2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷96

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题1.One of the fastest growing areas in Internet applications is the adoption of Internet technologies for the development of corporate networks. Many public sectors and commercial organizations throughout the world are accelerating their paces in building corpora

2、te networks based on Internet technologies, allowing them to roll out their private “Intranets”. These Intranets are used to support enterprise applications and communications both inside and outside the corporate firewall.2.Intranet is the new buzz word referring to the use of fast growing and rela

3、tively inexpensive Internet technologies for the development of enterprise information and communication systems. It generally involves two key types of software: the “browser” which allows users to scan the network for useful information and the “server” which stores and organizes the information.

4、Major IT vendors have announced or are planning to announce products and services which will help their customers in realizing the competitive advantages made possible by these new technologies. For example,Oracle and Sybase have unveiled their plans to introduce browsers that include application de

5、velopment tools based on Java, a programming language licensed from Sun Microsystems Inc. These new toolsets will allow developers to write network-connection-ready, web-enabled applications that link to corporate databases.The creation of private intranets provides opportunities for companies to us

6、e the Web as a complement or an alternative for traditional internal networking, application development tools and groupware products. 3. For example, Morgan Stanley and Turner Broadcasting have successfully implemented their own Intranets which allow their employees to share information, collaborat

7、e on projects, and to create very effective workgroups spreading across large geographical regions.With improved security design on the Intranet which can be bridged into the Internet, many companies are developing new business applications which were not technically feasible nor economically viable

8、 in the past. For example, shipping companies and courier companies can build cargo and parcel tracking systems which allow their international customers, anywhere in the world, to log onto their local Internet networks to access secured databases to retrieve the latest information about their shipm

9、ents.One of the most often quoted criticisms of Internet when being considered for serious business applications is its security risk, or its perceived inadequacy of security features. Many feel that the Internet is distributed and “uncontrolled”. By its very own nature, there is no single organizat

10、ion owning the Internet, running it or can be held responsible for it in the conventional sense. Intrusion may come from anywhere in the world. To further complicate the matter, legislation and law enforcement concerning electronic crimes vary greatly from one country to another. This presents great

11、 challenges in the prosecution of crimes committed using the Internet.While some of these feelings and observations are correct, many Internet technology providers throughout the world are working very aggressively in solving the problems concerning Internet security. Using cryptographic techniques

12、and network management technologies, Internet can be as secured as any private networks used in the financial, commercial and national defense applications.The Internet is a global technology. It will affect, in many aspects, the way that we interact with people, conduct our business transactions. I

13、t will also change the way that we acquire and share experience and knowledge. 4. It unavoidably will alter our sense of community and remove some of the constraints previously associated with geographical boundaries. The Internet and Intranet are presenting opportunities and challenges to individua

14、ls and enterprises. They will reward those with the ability and vision to harness their power, realizing their constraints and capable of developing solutions in overcoming these limitations.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from

15、 English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】（1）互联网应用中发展最快的一个领域采用互联网技术开发企业网络。全世界许多政府部门和商业机构正加快步伐，创建基于互联网技术的企业网络，允许它们推销秘密的“内联网”。（2）“内联网”是一个时髦术语，指用发展迅速、相对廉价的互联网技术开发企业信息和通讯系统。内联网一般包含两种重要的软件：浏览器和服务器。前者允许用户浏览网络以获取有用信息，后者储存并整理信息。（3）例如，摩根斯坦利金融公司和特纳广播公司成功地完成了各自的内联网，这些内联网使两家公司的雇员共享

16、信息，共同承担项目并创建遍及各大洲的、效果明显的工作组。（4）互联网必然会改变我们的社区意识并消除以往跟地理疆界联系在一起的种种限制。互联网和内联网给个人和企业带来机遇和挑战，这些网络奖赏有能力和远见的人利用自己的权力，在种种局限发生时，能找到克服局限性的方案。2. 单选题Before the mid-1860s, the impact of the railroads in the United States was limited, in the sense that the tracks ended at the Missouri River, approximately the cen

17、ter of the country. At the point the trains turned their freight, mail, and passengers over to steamboats, wagons, and stagecoaches. This meant that wagon freighting, stage coaching, and steam boating did not come to an end when the first train appeared; rather they became supplements or feeders. Ea

18、ch new “end of track” became a center for animal-drawn or waterborne transportation. The major effect of the railroad was to shorten the distance that had to be covered by the older,slower,and more costly means. Wagon freighters continued operating throughout the 1870s and 1880s and into the 1890s.O

19、ver constantly shrinking routes, coaches and wagons continued to crisscross the West wherever the rails had not yet been laid. The beginning of a major change was foreshadowed in the late 1860s, when the Union Pacific Railroad at last began to build westward from the Central Plains City of Omaha to

20、meet the Central Pacific Railroad advancing eastward from California through the formidable barrier of the Sierra Nevada. Although President Abraham Lincoln signed the original Pacific Railroad Bill in 1862 and a revised, financially much more generous version in 1864, little construction was comple

21、ted until 1865 on the Central Pacific and 1866 on the Union Pacific. The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of deserts, mountains and semiarid plains could pay a profit. In the words of an economist, this was a case of “premature e

22、nterprise” where not only the cost of construction but also the very high risk deterred private investment. In discussing the Pacific Railroad Bill, the chair of the congressional committee bluntly stated that without government subsidy no one would undertake so unpromising a venture;yet it was a na

23、tional necessity to link East and West together.1.Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860s as “limited”?2.What can be inferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded?3.Why does the author mention the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2?4.Why little con

24、struction was completed though the bill had long been signed?问题1选项A.Because passengers preferred wagons and stagecoaches.B.Because other modes of transportation had to be employed.C.Because they were only center for waterborne transportation.D.Because the track did not take direct route from one cit

25、y to the next.问题2选项A.They developed competing routes.B.Their drivers refused to work for the railroads.C.They began to specialize in private investment.D.There were insufficient trained people to operate them.问题3选项A.To point out the location of a serious train accident.B.To give an example of obstac

26、les faced by the Central Pacific.C.To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken.D.To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West.问题4选项A.Because of a worry that little benefit would be gained.B.Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled plain.C.Because of

27、a change of the plan owing to the high cost.D.Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Why does the author refer to the impact of railroads before the late 1860s as “limited”? 1. 为什么作者说19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”？A. Because passengers preferred wagons

28、and stagecoaches. A. 因为乘客们更喜欢马车。B. Because other modes of transportation had to be employed. B. 因为必须使用其他运输方式。C. Because they were only center for waterborne transportation. C. 因为它们只是水上交通的中心。D. Because the track did not take direct route from one city to the next. D. 因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市。【考查点】推理判断题。【

29、解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段前两句“在19世纪60年代中期之前，铁路对美国的影响是有限的，从某种意义上说，铁路的终点是密苏里河，大约是国家的中心。这时，火车把货物、邮件和乘客转交给轮船、马车和公共马车。”，从中我们可以推断出，19世纪60年代以前铁路的影响是“有限的”，是因为必须要使用其他运输方式。B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“因为乘客们更喜欢马车”和D项“因为铁轨并没有直接从一个城市到另一个城市”没有提及，无中生有；C项“因为它们只是水上交通的中心”，这是蒸汽划船和马车运输等其他运输方式成为铁路运输补充的结果，与题干无关，张冠李戴。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. What can be in

30、ferred about coaches and wagon freighters as the railroad expanded? 2. 随着铁路的扩张，我们可以推断出关于客车和马车货船的什么？A. They developed competing routes. A. 他们开发了相互竞争的路线。B. Their drivers refused to work for the railroads. B. 他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作。C. They began to specialize in private investment. C. 他们开始专门从事私人投资。D. There were

31、insufficient trained people to operate them. D. 没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“在不断缩小的路线上，马车和货车继续在西部尚未铺设铁路的地方纵横交错”，从中可知，随着铁路的扩张，传统的货运方式逐渐衰落，但是在火车线路不能到达的地方，他们仍在扩展相互竞争的路线。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“他们的司机拒绝为铁路工作”、C项“他们开始专门从事私人投资”和D项“没有足够的训练有素的人员来操作它们”没有提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Why does the author me

32、ntion the Sierra Nevada in paragraph 2? 3. 为什么作者在第2段中提到内华达山脉？A. To point out the location of a serious train accident. A. 指出发生严重火车事故的地点。B. To give an example of obstacles faced by the Central Pacific. B. 举一个中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍的例子。C. To argue that a direct route to the West could have been taken. C. 争辩说可以

33、采取直接去西方的路线。D. To identify a historically significant mountain range in the West. D. 确定西部有历史意义的山脉。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Sierra Nevada定位到第二段的第二句“19世纪60年代末，重大变化已露端倪，在这一时期，太平洋联合铁路终于开始由位于中央平原的奥马哈市向西扩建，与中央太平洋铁路汇合，中央太平洋从加利福尼亚经过内华达山脉的巨大障碍，向东挺进”，从该句可以推断，作者提到内华达山脉是为了给中央太平洋铁路公司面临的障碍举例，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“指出发生严重火车事故

34、的地点”、C项“争辩说可以采取直接去西方的路线”和D项“确定西部有历史意义的山脉”在该段没有依据，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Why little construction was completed though the bill had long been signed? 4. 为什么法案早就签署了，却有很少的建设已经完工？A. Because of a worry that little benefit would be gained. A. 因为担心不会有什么好处。B. Because of a harsh, challenging and thinly settled p

35、lain. B. 因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原。C. Because of a change of the plan owing to the high cost. C. 因为成本太高，计划改变了。D. Because of a continued running of coaches and wagons. D. 因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段第三句“尽管亚伯拉罕林肯总统在1862年签署了最初的太平洋铁路法案，并在1864年签署了修订版，在财政上更加慷慨，但直到1865年中太平洋铁路和1866年联合太平洋铁路才完成了很少的建设

36、”，结合下一句“主要原因是，人们怀疑修建一条穿越沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的铁路是否有利可图（The primary reason was skepticism thatcould pay a profit）”，理解可知，很少的建设已经完工的原因是，人们怀疑没有利益可图，A项“因为担心不会有什么好处”符合这一分析。【干扰项排除】B项“因为一个严酷的，具有挑战性的和稀疏的平原”是人们怀疑是否有利可图的原因，与题干无关，张冠李戴；C项“因为成本太高，计划改变了”和D项“因为长途汽车和马车的持续运行”没有提到，无中生有。3. 翻译题My topic today is “The Car and Air P

37、ollution.” In particular, I want firstly to discuss the ways in which the car causes air pollution; and secondly, how we can control or reduce air pollution from the car.First, then, how does the car cause air pollution? 1. What happens is that the cars internal combustion engine is a kind of chemic

38、al factory on a small scale. It uses a mixture of petrol and air, and this mixture explodes and burns, to produce the energy which propels the car. 2. But while this is happening, many complicated chemical reactions are taking place. In particular, part of the petrol-air mixture is not completely bu

39、rned up, and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and hydrocarbons.This is the situation, then, and its going to get much worse, unless we do something about it. So lets focus our attention now on ways of controlli

40、ng or reducing the amount of air pollution caused by the car.First, we can discourage the use of cars. For example, we can put higher taxes on petrol, and on cars themselves, especially on larger ones that use a lot of petrol.3.Second, we can encourage alternative methods of transport, both between

41、and within urban areas. For instance, we can make train and bus services cheaper and more convenient. And we can build a mass transit system in large cities, particularly an underground railway system.Next, we can use a different and cleaner fuel for the internal combustion engine.Fourth, we can rep

42、lace the internal combustion engine with other designs. There are several possibilities being researched at present, such as electric, gas turbine, and “steam” engines gas turbine, and steam engines. However, each of these designs has its own disadvantages.4.Last but not the least, we are trying to

43、control the emissions from the internal combustion engine much more strictly. This, for example, is a catalytic (催化式) converter, which converts the most dangerous ingredients of the car exhaust into water and harmless gases.As Im sure you can see, there are problems with each of these ways; but at l

44、east theyre a step in the right direction. Probably the best answer is a synthesis of all five.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to(4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】（1）汽车导致空气污染是因为汽车内燃机实际上是一

45、座小型化工厂。内燃机所用的燃料是汽油和空气的混合物。这种混合物燃爆后产生驱动力。（2）但是，汽油同空气燃爆时，许多复杂的化学反应也同时发生。特别值得注意的是，汽油和空气混合物不能完全燃烧，发动机产生的各种废气含有一些非常有害的化学物质。（3）第二，我们可以鼓励在城市内部和城市之间使用替代的交通工具。比如，我们可以使火车和公共汽车服务更加廉价和便利。我们可以在大城市建立公交系统，特别是地铁系统。（4）最后，我们正在尝试更加严格地控制内燃机释放的气体。比如，催化式排气净化器，它将汽车废气中最危险的成分转变成水和无害气体。4. 翻译题Time” says the proverb “is money”

46、. This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. (1) If our time is usefully employed, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable

47、us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those, who think nothing of wasting time, remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a bank-note; and that an hour utilized is tantamount t

48、o so much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.Moreover, our life is nothing more than our time. To kill time is therefore a form of suicide. (2) We are shocked when we think of death, and we spare no pains, no t

49、rouble, and no expense to preserve life. But we are too often indifferent to the loss of an hour or a day, forgetting that our life is the sum total of the days and of the hours we live. A day or an hour wasted is therefore so much life forfeited. Let us bear this in mind, and waste of time will app

50、ear to us in the light of a crime as culpable as suicide itself.There is a third consideration which also tends to warn us against loss of time. Our life is a brief span measuring some sixty or seventy years in all, but nearly one half of this has to be spent in sleep; some years have to be spent ov

51、er our meals ; some over dressing and undressing ; some in making journeys on land and voyages by sea; some in merry-marking, either on our own account or for the sake of others ; some in celebrating religious and social festivities ; some in watching over the sick-beds of our nearest and dearest re

52、latives. (3) Now if all these years were to be deducted from the term over which our life extends we shall find about fifteen or twenty years at our disposal for active work. Whoever remembers this can never willingly waste a single moment of his life. “It is astonishing says Lord Chesterfield, “tha

53、t anyone can squander away in absolute idleness one single moment of that portion of time which is allotted to us in this world. Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it! ”All time is precious; but the time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious than any o

54、ther portion of our existence. For those are the periods when alone we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. (4) If we allow these morning hours of life to slip away unutilized, we shall never be able to recoup the loss. As we grow older, our power of acquisition gets blunt

55、ed, so that the art or science which is not acquired in childhood or youth will never be acquired at all. Just as money laid out at interest doubles and trembles itself in time, so the precious hours of childhood and youth, if properly used, will yield us incalculable advantages. “Every moment you l

56、ose,” says Lord Chesterfield, “is so much character and advantage lost; as on the other hand, every moment you now employ usefully is so much time wisely laid out at prodigious interest.”A proper employment of time is of great benefit to us from a moral point of view. Idleness is justly said to be t

57、he rust of the mind and an idle brain is said to be Satans workshop. It is mostly when you do not know what to do with yourself that you do something ill or wrong. The mind of the idler preys upon itself.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1)

58、 to (4), from English into Chinese.【答案】（1）如果我们的时间使用得当，我们就能生产出有用的、重要的产品，而这些产品会在市场上赢得其价值。或者我们能利用这些时间充实经验，增长才干，而时机来临时又能转化为钱。（2）我们想到死，便惊恐不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用来保全我们的生命。可是，我们对于损失一个小时或者一天的时间却往往漠不关心，忘记了我们的生命原本就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。（3）现在如果从我们的寿命中扣除所有这些岁月，我们将会发现，能受我们支配的有效的工作时间大约仅十五或二十年而已。谁能记住这一点，谁就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每一刻时间

59、。（4）如果我们让这些生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走，未得到利用，这损失将永远也无法弥补。等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期未能获得的知识和技能将永远不能获得了。5. 单选题Drunken drivingsometimes called Americas socially accepted form of murderhas become a national epidemic （流行病）. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers.A dru

60、nken driver is usually defined as one with a 0. 10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American man image and judges were tolerant in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has re

61、cently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed

62、 by 1820-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accomplished by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resis

63、t pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. A tavern（酒店主）in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a c

64、ustomer who was “obviously intoxicated” and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919. They forget that legal pr

65、ohibition didnt stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.1.Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because（ ）.2.Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that（ ） .3.Laws recently introduced in some states have （ ） .4.The problem of drunken driving is difficult to solve becaus