2022年考博英语-清华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷32

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1、2022年考博英语-清华大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题According to the “Geneva（ ）no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.问题1选项A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines【答案】C【解析】固定用法。Geneva Conventions指的是“日内瓦公约”。2. 单选题The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get（ ）quickly.问题1选项A.de

2、composedB.denouncedC.detachedD.deduced【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。decomposed 已分解的，已腐烂的；denounced 公开指责的，公然抨击的；detached 分开的，分离的；deduced 推论的，演绎的。根据句中bad and damp weather(恶劣潮湿的天气),the plants与decomposed搭配合理表示“湿热天气使植物很快腐烂”。3. 单选题The government decided to take a(n) （ ）action to strengthen the market management.问题1选项A

3、.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。diverse 多样的，变化多的；durable 持久的，耐用的；epidemic 流行的,传染的；drastic 激烈的,大刀阔斧式的。句意:政府应该采取（ ）措施加强市场管理。take a drastic action 意为“进行大刀阔斧的改革”。4. 单选题Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many peoples views on race, history

4、 and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defe

5、nd himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger （趾高气扬）outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad Ali and refusing to join the U. S. Army on

6、religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed Parkinsons disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam followingthe September 11 terrorist attacks.W. E. B. Du Bois Bom William Edward Burgha

7、rdt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four jour

8、nals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk,” published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century would be the problem of the color-line. Martin Luther King Jr. The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and p

9、opular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头，做先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malco

10、lm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leadersurged again after Spike Lees 1992 movi

11、e “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U. S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962,

12、he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.1.Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?2.The italicized word “prolific” (Line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to（ ）.3.According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT true?4.What is common

13、among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?5.Which of the following can be a title of the passage?问题1选项A.He never served in the army.B.He learned to fight at an early age.C.His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D.He loves peace.问题2选项A.smartB.skilledC.productiveD.pioneering问题3

14、选项A.W . E . B . Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B.Jackie Robinson was denied by U. S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C.Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civil rights movements.D.Malcolm X directly or indirect

15、ly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.问题4选项A.Each achieved enormous success in his / her field and was highly recognized.B.Each was devoted to his / her cause but didnt win recognition until death.C.All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D.All loved peace an

16、d remained active in civil rights activities.问题5选项A.Life of Famous African AmericansB.Influence of Famous African AmericansC.Political Pioneers: Icons and IntellectualsD.Cultural Pioneers: Icons and Intellectuals【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.细节判断题。原文第二段尾句指出Ali remained popular after his athleti

17、c career ended( Ali 在运动生涯结束后仍然很受欢迎)。C选项说从拳击退役后，他的声望下降了,与原文不符。2.语义题。Prolific形容intellectuals, 原文第三段第二句wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarlyarticles可知，这里要表达的是 “丰富的才能,足智多谋”，productive最相符。3.细节判断题。根据题干定位到Jackie段落，Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier .first black baseball player(Jackie

18、Robinson打破了肤色障碍, 成为第一个黑人棒球运动员)。B选项与此不符。4.细节归纳题。文中提到的每个名人在其领域都取得了巨大的成就并且被高度认可。5.主旨大意题。本文只介绍了一些非裔美国人在政治和文化方面的生平事迹，但是并没有着重于他们带来的影响。5. 单选题Todays college students are more narcissistic （自恋的）and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry t

19、hat the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating Youre special and having children repeat that back,” said the studys lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.” “Unfortun

20、ately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others,” he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to

21、 exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Todays Young Americans Are More Confident,Assertive, Entitled and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and fav

22、or self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended todays young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on colle

23、ge applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced （非常明显的）that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component,” he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for.”Yet students, while

24、 acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, dont necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismay

25、ed （气馁，灰心） by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “Wereencouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way, ” Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like r

26、elationships.”Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves but in the sense of where theyre going to find a place in the world,” she said. “People want to look their best, hav

27、e a good time, but it doesnt mean theyre not concerned about the rest of the world.”Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said, “It would be more depressing if people answered, No, Im not special.”1.According to the passage, a narcissistic person may（ ）

28、.2.The italicized word “commended” （Line 1, Para. 3） means（ ）.3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4.It is implied that（ ）.5.It is proper to be（ ）when you hear someone say “Im special”.问题1选项A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all

29、 the above问题2选项A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored问题3选项A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in

30、self-promotion.问题4选项A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic

31、about their future问题5选项A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节判断题。根据题干关键词narcissistic定位到原文第二段第四句，原文指出atriskforinfidelity,lackemotionalwarmth，andtoexhibitorgame-playing，dishonesty 是选项 C，B，A 的同义表达。2.语义题。第三段第一行句中,研究人员commended的是increasedcommitmenttovolunteerwo

32、rk(年轻人参加志愿活动的责任心增加),所以应该是肯定的态度。句后ButTwengeviewedeventhisphenomenonskeptically (Twenge对此现象持否定怀疑态度)更加断定,commended为肯定,选项A与之对应。3.细节判断题。根据原文第四段首句unsureiftherewereobviousremedie可知不明确的是是否有明显的治疗法，而不是没有治疗法，而且之后文章举了一些治疗法的例子。4.细节判断题。关键词college students体现到文章第五段acknowledgingsomelegitimacytosuchfindings,dontneces

33、sarilyacceptnegativegeneralizationsabouttheirgeneration,因此研究者和学生只是部分意见不符。5.态度题。文章最后一句说到Itwouldbemoredepressingifpeopleanswered,No,Imnotspecial(如果有人回答，不，我不特别，这可能更让人沮丧)，由此判断，当听人说Imnotspecial，应该持积极乐观的态度。6. 单选题The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly reba

34、lance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board

35、to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and other bus

36、iness groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isnt about preventing increased unionization its about protecting rights, said the National Association of Manufacturers Jason Straczewski, of his organizations opposition to bil

37、l. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion （强迫， 胁迫）from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers arent,” Samuel said. He cites the 31, 358 cas

38、es of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the

39、employers. “ On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day,” said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions （条款，规定）as well.

40、 The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration （仲裁）when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstit

41、utional. ” “I dont see how it will benefit employees if theyre locked into a contract,” said Straczewski.The bills proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbit

42、ration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasnt changed substantially since the National Labor

43、 Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.1.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?2.According to its opponents, the bill（ ）.3.The word it （Line 5, Para.

44、 5） refers to（ ）.4.People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT（ ）.5.the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees问题1选项A.House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B.House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C.Employee Free

45、Choice Act aims to spur employment.D.Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees income.问题2选项A.will protect employees rightsB.will benefit workers by binding contractsC.will empower unions too muchD.makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions问题3选项A.the changeB.the legislati

46、onC.the AFL-CIOD.the difference问题4选项A.the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB.the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC.binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract cant be agre

47、ed on betweena recently established union and a companyD.the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees问题5选项A.fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB.workers coercion often comes from unionsC.the bill will be a win-and-win one for emplo

48、yees and employersD.punishment authorized by the bill will be lighter【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文首段表明众议院将出台新立法， seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers,是为了维护工会的权利，激发工会的发展。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词opponents定位到原文第三段第三句，opponents指的是Jason Straczewski。后面他说道wouldop

49、enupemployeestocoercion(强迫：胁迫）fromunions, 与选项D 对应。3.语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第五段第五行，who指代的是前句中Richard Shaw，it指代前句中的legislation。4.细节判断题。题干说下列哪项不是人们支持该法案的原因，文章首段could reversedecadesofdecliningmembershipamongprivateindustries(立法有助于改善劳工与雇主之间的关系)。5.细节推理题。最后一段提到in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied

50、 first contracts by employers(2004年，45%的新成立工会被雇主拒绝签订第一份合同)，因此答案为A。 7. 单选题They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering （ ） to foreign investors.问题1选项A.incentivesB.abundancesC.warriorsD.outnumbers【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。incentives 刺激，鼓励;abundances 大量，充足；warriors 武士，勇士； outnumbers 数量多于，比. 多。句

51、意: 他们希望通过鼓励外国投资者来 该地区的经济增长。 故A项符合句意。8. 单选题After 1989, the external （ ） vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.问题1选项A.disruptionB.menaceC.liabilityD.emergence【答案】B【解析】名词辨析。disruption 中断，分裂；menace 威胁，胁迫; liability 责任，义务；emergence 出现，出来，暴露。句意: 1989年之后，外部 消失了，但对美国文明的危险依然存在。 因此B项符合句意和

52、逻辑。9. 单选题The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in todays world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close or far away from home the event hap

53、pened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in t

54、his type of mental battle have changed.Whether its a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare arent limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.There

55、fore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? T

56、he use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threaten, says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act

57、 itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person ” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isnt what you do, but its how its covered that d

58、etermines the effect.” For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U. S. hostages were eventually released unharmed，but the event rema

59、ins a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evenings newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the

60、act is a collective demonstration of the groups power rather than an individual criminal act. “You dont have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. Its an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,” says Bulliet. “ The randomness and the ubiquity

61、 of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities. Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U. S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because its the only tactic they have available t

62、o them. “They dont have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They dont have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping, says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beh

63、eading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy, Haroun tells WebM D. “You havent really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, youve achieved a lot of demoralization.1.Which of the following statements is NOT among the reasons that change the rules of