2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷3

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employe

2、rs would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter: they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning womens needs and abilities and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discrimi

3、nating against women. After World War II, for instance, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accom

4、plished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factory, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of “protecting” their health. By validating such laws when they ar

5、e challenged by lawsuits, the courts have conspired over the years in establishing different less advantageous employment terms for womens competitiveness on the job market. At the same time, even the most well-intentioned lawmakers, courts and employers have often been blind to the real needs of wo

6、men. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers

7、 who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years; manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical fem

8、ale worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cant be negligible, since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at chan

9、ging production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any.In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the work force to s

10、tay and that their needsgood health care, a decent wage, and a safe workplaceare the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate womens rights for equal protection in employment.9. According to the author, which is most helpful in deciding the value of special protective labor legisla

11、tion for women?10. Special labor laws protecting women workers tend to（ ）.11. It can be inferred that many employee health insurance plans（ ）.12. A shortcoming of protective labor laws that single out a particular group of workers for protection is（ ）.问题1选项A.An estimate of the number of women worker

12、s in favor of such laws.B.An analysis of the cost to employers of compliance with such laws.C.A survey of the actual effects such laws have had on women workers.D.A consideration of the real intentions held by the advocates of such laws.问题2选项A.make it less likely that women will be employedB.have li

13、ttle impact of any kind on women workersC.modify the stereotypes that employers often hold concerning womenD.increase the likelihood that employers deny women disability plans问题3选项A.meet minimum legal requirementsB.lack the special provisions for women workersC.cover only some common medical conditi

14、ons affecting womenD.pay the medical costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth问题4选项A.such laws are often too weak to be effective at protecting the group in questionB.employers compliance with such laws results in increased tension among workersC.such laws exert no pressure on employers to elim

15、inate hazards in the workplaceD.compliance with such laws is often costly for employers concerned【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】9.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter: they are

16、, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.（即使对法院和雇主的历史实践进行简单的考察，也会发现这些法律的结果是苦涩的：在实践中，它们更多的是诅咒而不是祝福。），说明调查这些法律的实际影响是最有助于决定妇女特殊劳动保护法的价值的。因此C选项“调查这类法律对女工的实际影响”正确。A选项“对赞成这种法律的女工人数的估计”，B选项“对雇主遵守这类法律的成本的分析”，D选项“对这类法律的倡导者所持的真实意图的思考”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。10.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Finally, labo

17、r laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years; manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by

18、refusing to hire them.（最后，仅保护特殊群体的劳动法往往无法保护实际工作中的工人。例如，一些化学物质对育龄妇女构成生育风险；使用这些化学物质的制造商遵守保护妇女免受这些危险的法律，拒绝雇用她们。），说明保护女工的特殊劳动法并不能保护她们的权益，反而会造成女性就业的困难。因此A选项“使女性就业的可能性降低”正确。B选项“对女工影响不大”，C选项“改变雇主对女性经常持有的刻板印象”，D选项“增加了雇主拒绝女性残疾计划的可能性”均不符合题意，所以B，C，D错误。11.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干关键词“health insurance plans”可以定位到文章

19、第二段最后一句The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.（立法者和法院继续允许雇主为雇员提供医疗保险计划，该计划涵盖所有已知的人类医疗残疾，但与怀孕和分娩有关的残疾除外。），说明医疗保险计划涵盖大多数常见的疾病，但和女性相关的除外。因此B选项“缺乏

20、对女工的特殊规定”正确。A选项“符合最低法律要求”，C选项“只涵盖一些影响妇女的常见病症”，D选项“支付与怀孕和生育有关的医疗费用”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。12.【试题答案】C【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到第三段，第三段首先说到Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace.（最后，仅保护特殊群体的劳动法往往无法保护实际工作中的工人。），后面又举了化学工厂的例

21、子The health risks to male employees in such industries cant be negligible, since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism.（在这些工厂中，对男性工人健康的危险也不能被忽略，既然那些化学毒素能导致胎儿的生育缺陷或使妇女不育，那么推而广之，其必然会对人类的新陈代谢有害。），说明将某一特定劳动者群体单列出来加以保护的法律并不能解决实际问题

22、，比如化学工厂对工人造成的危害依旧存在，因为这些工厂不会消除化学毒素的危害，只会遵守保护女性避免这些危险的法律而拒绝招聘她们。因此C选项“这些法律不会对雇主施加压力，使其消除工作场所的危害”正确。A选项“这种法律往往太弱，不能有效地保护有关群体”，B选项“雇主遵守这些法律导致工人之间的紧张关系加剧”，D选项“对有关雇主来说，遵守这些法律的成本往往很高”在文中均没有提及，所以A，B，D错误。2. 单选题Drunken drivingsometimes called Americas socially accepted form of murderhas become a national epi

23、demic （流行病）. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0. 10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable

24、 part of the American man image and judges were tolerant in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversin

25、g a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 1820-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accomplished by educationa

26、l programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” about drinking and teach them to resist pressure to drink.Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customer

27、s too many drinks. A tavern（酒店主）in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was “obviously intoxicated” and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to sp

28、eak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919. They forget that legal prohibition didnt stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.1.Drunken driving has become a major pr

29、oblem in America because（ ）.2.Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that（ ） .3.Laws recently introduced in some states have （ ） .4.The problem of drunken driving is difficult to solve because（ ）.问题1选项A.most Americans are heavy drinkersB.Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC.accidents

30、 attract so much publicityD.drinking is a socially accepted habit in America问题2选项A.many drivers were not of legal ageB.young people were often bad driversC.the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD.the legal drinking age should be raised问题3选项A.reduced the number of convictionsB.resulted in fewer

31、 serious accidentsC.prevented bars from serving drunken customersD.specified the amount drivers can drink问题4选项A.alcohol is easily obtainedB.drinking is linked to organized crimeC.legal prohibiting has already failedD.legislation alone is not sufficient【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. Drunk

32、en driving has become a major problem in America because _. 1. 醉酒驾驶在美国已经成为一个主要问题，因为_。A. most Americans are heavy drinkers A. 大多数美国人都酗酒B. Americans are now less shocked by road accidents B. 美国人现在对交通事故不那么震惊了C. accidents attract so much publicity C. 事故引起了如此多的关注D. drinking is a socially accepted habit i

33、n America D. 在美国，喝酒是一种被社会接受的习惯【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第二句“酗酒曾经是美国人可以接受的一部分（Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American man image），在大多数法庭上，法官都很宽容，但最近醉酒车祸造成了如此多广为人知的悲剧，尤其是涉及年幼儿童的悲剧，公众舆论不再那么宽容了（public opinion is no longer so tolerant）。”，从中可知，在美国，喝酒是一种被社会所接受的习惯，而这种习惯造成了很多悲剧，成为美国的主要问题，所以D项

34、“在美国，喝酒是一种被社会接受的习惯”符合题意，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“大多数美国人都酗酒”，文中只是提起喝酒是美国社会接受的一种习惯，并不代表大多数美国人都酗酒，该项曲解原文；B项“美国人现在对交通事故不那么震惊了”没有提到，属于无中生有；C项“事故引起了如此多的关注”，根据解题思路可知，醉酒驾驶造成的悲剧太多，使得公众舆论对这种喝酒的习惯不再宽容，文中并没有提到公众的关注，该项曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that _. 2. 新泽西州发布的统计数据显示，_。A. many driv

35、ers were not of legal age A. 许多司机没有达到法定年龄B. young people were often bad drivers B. 年轻人往往不善于开车C. the level of drinking increased in the 1960s C. 饮酒水平在20世纪60年代有所上升D. the legal drinking age should be raised D. 法定饮酒年龄应该提高【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词New Jersey定位至第三段第二句“在新泽西州把饮酒年龄降到18岁以后，18-20岁司机的死亡人数增加了一倍多，因此该

36、州最近又把饮酒的年龄提高到21岁”，从新泽西州的统计数据来看，降低饮酒年龄，醉酒驾驶造成的死亡人数还增加了，这说明应该提高法定的饮酒年龄，故D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“许多司机没有达到法定年龄”、B项“年轻人往往不善于开车”在原文没有提到，属于无中生有；C项“饮酒水平在20世纪60年代有所上升”，文中只提到将法定饮酒年龄提高到21岁扭转了20世纪60年代将法定饮酒年龄降低到18岁的趋势，该项中的level of drinking（饮酒水平）在文中并没有提到，该项属于无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Laws recently introduced in some states have

37、 _. 3. 一些州最近出台的法律_。A. reduced the number of convictions A. 减少了定罪的人数B. resulted in fewer serious accidents B. 使得严重事故的发生更少C. prevented bars from serving drunken customers C. 禁止酒吧招待醉酒的顾客D. specified the amount drivers can drink D. 规定司机可以喝多少酒【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据倒数第二段第一句“严厉的新法律使得被捕人数和接受检查的人数增加，并且许多地区的死亡率显

38、著下降”，从中可知，最近出台的与饮酒相关的法律使得死亡率显著下降，这也就是说这些法律降低了交通事故的发生率，B项“使得严重事故的发生更少”符合这一分析。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“减少了定罪的人数”，根据解题思路可知，严厉的法律使得被捕人数增多了，而不是减少了，该项属于反向干扰；C项“禁止酒吧招待醉酒的顾客”，根据倒数第二段第二句“一些州还惩罚酒吧为顾客提供过多的酒”可知，法律只是禁止酒吧为顾客提供过量的酒，关于“醉酒的顾客”并没有提到，该项曲解原文；D项“规定司机可以喝多少酒”没有提到，属于无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The problem of drunken dr

39、iving is difficult to solve because _. 4. 醉驾问题之所以难以解决，是因为_。A. alcohol is easily obtained A. 酒很容易获得B. drinking is linked to organized crime B. 饮酒与有组织的犯罪有关C. legal prohibiting has already failed C. 法律禁止已经失败了D. legislation alone is not sufficient D. 仅靠立法是不够的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据最后一段最后两句“他们忘记了法律禁令并没有让人们停止

40、饮酒，而是鼓励了政治腐败和有组织的犯罪。就像激增的毒品交易一样，没有简单的解决办法。”从中可知，即使有法律禁令，人们还是继续饮酒，并且政治腐败和有组织的犯罪也增加了；所以推断，醉驾问题之所以难以解决，是因为仅靠立法是远远不够的。该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“酒很容易获得”、C项“法律禁止已经失败了”在原文中没有提到，属于无中生有；B项“饮酒与有组织的犯罪有关”，根据解题思路可知，原文只是提到法律禁令鼓励了有组织的犯罪，但是并没有说明饮酒和有组织的犯罪之间的关系，所以该项并不能推断出来，属于曲解原文。3. 翻译题Time” says the proverb “is money”. Thi

41、s means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. (1) If our time is usefully employed, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to

42、 earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those, who think nothing of wasting time, remember this; let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a bank-note; and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so

43、much silver or gold; and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.Moreover, our life is nothing more than our time. To kill time is therefore a form of suicide. (2) We are shocked when we think of death, and we spare no pains, no troubl

44、e, and no expense to preserve life. But we are too often indifferent to the loss of an hour or a day, forgetting that our life is the sum total of the days and of the hours we live. A day or an hour wasted is therefore so much life forfeited. Let us bear this in mind, and waste of time will appear t

45、o us in the light of a crime as culpable as suicide itself.There is a third consideration which also tends to warn us against loss of time. Our life is a brief span measuring some sixty or seventy years in all, but nearly one half of this has to be spent in sleep; some years have to be spent over ou

46、r meals ; some over dressing and undressing ; some in making journeys on land and voyages by sea; some in merry-marking, either on our own account or for the sake of others ; some in celebrating religious and social festivities ; some in watching over the sick-beds of our nearest and dearest relativ

47、es. (3) Now if all these years were to be deducted from the term over which our life extends we shall find about fifteen or twenty years at our disposal for active work. Whoever remembers this can never willingly waste a single moment of his life. “It is astonishing says Lord Chesterfield, “that any

48、one can squander away in absolute idleness one single moment of that portion of time which is allotted to us in this world. Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it! ”All time is precious; but the time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious than any other

49、portion of our existence. For those are the periods when alone we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. (4) If we allow these morning hours of life to slip away unutilized, we shall never be able to recoup the loss. As we grow older, our power of acquisition gets blunted, s

50、o that the art or science which is not acquired in childhood or youth will never be acquired at all. Just as money laid out at interest doubles and trembles itself in time, so the precious hours of childhood and youth, if properly used, will yield us incalculable advantages. “Every moment you lose,”

51、 says Lord Chesterfield, “is so much character and advantage lost; as on the other hand, every moment you now employ usefully is so much time wisely laid out at prodigious interest.”A proper employment of time is of great benefit to us from a moral point of view. Idleness is justly said to be the ru

52、st of the mind and an idle brain is said to be Satans workshop. It is mostly when you do not know what to do with yourself that you do something ill or wrong. The mind of the idler preys upon itself.Directions:Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (

53、4), from English into Chinese.【答案】（1）如果我们的时间使用得当，我们就能生产出有用的、重要的产品，而这些产品会在市场上赢得其价值。或者我们能利用这些时间充实经验，增长才干，而时机来临时又能转化为钱。（2）我们想到死，便惊恐不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用来保全我们的生命。可是，我们对于损失一个小时或者一天的时间却往往漠不关心，忘记了我们的生命原本就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。（3）现在如果从我们的寿命中扣除所有这些岁月，我们将会发现，能受我们支配的有效的工作时间大约仅十五或二十年而已。谁能记住这一点，谁就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每一刻时间。（4）如

54、果我们让这些生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走，未得到利用，这损失将永远也无法弥补。等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期未能获得的知识和技能将永远不能获得了。4. 单选题Since professors stand at the center of the students encounter with college learning, students ought to ask what marks a good professor, what indicates a bad one. The one who sets high standards and persists

55、in demanding that students try to meet them provides the right experiences. The professor who gives praise cheaply who pretends to a relationship that does not and cannot exist teaches the wrong lessons. True, the demanding teacher does not trade in the currency students possess,which is their power

56、 to praise or reject teachers. The demanding professor knows that students will stumble. But the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson that will save them for a lifetime.I do not mean to suggest that for each one of us there is one perfect teacher who changes our lives. We

57、must learn from many teachers as we grow up and grow old; and we must learn to recognize the good ones. The great teacher is the one who wants to become obsolete in the life of the student. The good teacher is the one who teaches lessons and moves on, celebrating the students growth. The Talmud rela

58、tes the story of a disciple in an academy who won an argument over the position held by God in the academy on high. The question is asked, “What happened in heaven?” The answer: “God clapped hands in joy, saying, My children have vanquished me, my children have vanquished.” That is a model for the t

59、eacherto enjoy losing an argument to a student, to recognize his or her contribution, to let the student surpass the teacher.In the encounter with the teacher who takes you seriously, you learn to take yourself seriously. In the eyes of the one who sees what you can accomplish, you gain a vision of

60、yourself as more than you thought you were. The ideal professor is the one who inspires to dream of what you can be. Everyone who succeeds in life can point to such a teacher, whether in the classroom or on the sports field. It is always the one who cared enough to criticize,and stayed around to pra

61、ise.To define an ideal for their work, let me offer guidelines on how to treat professors the way we treat students. The conscientious professors spend time reading and thinking about students papers, inscribing their comments and even discussing with students the strengths and weaknesses of their w

62、ork. Since effective teaching requires capturing the students imagination,the professor who is a “character” is apt, whether liked or disliked,to make a profound impression and perhaps also to leave a mark on the students minds. The drab professors, not gossiped about and not remembered except for w

63、hat they taught,may find that even what they taught is forgotten.Students have their own definitions of good and bad. Let us consider how students evaluate their teachers,examining in turn the A,B,and C professors. We will begin at the bottom of one scale and work our way up. Let us at the same time

64、 consider what kind of student seeks which grade.1.From this passage we know that the author thinks a lot of professors who（ ）.2.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that a good teacher（ ） .3.The sentence “the ones who pick themselves up and try again have learned a lesson will save them for a lifetime” in paragraph 1 means that（ ） .4.The word “drab” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to “ （ ）”.问题1选项A.offer students pleasant experiences in their studiesB.often meet students and exchange ideas with themC.enjoy the growth of students