9）考察动词辨析。stimulate激发；construct建造；undermine损害；assess评估。句意：对某些词语、观点、方法和结果的歪曲会损害科学知识的建构。选项C符合句意。（10）考察副词辨析。surprisingly令人惊奇地；accordingly相应地；potentially可能地，潜在地；necessarily有必要地。句意：对那些被剽窃者来说，剽窃行为可能会令其厌烦。选项C符合句意。（11）考察名词辨析。knowledge知识；discovery发现；creation创造；evaluation评价。句意：但从表面看，剽窃行为似乎并没有伤害到整个科研群

13、体对这一现象的评价。选项D符合句意。（12）考察动名词辨析。presenting展示，显示；comparing比较；submitting提交；producing生成。句意：我们仍然会把几个不同的观察报告放到一起比较来判断我们所观察到的一些现象的稳定特征。选项B符合句意。（13）考察逻辑连接词。so因此；while然而；but但是；and并且。句意：但是这种比较也涉及（研究者之间的）对话。选项C符合句意。（14）考察动词辨析。devoted“致力于”，常用于be devoted to doing结构；scheduled安排，计划；committed承诺；engaged从事。句意：从最初的实验计划

14、到后来实验结果的颁布，科学家们一直都在针对实验的细节和观察到现象时的条件状况进行问答。选项D符合句意。（15）考察介词辨析。with 和；under 在之下；for 为了；around 在周围。under conditions为固定搭配； 句意：观察到某种现象时的条件状况。选项B符合句意。2. 不定项选择题You may be reading this while on a conference call, pushing your child on a swingor both. But is multitasking really a good idea, or does it make

15、us do everything more slowly and less well than if we were concentrating on one task at a time?Psychologists cite robust research that paying more attention to a task improves performance. Humans, they argue, are good at doing rapidly sequential tasks, rather than simultaneous ones. My teenagers ins

16、ist it is fine to revise while texting and watching YouTubebut they are wrong. In 2009, a research team from Stanford, led by Clifford Nass, compared heavy versus light media multitaskers in a series of tests. Nass thought the heavier multitaskers would be better at organising and storing informatio

17、n and have superior memories, but it turned out that the opposite was true. When the groups were shown configurations of coloured shapes and asked to remember their positions and ignore others, the multitaskers couldnt do it. They were constantly distracted and their ability to switch between tasks,

18、 filter irrelevant information and remember what they had seen was worse than the lighter multitaskers.A team led by David Strayer at the University of Utah looked at people who drive while using the phone and found that they were more than twice as likely to miss stop signs. In a later study, Stray

19、er found that people who are most likely to multitask are those who think they are great at it. Seventy percent of the 310 students in his study thought they were above average at multitasking. People who multitasked the most had high levels of impulsive behaviour and were generally the most ill-sui

20、ted to attempt more than one job at a time.Nasss research led him to suggest that we should spend 20 minutes on one task and then switch to another, rather than flitting any faster between the two. Tests that measure the ability to remember shapes are less compelling than real-life multitasking rese

21、arch, but the evidence suggests that we delude ourselves if we think we can do more than one thing well at the same time. Limited research suggests that women may be a teeny bit better at it, but few of us are naturals. Strayers research suggests that around 3% of the population are “supertaskers” w

22、ho do better the more they do. The rest of us, however, should stick to one thing at a time.36. The author may be suggesting in Paragraph 1 that _.37. According to Paragraph 2, research suggests that humans perform well when _.38. Which of the following is true about heavy multitaskers?39. Strayers

23、studies show that _.40. What is the authors attitude towards womens multitasking ability?41. A possible suggestion from the author is to _.问题1选项A.babysitting slows down ones workB.multitasking is commonC.multitasking is more effectiveD.concentration is a good idea问题2选项A.doing several tasks at a time

24、B.doing things slowlyC.doing tasks one by oneD.doing things energetically问题3选项A.They tend to ignore others.B.They are less likely to stay focused.C.They have superior memories.D.They manage time well.问题4选项A.people overestimate their multitasking abilityB.teenagers are better at multitaskingC.student

25、s are more likely to multitaskD.impulsive people are not suited to multitask问题5选项A.Optimistic.B.Confident.C.Critical.D.Prudent.问题6选项A.work less than 20 minutes on one taskB.think twice before taking actionC.spend less time on social mediaD.do things sequentially【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D【解析】

26、36. 【选项释义】The author may be suggesting in Paragraph 1 that _. 作者在第1段中可能暗示了_。A. babysitting slows down ones work A. 照看孩子会使人的工作变慢B. multitasking is common B. 多任务处理很普遍C. multitasking is more effective C. 多任务处理更有效D. concentration is a good idea D. 集中注意力是个好主意【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Paragraph 1可以定位到文章第1段，

27、本段第1句举了若干例子“你可能正在电话会议上读这篇文章（reading this while on a conference call），或者推着你的孩子荡秋千（pushing your child on a swing）或者两者都有（or both）。”，这些都是属于同时做多项事情的“多任务处理（multitasking）”，说明在日常生活中边工作边处理家务事这种多任务处理是很常见的。因此B选项“多任务处理很普遍”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“照看孩子会使人的工作变慢”，根据关键词babysitting可以定位到文章第1段第1句“或者推着你的孩子荡秋千（pushing your child o

28、n a swing）”，此处只是作为多任务处理的一个例子，文中并没有提到照看孩子会使人的工作变慢，属于无中生有；C选项“多任务处理更有效”，根据关键词multitasking可以定位到文章第1段第2句“但是，多任务处理（multitasking）真的是一个好主意吗（a good idea）”，只是作者提出的一个疑问，说明在第1段中不能体现多任务处理是否更有效，属于无中生有；D选项“集中注意力是个好主意”，根据关键词concentration可以定位到文章第1段第2句“还是说它会让我们做每件事都比一次只专注于（concentrating on）一项任务完成得更慢、更差（more slowly a

29、nd less well）？”，同样只是作者提出的一个疑问，说明在第1段中也不能体现集中注意力是否有效，属于无中生有。37. 【选项释义】According to Paragraph 2, research suggests that humans perform well when _. 根据第2段，研究表明人们在_的时候表现良好。A. doing several tasks at a time A. 一次做几项任务B. doing things slowly B. 慢慢地做事情C. doing tasks one by one C. 一个接一个地完成任务D. doing things en

30、ergetically D. 精力充沛地做事情【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词research可以定位到文章第2段第1句“心理学家引用了有力的研究（robust research），认为对一项任务（a task）投入更多的注意力可以提高表现（improves performance）。”，说明研究表明人们在一次只做一项任务，完成一项之后再去做下一项的时候表现会更好。因此C选项“一个接一个地完成任务”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“一次做几项任务”，文章说的是对一项任务投入更多的注意力可以提高表现，而不是同时做多项任务，属于反向干扰；B选项“慢慢地做事情”，文章第2段第2句提到“他们

31、认为，人类擅长快速（rapidly）做连续的任务”，说明慢慢做事并不能使表现更好，属于反向干扰；D选项“精力充沛地做事情”在文章中没有提及，属于无中生有。38. 【选项释义】Which of the following is true about heavy multitaskers? 关于重度多任务处理者，以下哪项是正确的？A. They tend to ignore others. A. 他们倾向于忽略其他形状。B. They are less likely to stay focused. B. 他们不太可能保持专注。C. They have superior memories. C.

32、他们有优越的记忆力。D. They manage time well. D. 他们能很好地管理时间。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词heavy multitaskers可以定位到文章第2段倒数第1、2句“当两组人看到彩色形状的组合，并被要求记住它们的位置并忽略其他形状时，重度多任务处理者无法做到这一点。他们经常分心（constantly distracted），在任务之间切换、过滤无关信息和记住所见内容的能力比轻量级多任务处理者更差（worse than the lighter multitaskers）。”，说明研究结果显示重度多任务处理者在处理多重任务中不断地分心，不能长时

33、间保持专注。因此B选项“他们不太可能保持专注。”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们倾向于忽略其他形状。”，根据关键词ignore可以定位到文章第2段第6句“当两组人看到彩色形状的组合，并被要求记住它们的位置并忽略（ignore）其他形状时，重度多任务处理者无法做到这一点。”，说明重度多任务处理者并不能忽略其他形状，属于反向干扰；C选项“他们有优越的记忆力。”，根据关键词memories可以定位到文章第2段第5句“纳斯认为，重度多任务处理者更擅长组织和存储信息，记忆力也更好（superior memories），但事实证明，情况恰恰相反（the opposite was true）。”，说明重度多

34、任务处理者并没有优越的记忆力，属于反向干扰；D选项“他们能很好地管理时间。”，文章中没有提到研究的内容包括时间管理能力，属于无中生有。39. 【选项释义】Strayers studies show that _. 斯特雷耶的研究表明_。A. people overestimate their multitasking ability A. 人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力B. teenagers are better at multitasking B. 青少年更擅长多任务处理C. students are more likely to multitask C. 学生更有可能进行多任务处理D.

35、impulsive people are not suited to multitask D. 冲动的人不适合多任务处理【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Strayer可以定位到文章第3段第2句“在后来的一项研究中，斯特雷耶（Strayer）发现，最有可能多任务处理的人是那些自认为很擅长的人（those who think they are great at it）。”，说明人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力，自认为很擅长多任务处理，就会更倾向于同时完成多项任务。因此A选项“人们高估了自己的多任务处理能力”正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“青少年更擅长多任务处理”，文章中没有提到对青少年的

36、研究，属于无中生有；C选项“学生更有可能进行多任务处理”，根据students可以定位到文章第3段第3句“在他的研究中，310名学生（students）中有70%的人认为他们的多任务处理能力高于平均水平（above average）。”，此处只是说有很多学生自认为很擅长多任务处理，而最有可能多任务处理的人是那些自认为很擅长的人，并不是所有学生都自认为很擅长，属于推理过度；D选项“冲动的人不适合多任务处理”，根据impulsive可以定位到文章第3段第4句“同时处理多项任务最多的人（multitasked the most）往往表现出较高的冲动行为（impulsive behaviour），通常

37、也最不适合（the most ill-suited）同时尝试多项工作。”，此处说的是同时处理多项任务最多的人容易做出冲动行为，最不适合多任务处理，并不代表所有冲动的人都不适合，属于推理过度。40. 【选项释义】What is the authors attitude towards womens multitasking ability? 作者对女性的多任务处理能力的态度是什么？A. Optimistic. A. 乐观的。B. Confident. B. 自信的。C. Critical. C. 批判的。D. Prudent. D. 谨慎的。【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词wom

38、en可以定位到文章第4段第3句“有限的研究（Limited research）表明，女性（women）在这方面可能有少许优势（may be a teeny bit better）”，“有限的”和“可能”都体现了作者对女性多任务处理能力的谨慎态度，女性的多任务处理能力可能稍微好一点，但没有绝对地表达女性在这方面就一定更优秀。因此D选项“谨慎的。”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“乐观的。”和B选项“自信的。”表述都过于绝对，属于推理过度；C选项“批判的。”，作者没有批判女性的多任务处理能力不好，而是说可能有少许优势，属于反向干扰。41. 【选项释义】A possible suggestion from

39、 the author is to _. 作者的一个可能的建议是_。A. work less than 20 minutes on one task A. 在一项任务上的工作时间不超过20分钟B. think twice before taking action B. 三思而后行C. spend less time on social media C. 减少花在社交媒体上的时间D. do things sequentially D. 按顺序做事情【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词suggestion可以定位到文章第4段第5句“然而，我们其余的人应该一次只做一件事（stick to o

40、ne thing at a time）。”，说明大部分人其实不擅长多任务处理，所以作者建议人们最好一次只做一件事情，也就是按顺序、按部就班地做事情。因此D选项“按顺序做事情”正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“在一项任务上的工作时间不超过20分钟”，根据20 minutes可以定位到文章第4段第1句“纳斯的研究建议我们应该在一个任务上花20分钟（spend 20 minutes），然后切换到另一个任务，而不是在两个任务之间快速切换。”，说明在一项任务上的工作时间应该满20分钟，而不是少于20分钟，属于反向干扰；B选项“三思而后行”和C选项“减少花在社交媒体上的时间”在文章中均没有提及，属于无中生有。3

41、. 单选题If gender conflicts continue at their current rate, my partner gloomily observed, men may fade into extinction and women will manage fine without them. What with test-tube babies, cloning, a falling birth-rate, have-it-all career women prevailing like never before, it seems as if old-fashioned,

42、 instinct- driven sexual selection was totally out of fashion. But a study from four British universities suggests it is alive and well, and busy shaping the next generation.In spite of emancipation, the feminist movement, gender equality, consistent efforts to avoid gender-stereotyping, men still p

43、refer to marry women who are not too brainy. In the study a high IQ hampered a womans chance of getting married, with a 40 per cent drop in marital prospects for every 16-point rise. The opposite was true for their male classmates. Top-earning men were 8 per cent more likely to be married than their

44、 low-earning peers.How interesting that we automatically assume that men are put off by cleverness in women. Perhaps the brainy women did not want to get married. Possibly they could not find men clever enough to satisfy them. But these interpretations hardly merit more than a passing thought becaus

45、e this study simply reinforces what we know to be broadly true: that most women do want a committed partner and that most stable marriages occur in a power relation, with the man being the center.We usually think of competitiveness as a male activity, and so it is mainly, which is all the more reaso

46、n for it causing stress in a marriage. Our ancestry certainly included a long phase when the males competed for the alpha role, in which the top male took all the advantages and most of the group matings. Most men nurse secret dreams of being “benign” dictators. No man likes his wife to earn more th

47、an he does. We see how fragile are the marriages of those in which the female has the whip hand in the shape of fame, success, and wealth. In contrast, marriages where the female status is obviously inferior, including arranged marriages, there is a greater stability.Women have to accept that coming

48、 into our own and achieving the full potential of our (seemingly superior) capacity to use education will undoubtedly make us more inaccessible as partners. More choosy, and therefore less successful.1.The “test-tube babies” and other things are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to indicate （ ）.2.Conventiona

49、l sexual selection（ ）.3.The statistics in Paragraph 2 illustrate that（ ）.4.What might be the meaning of “whip hand” in Paragraph 4?5.How is marriage related to power, according to the study?6.What might be the title of this passage?问题1选项A.the development of medical technologyB.the radical changes of

50、 our lifestyleC.the decreasing birth rate of human societyD.the independence of the female gender问题2选项A.gets out-of-dateB.remains activeC.becomes extinctD.seems prevalent问题3选项A.womens IQ and their marital probability are in direct proportionB.mens IQ and their marital probability are in inverse prop

51、ortionC.women prefer to marry men who are very intelligentD.men prefer to marry women who are less intelligent问题4选项A.Control.B.Desire.C.Intelligence.D.Commitment.问题5选项A.Married men and women all seek power over each other.B.A powerful husband is the key to the successful marriage.C.A stable marriage

52、 depends on the power of the wife.D.Rich men tend to hold absolute power over their wives.问题6选项A.Single Womens Self-reliance.B.Road to a Successful MarriageC.Why Brainy Women Stay Single.D.Stereotypes About Marriage.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B第6题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “men may fade

53、into extinction and women will manage fine without them.（男人可能会逐渐消失，而没有他们，女人也会过得很好）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段最后一句。根据 “But a study from four British universities suggests it is alive and well，.”,其中“it” 指代 “old-fashioned, instinct-driven sexual selection”。从而得出本题答案。3.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将

54、信息点定位至原文第二段第一句。 “In spite of emancipation, the feminist movement, gender equality, consistent efforts to avoid gender-stereotyping, men still prefer to marry women who are not too brainy.( 尽管有解放运动、女权运动、性别平等、不断努力避免性别成见，但男性仍然更愿意娶不太聪明的女性。)”从而得出本题答案。4.词义理解题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段最后两句。 “We see how fragile

55、are the marriages of those in which the female has the whip hand in the shape of fame, success, and wealth. In contrast, marriages where the female status is obviously inferior, including arranged marriages, there is a greater stability.( 我们看到，那些女性在名望、成功和财富方面拥有绝对优势的婚姻是多么脆弱。相比之下，女性地位明显低下的婚姻，包括包办婚姻，则有

56、较大的稳定性。)”由此可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。5.归纳推理题。通过对全文的理解，尤其是文章第四段的理解， “In contrast, marriages where the female status is obviously inferior, including arranged marriages, there is a greater stability.( 相比之下，女性地位明显低下的婚姻，包括包办婚姻，则有较大的稳定性。)” 即可得出本题答案。6.主旨大意题。通过对全文的理解和归纳， “how fragile are the marriages of those in w

57、hich the female has the whip hand in the shape of fame, success, and wealth.” “More choosy, and therefore less successful.” “Perhaps the brainy women did not want to get married.”从而得出本题答案。4. 单选题Of course, there are pictures which can be interpreted in more than one way, and even pictures for which t

58、here is no （ ）interpretation.问题1选项A.plausibleB.applicableC.reliableD.comprehensible【答案】A【解析】考察形容词辨析。plausible “看似合理的”；applicable “可应用的”；reliable “可以信赖的”；comprehensible “可以理解的”。句意：当然，有些画作可以从多种角度来理解，而有些画作却难以得到合理的解读。选项A符合句意。5. 单选题Bartenders are rarely shy about offering an opinion. But on a recent even

59、ing at the Finborough Wine Cafe, in between pours of Beaujolais, the bartender Van Badham was memorably on point about the new play “Mirror Teeth” being performed in an upstairs room: A Christopher-Durang- meets-Caryl-Churchill satire about racism, sex and control in the British family.Ms. Badham, i

60、t was later revealed, doubles as the literary manager for the Finborough Theater, which has been a tenant at the pub since 1980. Neil McPherson, the theaters artistic director and its only salaried employee, said several company members tended bar to make ends meet, given that they are paid by the t

61、heater only if a production turns a profit. No success is too small: He once doled out 1.18 to each crew member after one play in the 50-seat theater did a bit better than break even.“The actors dont get paid, either, not usually，” Mr. McPherson said, sitting on the snug stage after “Mirror Teeth” h

62、ad concluded that night. “But if youve been stuck in Phantom for 10 years and youre about ready to slit your wrists, and you crave doing some proper acting, you can do that here.”Like the storefront theater scene in Chicago, or the outdoor productions in parks, playgrounds and car lots across New York in the summer, pub theaters are a beloved part of the play-making tradition in England, especially London. Their lineage extends to the Restoration, when act