2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷26

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1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题They had to _ their failure to a lack of preparation.问题1选项A.blameB.dedicateC.attributeD.conclude【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. blame 责怪，指责 B. dedicate 奉献，投身C. attribute 归因，归于 D. conclude 推定，得出结论【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“failure（失败）”构成动宾逻辑，表示他们不得不怎么样自己的失败，并且要能够和to搭配。由“a lack o

2、f preparation（准备不足）”可知，这是他们失败的原因，所以空格处应该是表达将失败的原因归于准备不足。attribute sth. to sth.是固定搭配，意为“把归因于，认为是由于”，因此C选项attribute“归因，归于”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项blame“责怪，指责”，blame sth. on sth.指将不好的事归罪、归咎于某事物，不能和to进行搭配；B选项dedicate“奉献，投身”，dedicate sth. to sth.指在某一特定活动或目标上投入大量的时间和精力，不能和“failure（失败）”进行搭配；D选项conclude“推定，得出结论”指根据

3、所见所闻做出决定或相信某事，不能和to进行搭配。【句意】他们不得不把失败归咎于准备不足。2. 单选题She was keen to _ a cause, and has become an advocate against child obesity.问题1选项A.make upB.give upC.take upD.raise up【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. make up 组成，编造 B. give up 放弃，让出C. take up 从事，开始工作 D. raise up 举起，抬起【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处和下文的“a cause（事业）”构成动宾逻辑，be

4、keen to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“热衷于做某事”，表示她热衷于怎么样这项事业。后半句说到“已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者（become an advocate）”，由此可知，这项事业指的是反对儿童肥胖，她应该是从事着反对儿童肥胖的工作并热衷于此。take up指从事某项工作，因此C选项take up“从事，开始工作”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项make up“组成，编造”指将不同的部分组合在一起或为了欺骗和娱乐而编造故事，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配；B选项give up“放弃，让出”指停止尝试做某事或拥有某物，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“从事工作”而不是“放弃工作”；D

5、选项raise up“举起，抬起”指把某物举起或移动到更高的水平，侧重于物理意义上的抬高，不能和“cause（事业）”进行搭配。【句意】她热衷于从事这项事业，并且已经成为反对儿童肥胖的倡导者。3. 单选题The term industrial design was _ in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel.问题1选项A.originatedB.coinedC.inspiredD.inserted【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. originated 起源，发源 B. coined 创造，独撰C. inspired 激

6、励，鼓舞 D. inserted 插入，嵌入【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格处前面有be动词was，和动词的过去分词形式共同构成被动语态，动作的执行者是“美国工业设计师约瑟夫西内尔”，动作的承受者是“工业设计这个术语（term）”，由此可知，本句表达的是以前并没有工业设计这个词，是约瑟夫西内尔在1919年提出来的。coin指创造一个新的词或短语，然后其他人开始使用，因此B选项coined“创造，独撰”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项originated“起源，发源”指在某一特定的地方或情况中首次发生或出现，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；C选项inspired“激励，鼓舞”指给某人做某

7、事的欲望、信心或热情，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配；D选项inserted“插入，嵌入”指把某物放入另一物中或夹在两物之间，不能和“term（术语）”进行搭配。【句意】工业设计这个术语是由美国工业设计师约瑟夫西内尔在1919年创造的。4. 填空题A debate has erupted within medicine over how to ensure that physicians maintain their clinical skills throughout their careers. The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM

8、) has long required internists to pass Maintenance of Certification exams every 10 years to keep their board-certified status. (71) In response, the ABIM announced it would offer a new assessment option starting in January 2018, allowing doctors to be recertified through shorter, but more frequent,

9、assessments. (72) In fact, it raises a couple of important questions: Are assessments even the most effective way to incentivize doctors to keep up with the latest medical knowledge and new technologies? Why dont we directly measure physicians quality of care and patient outcomes as they grow older?

10、While there is some evidence that physicians clinical knowledge, adherence with up-to-date standards of care, and performance on process measures may wane as they get older, little is known about whether and how age impacts physicians practice and their patient outcomes. (73) On the other hand, scie

11、ntific knowledge, technology, and clinical guidelines change so regularly that keeping up with them and incorporating them into clinical practice can be overwhelming.As the physician workforce in the U. S. ages (approximately one-fifth of U.S. physicians are over 65 years old, and the size of the gr

12、oup has increased 27% since 2005), it becomes even more important to understand how physician age might relate to patient outcomes. (74)The relationship between physician age and patient outcomes has not been empirically studied at a large scale. (75) In our study, which was recently published in Th

13、e BMJ, we found that U.S. Medicare patients treated by older physicians were more likely to die within 30 days of hospitalization, compared with patients treated by younger physiciansunless the older physicians were used to treating large numbers of patients each year.A. We found that patients treat

14、ed by older physicians experienced statistically significantly higher mortality rates than patients cared for by younger physicians.B. This would help inform new efforts to educate older physicians and improve clinical outcomes.C. However, this policy has recently come under scrutiny due to its high

15、 burden to doctors and the lack of sound evidence that recertification processes improve doctors quality of care.D. On one hand, skills and knowledge are accumulated through experience and can improve quality of care.E. But its not clear that this will make much difference.F. Therefore, we decided t

16、o investigate this issue by analyzing the outcomes of hospitalized Medicare patients and the age of their treating physicians.【答案】71.C72.E73.D74.B75.F【解析】【选项释义】A. We found that patients treated by older physicians experienced statistically significantly higher mortality rates than patients cared for

17、 by younger physicians. A. 我们发现，由年长的医生治疗的病人的死亡率在统计学上明显高于由年轻医生照顾的病人。B. This would help inform new efforts to educate older physicians and improve clinical outcomes. B. 这将有助于为教育年长医生和改善临床预后的新尝试提供信息。C. However, this policy has recently come under scrutiny due to its high burden to doctors and the lack o

18、f sound evidence that recertification processes improve doctors quality of care. C. 然而，这一政策最近受到了审查，因为它给医生带来了很高的负担，而且缺乏合理的证据证明重新认证过程可以改善医生的护理质量。D. On one hand, skills and knowledge are accumulated through experience and can improve quality of care. D. 一方面，技能和知识是通过经验积累的，可以提高护理质量。E. But its not clear t

19、hat this will make much difference. E. 但目前还不清楚这是否会带来很大的变化。F. Therefore, we decided to investigate this issue by analyzing the outcomes of hospitalized Medicare patients and the age of their treating physicians. F. 因此，我们决定通过分析住院的医疗保险病人的结果和他们主治医生的年龄来调查这个问题。71.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】文章开头介绍了美国内科医学委员会要求内科医生每10

20、年通过认证维护考试（Maintenance of Certification exams）这一政策，下文说到“将提供一种新的评估选项（new assessment option）”，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，说明原来的政策存在问题。C选项中的“However（然而）”表示转折，并且介绍了这一政策的问题在于“给医生带来了很高的负担（its high burden to doctors），而且缺乏合理的证据（the lack of sound evidence）”。因此C选项“然而，这一政策最近受到了审查，因为它给医生带来了很高的负担，而且缺乏合理的证据证明重新认证过程可以改善医生的

21、护理质量。”正确。72.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“将提供一种新的评估选项（new assessment option）”，下文又针对这种评估方法提出了几个重要的问题，由此可知空格处包含了一个转折的逻辑关系，说明新评估方法能否发挥作用还不确定，E选项中的“But（但是）”表示转折，同时“this（这个）”指代的是上文的“new assessment（新评估方法）”。因此E选项“但目前还不清楚这是否会带来很大的变化。”正确。73.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】下文说到“另一方面（On the other hand），科学知识、技术和临床指导方针变化如此频繁”，由此可知空格处讲

22、的应该是其他的方面，D选项中的“On one hand（一方面）”和下文的“On the other hand（另一方面）”相对应。因此D选项“一方面，技能和知识是通过经验积累的，可以提高护理质量。”正确。74.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“了解医生的年龄（physician age）与患者预后（patient outcomes）之间的关系变得更加重要。”，由此可知空格处应该是介绍这一点的作用，B选项中的“This（这个）”指代的是上文的“了解医生的年龄（physician age）与患者预后（patient outcomes）之间的关系”，其作用是“为教育年长医生（older

23、physicians）和改善临床预后（clinical outcomes）的新尝试提供信息”。因此B选项“这将有助于为教育年长医生和改善临床预后的新尝试提供信息。”正确。75.【考查点】上下文关联。【解题思路】上文说到“医生年龄和病人预后之间的关系尚未进行大规模的实证研究（has not been empirically studied at a large scale）。”，指出了前人研究的不足之处，由此可知接下来应该是提出自己目前研究的目的或假设。因此F选项“因此，我们决定通过分析住院的医疗保险病人的预后和他们主治医生的年龄来调查这个问题。”正确。5. 单选题They have reduc

24、ed（ ） in the labor market by allowing employers and prospective employees to connect more easily than ever before.问题1选项A.incentiveB.budgetC.aggressionD.friction【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。incentive “刺激，动机”；budget “预算”；aggression “侵略，侵犯”；friction“摩擦”。句意为：雇主和潜在雇员之间的联系较从前变得更加容易，通过采用这一方式，他们减少了劳动市场中的摩擦。选项D符合句意。6. 单选

25、题Were in the middle of an epic battle for power in cyberspace. On one side are the traditional, organized, institutional powers such as governments and large multinational corporations. On the other are the distributed: grassroots movements, dissident groups, hackers, and criminals. Initially，the In

26、ternet empowered the latter. It gave them a place to coordinate and communicate efficiently, and made them seem invincible. But now, the more traditional institutional powers are winning, and winning big. How these two sides fare in the long term, and the fate of the rest of us who dont fall into ei

27、ther group, is an open questionand one vitally important to the future of the Internet.In the Internets early days, there was a lot of talk about its “natural laws” 一how it would transform traditional power blocks, empower the masses, and spread freedom throughout the world. The international nature

28、 of the Internet circumvented national laws. Anonymity was easy. Censorship was impossible. Police were clueless about cybercrime. And bigger changes seemed inevitable. Digital cash would undermine national sovereignty. Citizen journalism would topple traditional media, corporate PR, and political p

29、arties. The ease of digital copying would destroy the traditional movie and music industries. Web marketing would allow even the smallest companies to compete against corporate giants. It really would be a new world order.This was a utopian vision, but some of it did come to pass. Internet marketing

30、 has transformed commerce. The entertainment industries have been transformed by things like MySpace and YouTube, and are now more open to outsiders. Mass media has changed dramatically, and some of the most influential people in the media have come from the blogging world. There are new ways to org

31、anize politically and run elections. Facebook and Twitter really did help disrupt governments.But that is just one side of the Internets disruptive character. The Internet has emboldened traditional power as well.On the corporate side, power is being consolidated, a result of two current trends in c

32、omputing. First, the rise of cloud computing means that we no longer have control of our data. And second, we are increasingly accessing our data using devices that we have much less control over： iPhones, iPads, Android phones, Kindles, ChromeBooks. Unlike traditional operating systems, these devic

33、es are controlled much more tightly by the vendors, who limit what software can be run, what they can do, how theyre updated.1.In the Internet battle, the grassroots movement （ ）.2.According to the author，in the future a key Internet issue will be（ ）.3.“Natural laws” refers to（ ）.4.Lack of surveilla

34、nce over the Internet would likely（ ）.5.Online media has（ ）.6.We now have less control over the data we use because（ ）.问题1选项A.experienced an epic failureB.gradually became invincibleC.previously beat institutional forcesD.distributed power to dissident groups问题2选项A.which side has the technological r

35、esourcesB.what happens to those who remain neutralC.which side is good at communicationsD.what financial resources are available问题3选项A.the fast expansion of InternetB.the traditional power structureC.national laws to regulate the InternetD.lack of control on the Internet问题4选项A.strengthen national se

36、curityB.devastate the traditional film industryC.provide more information to the policeD.handicap the development of small companies问题5选项A.made the utopian vision impossibleB.won more support for the governmentC.made some ordinary people become famousD.excluded outsiders from the entertainment indus

37、tries问题6选项A.cloud computing is highly confusingB.there is no limit to updating softwareC.corporate giants are in a dominant positionD.it is difficult to assess data in electronic devices【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干关键词 “Internet battle” “grassroots movement”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “.t

38、he Internet empowered the latter. It gave them a place to coordinate and communicate efficiently, and made them seem invincible.（互联网赋予了后者力量。这给了他们一个有效协调和沟通的地方，让他们看起来不可战胜。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “and the fate of the rest of us who dont fall into either group, is an open que

39、stionand one vitally important to the future of the Internet（而我们这些不属于这两类人的其他人的命运，是一个公开的问题，对互联网的未来至关重要）”即可得出本题答案。3.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“Natural laws”，可将信息点定位在原文第二段。根据 “Anonymity was easy. Censorship was impossible. Police were clueless about cybercrime.（匿名很容易。审查制度是不可能的。警方对网络犯罪一无所知）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。4.细节事实题

40、。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “digital copying would destroy the traditional movie and music industries（数字复制将摧毁传统的电影和音乐产业）”即可得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据 “Mass media has changed dramatically, and some of the most influential people in the media have come from the blogging world.（大众媒体发生了巨大的变化，媒体

41、中一些最有影响力的人来自博客世界。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据 “.we are increasingly accessing our data using devices that we have much less control over. these devices are controlled much more tightly by the vendors.（我们越来越多地使用我们无法控制的设备来访问我们的数据。供应商对这些设备的控制要严格得多。）”,即可得出本题答案。7. 单选题In Second Nat

42、ure，Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain function are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metapho

43、rs.Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientifi

44、c scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. Our consciousness ( a “ first-person affair ” displaying intentionality, reflecting beliefs and desires, etc. )，our creativity, even our value systems, have a basis in brain function.The author describes three unifying insights that correlate min

45、d matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections ( circuits) if their firing patterns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brai

46、n region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers.Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortable hazarding a guess: “All of our me

47、ntal life. is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain. ” Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neuroscience, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culturenot biologyis the primary determinant of the brai

48、ns evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes.However, I was surprised to learn that he considers Sigmund Freud “ the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior. ” Such a comment ignores how slightly Freuds conception of the unconscious, with its emphasi

49、s on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.Still, Second Nature is well worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science

50、will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of producing a provocative exploration of “how we come to know the world and ourselves”.1.Gerald Edelman would most probably support the idea that the brain（ ） .2.It was previously felt that perception

51、s and other mind matters could hardly be（ ） .3.Edelman firmly believes that（ ） .4.According to Edelman, to provide a thorough explanation of human mind, neuroscience will be（ ） .5.The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be（ ） .6.According to the autho

52、r，Second Nature is a good book because （ ） .问题1选项A.co-functions with the mindB.works like a computerC.has an accessible functionD.sends signals to the mind问题2选项A.treated as a significant issueB.studied with scientific methodsC.separated from brain activityD.handled with surgical instruments问题3选项A.br

53、ain signals will repeatedly go from one brain region to another.B.experience will have an ill effect on neuronal connectionsC.distant neurons will help synchronize their firing patternsD.mind matters will be explained from a neurological perspective问题4选项A.responsibleB.insufficientC.impracticalD.reli

54、able问题5选项A.clearly explained by Freuds theoryB.affected by language acquisitionC.studied relevantly to sexual behaviorD.examined concerning cultural backgrounds问题6选项A.it interests the reader in spiritual activitiesB.it appeals to the reader to study bioscienceC.it sets the reader probing into human

55、cognitionD.it presents the advancement of natural science【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A第6题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句。根据 “In Second Nature，Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain i

56、s a computer.( 诺贝尔奖获得者神经学家杰拉尔德埃德尔曼认为,大脑和思维是统一的,但他对大脑是一台电脑这一观点毫无耐心。)”即可得出本题答案。2.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句。根据 “mind matters traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity.（传统上被认为是私人的、无法通过科学检查的精神问题，现在可能与大脑活动有关）” 即可得出本题答案。3.细节事实题。根据

57、题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第一句。根据 “Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for consciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon.（埃德尔曼承认，目前还没有对意识和思维其他方面的神经学解释，但他相信很快就会有。）”,即可得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第三句。根据 “Edelman acknowledges t

58、he pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of mind in neurological terms.（埃德尔曼承认，试图用神经学术语解释思维的所有方面存在缺陷）”即可得出本题答案。5.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。本段大意为：作者并不同意Edelman的观点，因为作者认为Sigmund Freud关于无意识的概念与神经科学家们提出的认知无意识的观点并无相似之处。(Such a comment ignores how slightly Freuds conception of the unconscious, wi

59、th its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists.)从而得出本题答案。6.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。 “It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard” science and the humanities.( 它是连接传统上“硬”科学和人文学科两大阵营的桥梁。)”通过归纳推理即可得出本题答案。8. 单选题

60、Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people becomein toleration of diversity if nothing else. Members of a culture or a

61、 nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “ national character”，which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow simil

62、ar behavior patterns.Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics” of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy” by citizens of some industrialized nations. On the other hand, it m

63、ay be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity”，and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label “lazy” is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.Stereotypes, such as “lazy”，“inscrutable,” and “dishonest” give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volu