2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷38

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1、2022年考博英语-华东政法大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Many people have the _ about the blind and deaf.问题1选项A.misconceptionsB.frustrationC.confessionD.acknowledgement【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项misconceptions“迷思概念；错误的想法”；B选项frustration“挫折”；C选项confession“忏悔；告解；供认；表白”；D选项acknowledgement“承认；确认；感谢”。句意：许多人对盲人和聋人有_。本句表达“对盲人和聋人

2、有误解”，因此A选项正确。2. 单选题I. The psychological exploration into litigants procedural preferences dates back to the early 1970s, when empirical research by Thibaut and Walker largely regarded as the originators of the procedural justice paradigm and their colleagues revealed that laypeople care about their

3、direct and indirect control over legal decisions that affect them. They demonstrated that when laypeople evaluate procedures, they generally assess how the procedures distribute control between the parties themselves and third parties (e.g., mediators, arbitrators, judges). Their research also sugge

4、sts that disputants prefer procedures that allow them (as opposed to third parties) to control the process. Their early work highlights the important role that “voice” (i.e., the opportunity to share ones story or side of the dispute) plays in how disputants construe dispute resolution options, whic

5、h in turn illuminates the critical role that subjective perceptions play in the functioning of the legal system. Subsequent research produced additional theories that explain why disputants care about process. One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests that people desire proc

6、ess control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome. Another framework the “group value” model suggests that people care about process because the quality of the process they experience helps them to assess their status and inclusion within their group or c

7、ommunity. Other research emphasized how process has important implications for how people perceive social justice when the fairness of an outcome is ambiguous, people often use their evaluations of the process they experienced as a mental shortcut for assessing the outcome.In practice, legal organiz

8、ations and scholars often use the concept of control to classify legal procedures. Mediation and negotiation are commonly conceptualized as offering litigants greater process and outcome control as compared to adjudicatory options such as trial and arbitration. The American Bar Association, for exam

9、ple, describes mediation and negotiation as offering parties greater participation in reaching a resolution, as well as control over the outcome. Similarly, scholars often conceptualize legal procedures on a spectrum. On one end of the scale, negotiation offers participants control over both the pro

10、cess and outcome and does not involve a third-party neutral. On the other end, arbitration and trial empower third-party neutrals to determine the outcome of a dispute and impose formality on the process. Mediation, existing in the middle of the spectrum, utilizes a third-party neutral, but allows p

11、arties to shape the process and control the outcome.1.Thibaut and Walker are regarded as _.2.Thibaut and Walker found in their research that laypeople _.3.According to the first paragraph, which of the statements is wrong?4.What is the most suitable topic of the second paragraph?问题1选项A.researchers o

12、f litigants procedural preferencesB.laypeople who care about their direct and indirect control over legal decisionsC.originators of the empirical research of procedural justiceD.empirical researchers问题2选项A.care more about their direct control over legal decisions that affect themB.evaluate procedure

13、s by the distribution of control between the parties themselves and third partiesC.prefer procedures that does not allow the third parties to control the processD.believe that process control provides a direct way to control their disputes outcome问题3选项A.When the fairness of an outcome is clear, peop

14、le often use their evaluations of the process as a mental shortcut for assessing the outcome.B.Social exchange theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome.C.Group value model suggests that people care about pro

15、cess because the quality of the process they experience helps them to assess their status and inclusion within their group or community.D.Process has important implications for how people perceive social justice.问题4选项A.Negotiation Offers Litigants the Greatest ControlB.Mediation Offers Litigants Gre

16、ater ControlC.Arbitration Offers Litigants Less ControlD.Classification of Legal Procedures by Process Control【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Thibaut and Walker”定位到原文第一段when empirical research by Thibaut and Walker largely regarded as the originators of the procedural justice paradigm（当T

17、hibaut和Walker的实证研究很大程度上被认为是程序正义范式的创始人）可知选C选项“程序正义实证研究的发起人”以及D选项“实证研究”错误；A选项“诉讼当事人程序偏好的研究人员”，B选项“关心他们对法律决定的直接和间接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段when laypeople evaluate procedures, they generally assess how the procedures distribute control between the parties themselves and third parties (e.

18、g., mediators, arbitrators, judges).（当外行评估程序时，他们通常会评估程序如何在当事人本身和第三方（如调解员、仲裁员、法官）之间分配控制权）可知选B选项“通过在双方和第三方之间分配控制权来评估程序”；第一段when empirical research by Thibaut and Walkerand their colleagues revealed that laypeople care about their direct and indirect control over legal decisions that affect them.（当Thib

19、aut和Walker的实证研究和他们的同事们发现，外行关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接和间接控制）可知A选项“更关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接控制”错误，不完整；第一段Their research also suggests that disputants prefer procedures that allow them (as opposed to third parties) to control the process.（他们的研究还表明，争论双方更喜欢让他们（而不是第三方）控制过程的程序）可知只是不喜欢让第三方控制过程的程序而不是不允许，C选项“选择不允许第三方控制过程的程序”

20、过度推测；第一段One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control their disputes outcome.（一种理论“工具”或“社会交换”理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知D选项“相信过程控制提供了一种直接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。3.事

21、实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句话Other research emphasized how process has important implications for how people perceive social justice when the fairness of an outcome is ambiguous, people often use their evaluations of the process they experienced as a mental shortcut for assessing the outcome.（其他研究强调了过程对人们如何感

22、知社会公正的重要影响当结果的公平性不明确时，人们通常会把他们对过程的评价作为评估结果的心理捷径）可知A选项“当一个结果的公平性很明确时，人们通常会把他们对这个过程的评估作为评估结果的心理捷径”和原文相悖，D选项“过程对人们如何感知社会公正有重要的影响”在原文中有提及；第一段One theory the “instrumental” or “social exchange” theory suggests that people desire process control because they believe it provides an indirect way to control t

23、heir disputes outcome.（一种理论“工具”或“社会交换”理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知B选项“社会交换理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们相信它提供了一种间接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”原文有提及；第一段Another framework the “group value” model suggests that people care about process because the quality of the process they experience helps them to assess their

24、status and inclusion within their group or community.（另一个框架“群体价值”模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性）可知C选项“群体价值模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性”原文有提及。因此A选项符合题意。4.主旨大意题。根据题干定位到第二段中心句In practice, legal organizations and scholars often use the concept of control to classify l

25、egal procedures.（在实践中，法律组织和学者经常使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类）可知选D选项“根据过程控制对法律程序进行分类”，第二段之后的内容都是围绕中心句展开，举例说明如何使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类；A选项“谈判给予当事人最大的控制权”，B选项“调解为当事人提供更大的控制权”是第二段中一部分内容，没有概括性；C选项“仲裁减少了当事人的控制权”未在第二段明确提及。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题I _ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.问题1选项A.meantB.has meantC.was meaningD.h

26、ad meant【答案】D【解析】考查时态。根据but之后的动词was prevented from为过去时态，而mean to call on you发生was prevented from之前，过去的过去，则时态为过去完成时。在句意：我本想拜访你，但被阻止了。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.问题1选项A.pursui

27、ngB.chasingC.reachingD.winning【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项pursuing“继续；从事；追赶（在一段时间内做某事或试图达到某事）；纠缠”；B选项chasing“追逐（为了抓住某人或者某物而追赶某人或者某物）；追捕；试图赢得；雕镂”；C选项reaching“到达；伸出”；D选项winning“获胜；赢得；（通过努力）获得”。句意：世界各地的几十个科学小组一直在_一种实用而经济的方法来利用阳光来分解水分子。本句表达“科学小组一直从事于一种实用而经济的方法”，因此A选项正确。5. 单选题He refused to _ that he was defeated.

28、问题1选项A.burlesqueB.conceiveC.acknowledgeD.probe【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有”；C选项acknowledge“承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到”；D选项probe“探查；用探针探测”。句意：他拒绝_自己被打败了。本句表达“拒绝承认被打败”。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题The _ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.问题1选项A.confinementB.conv

29、entionC.disciplineD.principle【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项confinement“限制；监禁；分娩”；B选项convention“大会；法惯例；计约定；法协定；习俗”；C选项discipline“学科；纪律；训练；惩罚”；D选项principle“原理；原则；主义；道义；本质；本义；根源；源泉”。句意：这所军事学校的_太严格了，学生们几乎无法忍受。本句表达“军事学校的纪律”，因此选项C正确。7. 单选题Doctors warned against chewing tobacco as a _ for smoking.问题1选项A.successionB.s

30、ubstituteC.revivalD.relief【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项succession“连续；继位；继承权；（生态）演替”；B选项substitute“代用品；代替者”；C选项revival“复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效”；D选项relief“救济；减轻，解除；安慰；浮雕”。句意：医生警告不要用咀嚼烟草_吸烟。本句表达“不要用咀嚼烟草代替吸烟”，因此B选项正确。8. 单选题We were greatly surprised by the way _ things were done here.问题1选项A.whatB.in whichC.asD.which【答案】

31、B【解析】考查定语从句。本句主语是we，谓语为词组were surprised by，宾语the way；things were done here属于完整的句子，根据句意可知修饰the way；结合四个选项可知空格处要填入从句关系词。判断出此处考查the way+从句的固定用法：the way后引导定语从句的关系词有三种：1. that；2. in which；3.省略。句意：我们对这里的做法感到非常惊讶。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题I felt _ to death because I could make nothing of the chairmans speech.问题1选项A.fa

32、tiguedB.tiredC.exhaustedD.bored【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项fatigued“疲乏的；疲惫的；精疲力竭的（强调身体和心理都很疲倦）”；B选项tired“疲倦的（侧重想睡觉或休息，需要休息，通常与医学疾病有关）；厌倦的，厌烦的”；C选项exhausted“筋疲力尽的，疲惫不堪的（意味着你完全被耗尽了身体上、精神上、情感上和社交上）；耗尽的，枯竭的”；D选项bored“无聊的；无趣的；烦人的”。句意：我_得要死，因为我一点也看不懂主席的讲话。本句表达“我很无聊，因为听不懂主席的讲话”，因此D选项正确。10. 单选题He _ at his watch bef

33、ore he left the office.问题1选项A.glancedB.glimpsedC.glaredD.scribbled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项glanced“瞥闪，瞥见，扫视，匆匆一看（强调主动的加以注意瞥了一眼）；浏览；斜击某物后斜弹开来；反光；轻擦（球）；（板球）斜击”；B选项glimpsed“瞥见（强调被动的，比如某个东西在眼前闪了一下，不是主动去看）”；C选项glared“怒目而视，瞪眼看；发出刺眼的光”；D选项scribbled“乱画；潦草地书写；写作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他离开办公室前_手表。本句表达“主动地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A选项正确。1

34、1. 单选题Traditional forensic evidence has long played a role in criminal justice. But currently poised on the horizon is a new generation of forensic sciences capable of investigating and inculpating suspects on an order of power far greater than that afforded by traditional forensic techniques. This

35、array of exciting new methods such as DNA typing, data mining, biometric technologies, and forensic MRI imaging, represent a marked advance over the rudimentary techniques of old, and will surely stake a central and indispensable role in the future administration of criminal justice.Yet the experien

36、ce of traditional forensic sciences in the criminal justice system caution against rushing too quickly to embrace these new techniques. In recent years, the legitimacy of evidentiary stalwarts like handwriting, voice exemplars, hair and fiber, bite and tool marks, and even fingerprints has been seri

37、ously called into question. Exoneration studies have demonstrated the shocking degree to which the criminal justice system has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from serving to convict innocent defendants. For example, one study found that defective s

38、cientific evidence contributed to over one-half of wrongfully obtained convictions.Of course, the unreliability of traditional techniques, and the failure of the criminal justice system to keep out such invalid evidence, has in large part been exposed through the use of the new, more reliable forens

39、ic techniques such as DNA typing. Accordingly, the conventional wisdom tends to assert that the qualities that make new methods so desirable and reliable will likewise render these techniques less susceptible, if not wholly immune, from the problems that plagued traditional sciences. Many critics of

40、 traditional sciences have even embraced new methodologies as offering a “new scientific paradigm” for forensic evidence, one in which “untested assumptions and semi-informed guesswork is replaced by a sound scientific foundation and justifiable protocols”.But it stands to reason that a system that

41、failed to stem the abuse of obviously faulty forms of forensic evidence might also be wholly ill-equipped to safeguard the use of more robust, complicated forms of such evidence, both in terms of assuring its integrity and of fostering healthy scientific development. In fact, as this Article argues,

42、 the very characteristics that make this new generation of forensic evidence so promising serve only to enhance the need for concern about the use of such evidence in the criminal justice system.Erin Murphy: THE NEW FORENSICS: CRIMINAL JUSTICE, FALSE CERTAINTY,AND THE SECOND GENERATION OF SCIENTIFIC

43、 EVIDENCE79. Which of the following is NOT a new generation forensic technology?80. The last sentence of the second paragraph shows that the author thinks that _.81. The best topic for the 3rd paragraph is _.82. The last paragraph shows that the authors attitude towards the reliability of new techni

44、ques is _.问题1选项A.DNA typingB.MiningC.Forensic MRI imagingD.Biometric technologies问题2选项A.the legitimacy of the old evidentiary stalwarts has been seriously called into questionB.the criminal justice system has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from ser

45、ving to convict innocent defendantsC.experience of traditional forensic sciences in the criminal justice system caution against rushing too quickly to embrace these new techniquesD.the old technologies do not work anymore问题3选项A.The New Techniques is Welcome by More, Even the Critics of the Old Techn

46、iquesB.The Unreliability of Traditional Techniques is Exposed through the Use of the New TechniquesC.The New Techniques are Immune from the Problems of the Traditional SciencesD.The New Methodologies Offer a “New Scientific Paradigm” for Forensic Evidence问题4选项A.contradictB.trustworthyC.complimentary

47、D.suspicious【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D【解析】79. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到第一段This array of exciting new methods such as DNA typing, data mining, biometric technologies, and forensic MRI imaging（这一系列令人兴奋的新方法如DNA分型、数据挖掘、生物识别技术和法医MRI成像）可知A选项“DNA分型”，C选项“法医MRI成像”和D选项“生物技术”原文有提及；B选项“矿业”不属于原文提到的内容。因此B选项符合题意

48、。80. 【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句For example, one study found that defective scientific evidence contributed to over one-half of wrongfully obtained convictions.（例如，一项研究发现，有缺陷的科学证据导致了超过一半的错误定罪），结合倒数第二句Exoneration studies have demonstrated the shocking degree to which the criminal justice system

49、 has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from serving to convict innocent defendants.（关于免除罪的研究表明，刑事司法系统在历史上一直未能阻止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪的被告有罪，其程度令人震惊）可知最后一句是为了支持刑事司法系统未能防止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪这一观点的论据；选B选项“从历史上看，刑事司法系统未能防止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪”；A选项“老证据的正当性受到了严重的质疑”，C选项“传

50、统法医学在刑事司法系统中的经验告诫人们不要急于接受这些新技术”以及D选项“旧的技术已经不起作用了”都属于过度推测，排除。因此B选项正确。81. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段倒数第一句Many critics of traditional sciences have even embraced new methodologies as offering a “new scientific paradigm” for forensic evidence, one in which “untested assumptions and semi-informed guesswork

51、 is replaced by a sound scientific foundation and justifiable protocols”.（许多传统科学的批评者甚至接受了新的方法论，为法医证据提供了一种“新的科学范式”，其中一个“未经检验的假设和半知情的猜测被一个健全的科学基础和正当的协议所取代”）以及第三段其他内容：新的司法鉴定技术的应用使传统技术的不可靠性和刑事审判制度无法阻止假证据的问题暴露无遗，传统观点认为，新技术可靠的特性同样也使这些技术免受传统科学遭遇到的问题的影响。许多对传统科学持批判态度的人也支持起新技术来，将它视为用于法医鉴定证据的新的科学范式，可以看出作者在这一段主

52、要讨论的是D选项“新方法为法医证据提供了一种新的科学范式”，同时可知B选项“新技术的使用暴露了传统技术的不可靠性”和A选项“新技术受到更多，甚至是旧技术的批评者的欢迎”以偏概全；以及C选项“新技术不受传统科学问题的影响”第三段未提及。因此D选项正确。82. 【试题答案】D【试题解析】观点态度题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段But it stands to reason that a system that failed to stem the abuse of obviously faulty forms of forensic evidence might also be wholly ill

53、-equipped to safeguard the use of more robust, complicated forms of such evidence, both in terms of assuring its integrity and of fostering healthy scientific development.（但是，一个未能制止滥用明显有缺陷的法医证据形式的制度，在确保证据的完整性和促进科学健康发展方面，也可能完全没有能力保障使用更有力、更复杂的证据形式）可知作者对于新技术的可靠性是有所怀疑的，选D选项“可疑”，同时可知B选项“值得信赖”错误；A选项“矛盾”以及

54、C选项“免费”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _ our thinking.问题1选项A.which to be based onB.which to base uponC.upon which to baseD.to which to be based【答案】C【解析】考查动词不定式短语作定语。分析句子结构可知we cant form a worthwhile opinion是主句，for we need

55、to have factual knowledge _ our thinking是原因状语从句，在这个从句中_ our thinking是knowledge的定语，展开后半截应该是to base our thinking upon factual knowledge，是主句中的we主动的发出base这个动作，所以不能使用被动语态，排除A，D选项；动词不定式短语作定语时要加上which完善结构（但是并非从句）且和base这个动作搭配的介词upon需要放在which之前，排除B选项。句意：没有事实，我们就不能形成有价值的观点，因为我们需要事实知识来作为我们思考的基础。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题

56、Every _ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.问题1选项A.pleasureB.measureC.pressureD.leisure【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pleasure“快乐；希望；娱乐；令人高兴的事”；B选项measure“测量；措施；程度；尺寸”；C选项pressure“压力；压迫，物压强”；D选项leisure“闲暇；空闲；安逸”。句意：已采取一切_疏散贝蒂飓风中搁浅的水手。本句表达“采取措施疏散水手”。因此B选项正确。14. 单选题The Food and Dr

57、ug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. Th

58、ey engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actua

59、lly trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they wont get into the f

60、ood supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university

61、 say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with com that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs

62、.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning (新兴的) area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but its incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence”, says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of

63、 America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadnt inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didnt were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market”, says Charles Zukoski, vice cha