2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷81

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1、2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题We can begin our discussion of “population as global issue” with what most persons mean when they discuss “the population problem”: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase in the number added each year. The facts are not in dispute. It was quite righ

2、t to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, it is necessary to understand the his

3、tory of population trends. Rapid growth is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populations have been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of our ancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and ver

4、y short. There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods. Often, societies were in clear danger of exti

5、nction because death rates could exceed their birthrates. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinction of the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographic growth into a historical perspective, but it

6、 suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population in recent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long slow growth which extend

7、ed from about 8,000 BC. to approximately AD. 1650. In the first period of some 9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650 and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 200

8、0 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One way to appreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame to something that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650，an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds populati

9、on each year. At present, this number is added every six hours. The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.11. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thin powder fuse analogy?12. During the first period of demographic history, societies were often in d

10、anger of extinction because_.13. Which statement is true about population increase?14. The author of the passage intends to_.15. The word “demographic” in the first paragraph means_.问题1选项A.A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B.A slow growth for

11、a long time and then a period of rapid, dramatic increase.C.Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D.A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higher fertility and lower mortality.问题2选项A.only one in ten persons could live

12、past 40B.there was higher mortality than fertility in most placesC.it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditionsD.our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children问题3选项A.There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B.About 50,000 babies are born ev

13、ery six hours at present.C.Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 persons each year.D.The population increased faster between 8000BC and 1650 than between 1650 and the present.问题4选项A.warn people against the population explosion in the near future.B.compare the d

14、emographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650.C.find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.D.present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.问题5选项A.statistics of humanB.surroundings studyC.accumulation of humanD.development of human【答案】第1题:A第2题

15、:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:A【解析】11.推理判断题，第一段如此描述“the long, thin powder fuse（细长的火药引线）”:.burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes，“它一直断断续续地燃烧，直到最后爆发”。第二段中说到人类在以前的时期增长并不高，有时出生率还低于死亡率，到了近期才出现快速增长，对应A选项“一段几乎稳定或略微减少的时期，然后人口突然暴增”；B选项“一段很长时间的缓慢增长，然后是一段快速、戏剧性的增长时期”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；

16、C选项“地球上的人太多了，而且数量每年都在迅速增加”，见正确选项解析，few和 rapid是反义词，所以不选，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“在很长一段时间内，死亡率超过出生率，然后在很短一段时间内，生育率较高，死亡率较低”，见正确选项解析，出生率超过死亡率属于反向干扰。12.事实细节题，定位到第二段倒数第二句话Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed their birthrates.“通常，社会处于明显的灭绝危险之中，因为死亡率可能超过出生率”，从这里可以看出答案选B“

17、在大多数地方，死亡率高于生育率”；A选项“只有十分之一的人能活过40岁”，定位到第二段倒数第三句话For most of human history, it was seldom the case that one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially risky periods.“在人类历史的大部分时间里，很少有十分之一的人能活过40岁，而婴儿期和儿童期是特别危险的时期”，从这里可以知道A选项表述正确，但是这不是社会处于危险中的原因，这里属于出处错误；C选项“由于条件

18、恶劣，生孩子太危险了”，定位到文章第三段最后一句话but an improvement in the conditions that traditionally have caused high mortality.“而是传统上造成高死亡率的条件的改善”，这里只是说条件提高了，没说是因为以前生孩子很危险。这里属于无中生有；D选项“我们的祖先对多生孩子没有什么热情”，定位到第二段倒数第四句话There was high fertility in most places, but this was usually balanced by high mortality.“大多数地方的生育率都很高，但

19、这通常与高死亡率相平衡”，从这里可知我们的祖先不是没有热情生孩子而是因为死亡率也高导致人口增长低，这里属于反向干扰。13.事实细节题，定位到第四段三四句and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world.“现在，人口已经从5亿增长到40多亿。据估计，到2000年，全世界将有62亿人”，

20、从这里可知A选项“从现在到2000年，人口可能会增加22亿”正确；B选项“目前每六个小时大约有50000个婴儿出生”，定位到第四段倒数第二三句Between 8000BC and 1650，an average of only 50,000 persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number is added every six hours.“在公元前8000年到1650年间，世界人口每年平均只增加5万人。目前，这个数字每六个小时加一次”，人口增长的数量是出生人

21、口减去死亡人口，所以根据文章说法每六个小时增加5万人的话，婴儿的出生数应该大于5万，B选项属于偷换概念；C选项“从公元前8000年到现在，人口每年增长约8000万人”，定位到最后一段最后一句话The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.“每年增加约8000万人”由此可知C选项错误，这是现在的人口增长数不是从公元前8000年到现在的人口增长的年均增长数，这里属于张冠李戴；D选项“公元前8000年到1650年之间人口增长比1650年到现在更快”，结合B、C选项分析，D选项错误，是1650到现在的人口增长速度比公元前8000年到1650年的速度

22、要快，这里属于反向干扰。14.主旨大意题，第一步，寻找文章话题导入，文章开门见山以人口问题为导入，第二步，关注首尾两段核心句，首段定位到最后一句It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the charge and explodes.”“ 将人口增长比作一根细长的导火索，稳定而断断续续地燃烧，直到它最终引爆并爆炸，这是

23、非常正确的”，把人口增长比作炸弹；末段则是提出Demographic history can be divided into two major periods“人口历史可以分为两个主要时期”，历史的人口增长主要分为两个阶段。第三步，分析文章的行文结构，文章的结构是总分总，第一段讲述的是把人口增长比作炸弹，然后文章由此展开，第二段是解释为什么要这么作比喻，第三段讲述过去的人口增长曲线对现在人口快速增长有什么暗示，第四段就是对现在人口增长的总结和未来作出预估。文章定位到第四段第三四句话Between 1650 and the present, the population has increas

24、ed from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it is estimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world.从这里可以看出，作者是在提醒人们人口增长的速度越来越快，暗含着对人们的警示意义，所以答案选A选项“警告人们不要在不久的将来发生人口爆炸”；B选项“比较过去和1650年后的人口增长模式”，文章虽然有提及，但是这是事实，不是作者写这篇文章的目的，这里属于出处错误；C选项“找出近年来人口快速增长的原因”，文章在第三段已经说出

25、了人口快速增长的原因，那就是医疗水平的增加，这里不是作者意图，这里也属于出处错位；D选项“向我们展示人口增长的清晰和完整的画面”，文章虽然有提及，但这里题干的要求是作者的意图，这里属于出处错位。15.词汇推断题，第一步，定位到句中前后信息的衔接，即第一段最后一句话It was quite right to employ the analogy that likened demographic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltingly until it finally reaches the cha

26、rge and explodes” “将（）增长比作一根细长的导火索，稳定地、断断续续地燃烧，直到它最终引爆并爆炸，这是非常正确的”，第二步，篇章主旨，根据第14题可知，文章的主旨是在讲人口的增长，文章的出现的最多的是在不同阶段的人口数据，而第一段第二句话是文章的主旨句，由此可以推测答案选A选项“关于人口的统计”；B选项“环境研究”，从文章主旨上可以看出，全文都是在描述与人口增长的特征，所以排除B选项，这里属于无中生有；C选项“人类积累”文章没有谈到人类的积累，这里属于无中生有；D选项“人类的发展，”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2. 单选题Human memory is notoriousl

27、y unreliable. Even people with the sharpest facial-recognition skills can only remember so much.Its tough to quantify how good a person is at remembering. No one really knows how many different faces someone can recall, for example, but various estimates tend to hover in the thousandsbased on the nu

28、mber of acquaintances a person might have.Machines arent limited this way. Give the right computer a massive database of faces, and it can process what it seesthen recognize a face its told to findwith remarkable speed and precision. This skill is what supports the enormous promise of facial-recogni

29、tion software in the 21st century. Its also what makes contemporary surveillance systems so scary.The thing is, machines still have limitations when it comes to facial recognition. And scientists are only just beginning to understand what those constraints are. To begin to figure out how computers a

30、re struggling, researchers at the University of Washington created a massive database of facesthey call it MegaFaceand tested a variety of facial-recognition algorithms (算法) as they scaled up in complexity. The idea was to test the machines on a database that included up to 1 million different image

31、s of nearly 700,000 different peopleand not just a large database featuring a relatively small number of different faces, more consistent with whats been used in other research.As the databases grew, machine accuracy dipped across the board. Algorithms that were right 95% of the time when they were

32、dealing with a 13,000-image database, for example, were accurate about 70% of the time when confronted with 1 million images. Thats still pretty good, says one of the researchers, Ira Kemelmacher-Shlizerman. “Much better than we expected,” she said.Machines also had difficulty adjusting for people w

33、ho look a lot alikeeither doppelgangers (长相极相似的人), whom the machine would have trouble identifying as two separate people, or the same person who appeared in different photos at different ages or in different lighting, whom the machine would incorrectly view as separate people.“Once we scale up, alg

34、orithms must be sensitive to tiny changes in identities and at the same time invariant to lighting, pose, age,” Kemelmacher-Shlizerman said.The trouble is, for many of the researchers whod like to design systems to address these challenges, massive datasets for experimentation just dont existat leas

35、t, not in formats that are accessible to academic researchers. Training sets like the ones Google and Facebook have are private. There are no public databases that contain millions of faces. MegaFaces creators say its the largest publicly available facial-recognition dataset out there.“An ultimate f

36、ace recognition algorithm should perform with billions of people in a dataset,” the researchers wrote.11. Compared with human memory, machines can_.12. Why did researchers create MegaFace?13. What does the passage say about machine accuracy?14. What is said to be a shortcoming-of facial-recognition

37、machines?15. What is the difficulty confronting researchers of facial-recognition machines?问题1选项A.identify human faces more efficientlyB.tell a friend from a mere acquaintanceC.store an unlimited number of human facesD.perceive images invisible to the human eye问题2选项A.To enlarge the volume of the fac

38、ial-recognition database.B.To increase the variety of facial-recognition software.C.To understand computers problems with facial recognition.D.To reduce the complexity of facial-recognition algorithms.问题3选项A.It falls short of researchers expectations.B.It improves with added computing power.C.It var

39、ies greatly with different algorithms.D.It decreases as the database size increases.问题4选项A.They cannot easily tell apart people with near-identical appearances.B.They have difficulty identifying changes in facial expressions.C.They are not sensitive to minute changes in peoples mood.D.They have prob

40、lems distinguishing people of the same age.问题5选项A.No computer is yet able to handle huge datasets of human faces.B.There do not exist public databases with sufficient face samples.C.There are no appropriate algorithms to process the face samples.D.They have trouble converting face datasets into the

41、right format.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】11.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第二句话Give the right computer a massive database of faces, and it can process what it seesthen recognize a face its told to findwith remarkable speed and precision“给计算机一个庞大的人脸数据库，它就可以处理它看到的东西，然后以惊人的速度和精度识别出它被要求寻找的人脸”，从这里可知答案选A选项“更有效

42、地识别人脸”。B选项“把朋友和仅仅相识的人区别开来”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“存储无限数量的人脸”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“感知人眼看不见的图像”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。12.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第四段第一、三句话The thing is, machines still have limitations when it comes to facial recognitionTo begin to figure out how computers are struggling, researchers at the University of W

43、ashington created a massive database of facesthey call it MegaFace“问题是，机器在人脸识别方面仍然有局限性为了弄清楚电脑是如何挣扎的，华盛顿大学的研究人员创建了一个巨大的人脸数据库他们称之为MegaFace”，由此可知答案选C选项“为了解计算机在面部识别方面的问题”。A选项“以扩大人脸识别数据库的容量”，定位到第四段最后一句The idea was to test the machines on a database that included up to 1 million different images of nearly

44、 700,000 different peopleand not just a large database featuring a relatively small number of different faces, more consistent with whats been used in other research“他们的想法是在一个数据库上测试机器，该数据库包括近70万人的100万张不同的图像，而不仅仅是一个拥有相对较少不同面孔的大型数据库，这与其他研究中使用的更一致”，这里没有说建立数据库的目的是为了扩大数据库，这里属于出处错误；B选项“以增加面部识别软件的多样性”，文章没有

45、提及；D选项“以降低人脸识别算法的复杂性”，定位到第四段第三句tested a variety of facial-recognition algorithms as they scaled up in complexity“测试了多种面部识别算法，随着其复杂性的增大”，由此可知这是探究机器在人脸识别时会遇到什么问题的步骤不是创造MegaFace的原因，这里属于曲解原文，所以不选。13.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第五段第一句话As the databases grew, machine accuracy dipped across the board“随着数据库的增长，机器的准确

46、性全面下降”，由此可知答案选D选项“它随着数据库大小的增加而减少。”A选项“它没有达到研究人员的预期”，定位到第五段最后一句话“Much better than we expected,” she said（“比我们预期的要好得多，”她说。），由此可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。14.推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第六段第一句话Machines also had difficulty adjusting for people who look a lot alike“机器也很难适应长得很像的人”，这

47、里运用拟人的手法把机器比做人，暗指其实机器区别不了长得很像的人，所以答案选A选项“他们很难区分长相几乎相同的人”。B选项“他们很难识别面部表情的变化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“他们对人们情绪的细微变化不敏感”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；D选项“他们在区分同龄人方面有困难”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。15.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第二段第一句The trouble ismassive datasets for experimentation just dont existat least, not in formats that ar

48、e accessible to academic researchers“问题是用于实验的大规模数据根本不存在至少，不存在学术研究人员可以访问的格式”，由此可知答案选B选项“没有拥有足够的人脸样本的公共数据库”。A选项“目前还没有能够处理巨大的人脸数据的电脑”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“没有合适处理人脸样本的算法”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；D选项“他们在将人脸数据转换成正确格式时遇到了困难”，见正确选项解析，这里说的是研究人员不能够访问的格式并不是说在格式转换方面存在问题，所以D选项不选，属于曲意理解。3. 单选题In the 1920s demand for

49、 American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer se

50、lf-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929

51、 and extended throughout the 1939s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President H

52、oovers successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to re

53、duce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected t

54、o pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nations soil was in t

55、he national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers.1. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products?2. Th

56、e chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was_.3. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to_.4. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act_.5. It was claimed that the new laws passed during

57、 the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at_.问题1选项A.The impact of the Great Depression.B.The shrinking of overseas markets.C.The destruction caused by the First World War.D.The increased exports of European countries.问题2选项A.to increase farm productionB.to establish agricultural lawsC.to prevent farm

58、ers from going bankruptD.to promote the mechanization of agriculture问题3选项A.reduce their scale of productionB.make full use of their landC.adjust the prices of their farm productsD.be self-sufficient in agricultural production问题4选项A.might cause greater scarcity of farm productsB.didnt give the Secret

59、ary of Agriculture enough powerC.would benefit neither the government nor the farmersD.benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others问题5选项A.reducing the cost of farmingB.conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nationC.lowering the burden of farmersD.helping farmers without shiftin

60、g the burden onto other taxpayers【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段第一句In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity programs to reduce their imports.“在1920年代对美国农产品的需求下降，欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复和制定紧

61、缩项目以减少进口”，第二步综合理解，由此可知是欧洲对从战后恢复过来了对美国的农产品需求减少了，所以B选项“海外市场的萎缩”正确。A选项“大萧条的影响”，定位到第一段最后一句话These developments were made worse by the Great Depression“大萧条使这些发展变得更糟”，从这里大萧条使情况变糟，这不是美国农产品对外出口减少的原因，这里属于出处错误；C选项“第一次世界大战造成的破坏”，见正确解析，是一战的影响导致欧洲需要进口美国的农产品从而美国农业发展起来了，而不是一战造成的破坏使美国农业出口量下降，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“欧洲国家出口的增加”；

62、文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有。2.推理判断题。第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第二段第二句话It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers“它确立了直接干预供求关系的原则，并代表了第一个为农民提供更大经济稳定性的国家承诺”，第二步，寻找上下文线索，经济稳定性就暗含着国家兜底保护农民免于破产之灾，所以

63、C选项“防止农民破产”正确。A选项“增加农业生产”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“制定农业法律”，见文章正确选项分析，从这里可知美国政府的主要考虑是为了保障农民的经济的稳定性而不是为了立法，立法只是实现经济稳定的手段，所以B选项错误，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“推进农业机械化”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第三四句This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers w

64、ho were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices.“这项法律赋予农业部长通过与农民自愿达成协议来减少产量的权力，这些农民收取费用让他们停止使用自己的土地。故意造成农产品短缺是为了提高价格”，第二步，综合理解，从这里可知农业调整法案鼓励美国农民减产，所以答案选A选项“减少他们的生产规模”。B选项“充分利用他们的土地”，见正确选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“调整农产品价格”，见正确选项，让农民减产的目的是造成粮食紧缺的现象，从而通过供求关系用市场这只看不见的手达到调整农产品价格的目的，不是鼓励农民自己调整农产品价格，这里属于张冠李戴；D选项“农业生产实现自给自足”，定位到第一段第三行This period was more disa