2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）

《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题14（附答案详解）（31页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、2022年考博英语-中国科学院考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Were in the middle of an epic battle for power in cyberspace. On one side are the traditional, organized, institutional powers such as governments and large multinational corporations. On the other are the distributed: grassroots movements, dissident groups, hack

2、ers, and criminals. Initially，the Internet empowered the latter. It gave them a place to coordinate and communicate efficiently, and made them seem invincible. But now, the more traditional institutional powers are winning, and winning big. How these two sides fare in the long term, and the fate of

3、the rest of us who dont fall into either group, is an open questionand one vitally important to the future of the Internet.In the Internets early days, there was a lot of talk about its “natural laws” 一how it would transform traditional power blocks, empower the masses, and spread freedom throughout

4、 the world. The international nature of the Internet circumvented national laws. Anonymity was easy. Censorship was impossible. Police were clueless about cybercrime. And bigger changes seemed inevitable. Digital cash would undermine national sovereignty. Citizen journalism would topple traditional

5、media, corporate PR, and political parties. The ease of digital copying would destroy the traditional movie and music industries. Web marketing would allow even the smallest companies to compete against corporate giants. It really would be a new world order.This was a utopian vision, but some of it

6、did come to pass. Internet marketing has transformed commerce. The entertainment industries have been transformed by things like MySpace and YouTube, and are now more open to outsiders. Mass media has changed dramatically, and some of the most influential people in the media have come from the blogg

7、ing world. There are new ways to organize politically and run elections. Facebook and Twitter really did help disrupt governments.But that is just one side of the Internets disruptive character. The Internet has emboldened traditional power as well.On the corporate side, power is being consolidated,

8、 a result of two current trends in computing. First, the rise of cloud computing means that we no longer have control of our data. And second, we are increasingly accessing our data using devices that we have much less control over： iPhones, iPads, Android phones, Kindles, ChromeBooks. Unlike tradit

9、ional operating systems, these devices are controlled much more tightly by the vendors, who limit what software can be run, what they can do, how theyre updated.1.In the Internet battle, the grassroots movement （ ）.2.According to the author，in the future a key Internet issue will be（ ）.3.“Natural la

10、ws” refers to（ ）.4.Lack of surveillance over the Internet would likely（ ）.5.Online media has（ ）.6.We now have less control over the data we use because（ ）.问题1选项A.experienced an epic failureB.gradually became invincibleC.previously beat institutional forcesD.distributed power to dissident groups问题2选项

11、A.which side has the technological resourcesB.what happens to those who remain neutralC.which side is good at communicationsD.what financial resources are available问题3选项A.the fast expansion of InternetB.the traditional power structureC.national laws to regulate the InternetD.lack of control on the I

12、nternet问题4选项A.strengthen national securityB.devastate the traditional film industryC.provide more information to the policeD.handicap the development of small companies问题5选项A.made the utopian vision impossibleB.won more support for the governmentC.made some ordinary people become famousD.excluded ou

13、tsiders from the entertainment industries问题6选项A.cloud computing is highly confusingB.there is no limit to updating softwareC.corporate giants are in a dominant positionD.it is difficult to assess data in electronic devices【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C第6题:C【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干关键词 “Internet battle” “grass

14、roots movement”，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “.the Internet empowered the latter. It gave them a place to coordinate and communicate efficiently, and made them seem invincible.（互联网赋予了后者力量。这给了他们一个有效协调和沟通的地方，让他们看起来不可战胜。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段。根据 “and the fate of the rest of us who dont fa

15、ll into either group, is an open questionand one vitally important to the future of the Internet（而我们这些不属于这两类人的其他人的命运，是一个公开的问题，对互联网的未来至关重要）”即可得出本题答案。3.细节推断题。根据题干关键词“Natural laws”，可将信息点定位在原文第二段。根据 “Anonymity was easy. Censorship was impossible. Police were clueless about cybercrime.（匿名很容易。审查制度是不可能的。警方

16、对网络犯罪一无所知）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段。根据 “digital copying would destroy the traditional movie and music industries（数字复制将摧毁传统的电影和音乐产业）”即可得出本题答案。5.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第三段。根据 “Mass media has changed dramatically, and some of the most influential people in the media have come from

17、 the blogging world.（大众媒体发生了巨大的变化，媒体中一些最有影响力的人来自博客世界。）”即可进行合理推断，从而得出本题答案。6.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。根据 “.we are increasingly accessing our data using devices that we have much less control over. these devices are controlled much more tightly by the vendors.（我们越来越多地使用我们无法控制的设备来访问我们的数据。供应商对这些设备的控制要

18、严格得多。）”,即可得出本题答案。2. 单选题The state, after all, has 4.3 million registered Democrats, a (an) _ 1.1 million edge over Republicans.问题1选项A.marginalB.astoundingC.amusingD.critical【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. marginal 微不足道的，边缘的 B. astounding 令人震惊的，使大吃一惊的C. amusing 有趣的，好笑的 D. critical 关键的，重要的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】an edge ov

19、er sb./sth.是固定搭配，意为“多出，具有优势”，空格处作定语修饰下文的“1.1 million edge（多出110万名）”，结合前半句句意“毕竟（after all），该州拥有430万名登记在册的民主党人（4.3 million registered Democrats）”可知，此处应该是通过指出民主党人比共和党人多110万名的事实，进一步强调民主党人数之多，110万是一个庞大的数字，说明两党人数差距之大，令人吃惊。astounding指惊讶到难以置信，因此B选项astounding“令人震惊的，使大吃一惊的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项marginal“微不足道的，边缘的”指

20、处于边缘，幅度、范围小，故价值或重要性不大，与题干语义相矛盾，应该是“优势很大”而不是“优势很小”；C选项amusing“有趣的，好笑的”指引起笑声或享受，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项critical“关键的，重要的”指非常重要，将影响到未来的形势，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】毕竟，该州拥有430万名登记在册的民主党人，比共和党人多出惊人的110万名。3. 单选题Its well known that the brain is a food-guzzling greedy guts, consuming 20% of the bodys energy though it only _ 2%

21、of its weight.问题1选项A.accounts forB.contributes toC.figures outD.makes up for【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accounts for 占比例 B. contributes to 有助于，促成C. figures out 想出，弄明白 D. makes up for 补偿，弥补【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与上文“consuming 20% of the bodys energy（消耗着身体百分之二十的能量）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应

22、为“消耗的身体能量很少”。通常来说只有占了很多的身体重量，才会消耗更多的身体能量，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“只占很少的身体重量”。account for指组成或形成某物的一部分，因此A选项account for“占比例”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】B选项contributes to“有助于，促成”指作为促进某件事的因素，不能和“weight（体重）”进行搭配；C选项figures out“想出，弄明白”指通过思考理解某事物或找到解决办法，不符合题干的语义逻辑；D选项makes up for“补偿，弥补”指做出行动来纠正或改进某事物，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】众所周知，大脑是一个狼吞虎咽

23、的贪吃鬼，尽管它只占身体重量的百分之二，却消耗着身体百分之二十的能量。4. 单选题Trading in private shares is growing rapidly, though its hard to _ exact numbers.问题1选项A.boil downB.pin downC.turn downD.count down【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. boil down 归结，浓缩 B. pin down 确定，明确C. turn down 调低，调小 D. count down 倒数，倒计时【考查点】动词词组辨析。【解题思路】空格处与下文的“exact numbers

24、（确切的数额）”构成动宾逻辑，its hard to do sth.句式意为“很难做某事”，表示很难怎么样确切的数额。though引导了一个让步状语从句，根据从句内容所得出的某种预期应与主句“内部股票的交易正在迅速增长（growing rapidly）”之间存在相反的逻辑关系，说明该预期应为“不清楚交易的增长情况”。通常来说只有确定了增长的数额，才能清楚交易的增长情况，由此可知从句部分所表达的应该是“很难确定确切的数额”。同时，由“exact（确切的）”也可推出应该是“确定”一个具体的数额。pin down指准确地表述或解释某事物，因此B选项pin down“确定，明确”最符合题意。【干扰项排

25、除】A选项boil down“归结，浓缩”指通过删去不重要的部分使事物或信息变得更简短精炼，不符合题干的语义逻辑；C选项turn down“调低，调小”指通过操作按钮或开关等控制装置来降低某物的音量、温度等，不能和“确切的数额（exact numbers）”进行搭配；D选项count down“倒数，倒计时”指按从大到小的倒序数，可引申为密切注意在某一特定时刻或事件发生前还剩多少时间，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】尽管很难确定确切的数字，但内部股票的交易正在迅速增长。5. 单选题She is a very _ woman to shout like that at the top of her

26、 voice.问题1选项A.vagueB.vogueC.versatileD.vulgar【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. vague 模糊的，含糊的 B. vogue 流行，时尚 n.C. versatile 多才多艺的，多功能的 D. vulgar 庸俗的，粗俗的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】空格处作定语修饰下文的“woman（女人）”，表示她是一个什么样的女人。由“shout like that at the top of her voice（高声喊叫）”可知，这是对该女人的描述，大喊大叫的人通常是粗俗、不雅的。vulgar指没有好的品味或不礼貌的，因此D选项vulgar“庸俗的，

27、粗俗的”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项vague“模糊的，含糊的”指没有关于某事物足够的信息或细节，一般不用来形容人，不能和“woman（女人）”进行搭配；B选项vogue“流行，时尚”是一个名词，指在特定的时间和地点流行的东西，不能用来作定语修饰“woman（女人）”；C选项versatile“多才多艺的，多功能的”指某人能做很多不同的事情或某物有许多不同的用途，不能和“shout like that at the top of her voice（高声喊叫）”相对应。【句意】她是一个非常粗俗的女人，竟那样高声喊叫。6. 单选题The ocean bottom even today is

28、largely unexplored: until about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely （ ），hidden beneath water averaging over 3,600 meters deep.问题1选项A.inevitableB.indefiniteC.incomparableD.inaccessible【答案】D【解析】考察形容词辨析。 “inevitable”不可避免的； “indefinite”不确定的； “incomparable”不可比拟的； “inaccessible”难到达的，难接近的。句意

29、：海洋底部甚至时至今日仍然有大部分未被探索：直到大约一个世纪以前深海底部完全无法到达的局面才得以改变，这些区域都深藏在平均深度在海面3600米以下的深海处。选项D符合句意。7. 单选题Politicians lie, and people with a political agenda （ ）the facts to serve them.问题1选项A.slantB.imitateC.transferD.converse【答案】A【解析】考察动词辨析。slant带有偏见地报道或陈述；imitate模仿，效仿；transfer使转移；converse交谈，谈话。 句意：政客们撒谎，抱有政治目的的

30、人歪曲事实来逢迎他们。选项A符合句意。8. 翻译题The first edition of Thomas Kuhns The Structure of Scientific Revolutions appeared in 1962. （1）His vision revolutionized the way we think about science，and it has given us a new way to look at change in “science” itself.（2）Whereas previous visions of science saw science as a

31、n accumulation of all that had been learned over history, Kuhn envisioned science as having，at any one time, a worldview, or “paradigm (范式)”，of its environment.Kuhn (库恩) postulated that most scientists engage in “ normal science ” that often results in solid, but relatively incremental gains, which

32、nevertheless accumulate and collectively contribute to research and subsequent scientific knowledge forward. When anomalies arise, some individual(s) step(s) out of the paradigm, and propose( s) a new principle or law. （3）If the scientific community accepts the proposed change, then science experien

33、ces a “paradigm shift”，and new science proceeds with that new paradigm.Paradigm shifts are important, and a necessary part of life. Things do change, and we have to adjust and adapt to that change. Perhaps not surprisingly, important paradigm shifts often come from the young. （4）It usually takes a l

34、ong time to effect a paradigm shiftoften as much as 20-25 yearswhich，perhaps not so coincidently，is about the life of a generation.（5）A relatively recent white paper emanating from MIT justifiably argues that the intersections of arrays of scientists，engineers, mathematicians，as well as individuals

35、with a host of many other professional talents, will be the next Kuhnian scientific revolution and in fact，the “Third” biomedical revolution. This new revolution is broadly known as Convergence.【答案】（1）他的视角彻底改变了我们思考科学的方式，给了我们一个全新的方式来看待“科学”自身的变化。（2）然而过去，人们把科学当作人类在历史长河中所学到的全部知识的积累过程，而库恩则把科学看成在任一时刻对环境的一

36、种世界观，或者“范式”。（3）如果科学界认可了有些人所提出的变化，那么科学就将经历“范式转移”，而新的科学将按照新的范式向前发展。（4）引发范式转移通常需要很长时间往往长达2025年也许并非巧合，这大约相当于一代人。（5）最近一份出自麻省理工学院的详情报告理由充分。它认为各类科学家、工程师、数学家以及个人与其他专业人才的交汇将成为下一场库恩意义上的科学革命，事实上也就是“第三次”生物医学革命。9. 单选题Astronauts dietary requirements are different from those of their gravity-bound （ ）on Earth.问题1选

37、项A.counterpartsB.equivalentsC.correspondencesD.candidates【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。counterpart “对应的人或物”；equivalent “等价物”；correspondence “信件，一致”；candidate “候选人”。句意为：宇航员的饮食要求与地球上受引力作用的饮食要求是不一样的。选项A符合句意。10. 单选题Packages are so widespread that they slip _ conscious notice.问题1选项A.belowB.beforeC.beneathD.beyond【答案】C

38、【解析】【选项释义】A. below 在下面 B. before 在之前C. beneath 低于，次于 D. beyond 超过，超越【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】本句的主干部分是“包装很普遍（Packages are widespread）”，so that引导了一个结果状语从句，表示包装如此普遍导致的结果是什么。既然是很普遍、常见的包装，那么人们就不会注意到它。beneath notice是固定搭配，意为“不值得注意，无足轻重”，因此C选项beneath“低于，次于”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项below“在下面”指低于某事物的水平或地位，B选项before“在之前”指处于某事物前

39、面的位置，D选项beyond“超过，超越”指对某事物来说太远或太超前，均不能构成相应的固定搭配。【句意】包装是如此普遍，以至于它们不会被人们所注意。11. 翻译题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet.A man or woman makes direct contact with society

40、 in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. (1) Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and re

41、alistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point where they cease to have any judgment or will of their own. They become very excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective re

42、sponsibility, and they are subject to sudden accesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. (2) The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of fra

43、ntic, animal mindlessness.Unlike the masses, intellectuals have a taste for rationality and an interest in facts. Their critical habit of mind makes them resistant to the kind of propaganda that works so well on the majority. Intellectuals are the kind of people who demand evidence and are shocked b

44、y logical inconsistencies and fallacies. (3) They regard over-simplification as the original sin of the mind and have no use for the slogans, the unqualified assertions and sweeping generalizations which are the propagandists stock in trade. Philosophy teaches us to feel uncertain about the things t

45、hat seem to us self-evident. (4) Propaganda, on the other hand, teaches us to accept as self-evident matters about which it would be reasonable to suspend our judgment or to feel doubt. The propagandist must therefore be consistently dogmatic. All his statements are made without qualification. (5) T

46、here are no grays in his picture of the world; everything is either diabolically black or celestially white. He must never admit that he might be wrong or that people with a different point of view might be even partially right. Opponents should not be argued with; they should be attacked, shouted d

47、own, or, if they become too much of a nuisance, liquidated. The morally squeamish intellectual may be shocked by this kind of thing. But the masses are always convinced that right is on the side of the active aggressor.”【答案】【参考译文】（1）群体具有与其组成成员同等水平的道德和智慧；然而人群是混乱的，没有自己的目标，除了理智的行动和现实的思考之外，它什么都能做。（2）在人群

48、中沉醉的个人逃避责任，放弃理智，违背道义，变得疯狂，像野兽般没有头脑。（3）他们把过于简单化视为思想上的原罪，他们不听信口号、绝对的判断以及泛泛的概括，而这些正是宣传家的惯用伎俩。（4）与之相反的是，宣传鼓动我们去接受那些不应急于作出判断或应保持怀疑态度的事物，并把它们视为理所当然的东西。（5）他所描绘的世界里没有中间色，每样事物不是魔鬼般的邪恶，就是天使般的纯洁。12. 单选题Economists said that their smooth growth this year was suspicious because they were so（ ）other economic indic

49、ators.问题1选项A.in line withB.in excess ofC.at odds withD.in proportion to【答案】C【解析】考察介词辨析。in line with符合，与一致；in excess of 超过，较为多； at odds with与不一致，差异； in proportion to成比例。句意：经济学家们说今年的经济平稳增长是可疑的，因为今年的经济发展与其他经济指数存在很大的差异。选项C符合句意。13. 翻译题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the u

50、nderlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet.In the U.S., citizens tend to rely on electronic media such as TV rather than print media. TV news tends to provide numerous visuals and abbreviated textual information. (1) Although TV news stories

51、pitch “on-the-scene reporting”, and other eye-catching images to viewers, the actual stories are generally so brief that were the reports transcribed into newspaper copy, no single story would have enough text to cover a third of a page. It is remarkable to consider how little information is conveye

52、d between all the exciting visuals. (2) It is also remarkable to stop and think about how inadequately informed citizens may be if their primary source of political knowledge is the picture-rich and data-poor TV evening news.Moreover, because U.S. media companies are primarily privately owned, (3) m

53、edia professionals are under pressure to present news in an entertaining way in order to expand their audiences and corresponding advertising revenues. Large audiences create higher profits from advertising sales. With a few exceptions, U.S. TV and radio stations are like other businesses: They need

54、 to generate money to cover operating costs and make profits. If media professionals are convinced that viewers want entertaining news rather than in-depth details, this assumption affects the kind of news they produce. Not surprisingly, political scientists have found that news coverage of election

55、 campaigns tends to focus on the personal lives of candidates rather than on issues, and (4) when issues are reported the emphasis is often on the immediate and most dramatic implications of the issues, not on the historical, long-term, or global dimensions of those issues.At the same time, insofar

56、as television and Internet-based news must be generated quickly, time pressures impede extensive independent investigations. Because U.S. citizens conceptualize news as something occurring by the hour or minute, U.S. media professionals are often putting together news stories under severe time restr

57、aints. (5) Some analysts believe that this increases the tendency of reporters to get information from official sources rather than from the reporters own independent investigations of newsworthy events. Think about this issue from the standpoint of reporters and editors. If you are a reporter assig

58、ned the task of doing a story on a states new prison system, for example, you will find it is quicker and easier to get a governors press release on the new prison than it is to go to libraries, data banks, and university research centers to investigate the topic on your own. This does not suggest t

59、hat investigative journalism never occurs; rather, many scholars believe that time pressures tend to encourage the use of information provided by official sources (for example, political leaders and their press secretaries) rather than the collection of facts through ongoing independent research.【答案

60、】【参考译文】（1）虽然电视新闻故事多推崇“现场报道”或者其他吸人眼球的形象，但是实际上这些故事通常都很简短，要是把这些报道转写成报纸版面的话，它们任何一个都占不了三分之一的版面。（2）也有必要停下来思考一下：如果公民的政治知识的主要来源是图片丰富而资料贫乏的电视晚间新闻，那么他们的知识面可能会有多窄？（3）媒体专业人士承受着压力，要以娱乐方式报道新闻，以扩大受众面，增加相应的广告收入。（4）报道话题时，重点通常是话题的直接和最有戏剧性的意义，而不是从历史、长远或全球角度来看待那些话题。（5）一些分析人士认为，这使得记者更倾向于从官方渠道获取信息，而不是从自己对具有新闻价值的事件进行的独立调查

61、来获得信息。14. 单选题He shouted in _ of the policemans warning to be quiet.问题1选项A.defenseB.defianceC.attemptD.view【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. defense 防御，保卫 B. defiance 违抗，拒绝服从C. attempt 企图，尝试 D. view 看法，见解【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】前半句的“shouted（喊叫）”和后半句的“warning to be quiet（保持安静的警告）”形成对比，说明他并没有遵从警察要他安静的警告，也就是说他无视、拒绝服从警察的警告。in d

62、efiance of是固定搭配，意为“无视，违抗”，因此B选项defiance“违抗，拒绝服从”最符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项defense“防御，保卫”，in defense of指保护某事物免受攻击、批评或为某人辩护，不能和“warning（警告）”进行搭配；C选项attempt“企图，尝试”，没有相应的搭配用法；D选项view“看法，见解”，in view of指鉴于某事物，考虑到某原因，不符合题干的语义逻辑。【句意】他大声喊叫，无视警察要他保持安静的警告。15. 单选题The world（ ） credit to Prince Henry, known as Henry the Na

63、vigator, for the development of craft that made oceanic exploration possible.问题1选项A.owesB.paysC.admitsD.gains【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。owe credit to表示“感激，归功于”。句意为：世界应感谢被称为“航海家亨利”的亨利王子，原因是他发展了海船技术，使远洋航行成为可能。选项A符合句意。16. 单选题Toyota said on Tuesday that it will（ ） its annual year-end sales event early.问题1选项A.give awayB.fix onC.kick offD.bring up【答案】C