2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第70期

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1、2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of _ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；

2、雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题That part of the city has long been _ for its street violence.问题1选项A.notoriousB.responsibleC.historicalD.illegal【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项notorious“声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的”；B选项responsible“负责的，可靠的；有责任的”；C选项hist

3、orical“历史的；史学的；基于史实的”；D选项illegal“非法的；违法的；违反规则的”。句意：该市的那个地区长期以来因街头暴力而臭名昭著。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Although Jack and I had not met for over 20 years I recognized him _ I saw him.问题1选项A.just asB.even thoughC.the minuteD.as long as【答案】C【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项just as“正如；正像”；B选项even though“虽然，即使”；C选项the minute“ 一就，当（即）”；D选项

4、as long as“只要；如果；既然；长达”。句意：虽然我和杰克已经20多年没见面了，但我一见到他就认出他来了。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题Those who _ energetically into the matter have prospects of finding other more convenient solutions.问题1选项A.wanderB.penetrateC.concentrateD.emphasize【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项wander“徘徊；漫步；迷路；离题”；B选项penetrate“渗透；穿透；洞察”；C选项concentrate“集中；浓

5、缩；全神贯注；聚集”；D选项emphasize“强调，着重”。句意：那些积极钻研这一问题的人有希望找到其他更方便的解决办法。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题It is _ who decides whether the accused is innocent or guilty.问题1选项A.the jury and only juryB.the jury and only the juryC.only the jury and juryD.the jury and the only jury【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。原句是一个强调句，意思是“陪审团，也只有陪审团才能决定被起诉的人是否有罪。

6、”此处，“陪审团”应该是特指的，在结构上应为the jury。形容词only修饰一个特指的名词，可以放在定冠词之前，此处，构成only the jury，意为“只有陪审团”；也可以放在定冠词之后，此处，构成the only jury，意为“那唯一的陪审团”。从结构上讲，只有B选项和D选项符合上述要求；从意义上讲，B选项（陪审团，只有陪审团）才符合句义，因为在法律上，只要组织了陪审团，就有资格参与审判，而不论“这个”还是“那个”。因此B选项正确。6. 单选题Undoubtedly the flood could have been _ if the local government had in

7、vested more money in greening the environment.问题1选项A.put offB.turned offC.kept offD.written off【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项put off“推迟；扔掉；阻止”；B选项turn off“关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向；使失去兴趣”；C选项keep off“让开；不接近”；D选项write off“注销；取消；勾销；报废”。句意：毫无疑问，如果当地政府在绿化环境方面投入更多的资金，洪水本可以被阻断。因此B选项正确。7. 翻译题In the case of art appreciation, psy

8、chological conditions are required. Oriental art is dedicated not to the eye, but to the mind. It is for internal enjoyment. The ideal way of looking at a painting is not to go to a public gallery or in the midst of a crowd. The ideal way is to be alone with the painting, concentrating ones mind on

9、it, communicating with it until one enters into the rhythmic vitality of the object. The garden, also, is never meant to be monumental or ornamental, but a place for spiritual communication and purification. In the appreciation of art, nature must be penetrated, profoundly understood, reflected upon

10、. This attitude is almost a religious one, and is absolutely necessary in the appreciation of Oriental sculpture.【答案】就艺术欣赏而言，需要心理条件。东方艺术献身于心灵而非眼睛。它注重于内心的享受。看一幅画的理想方式不是去公共画廊或在人群中。理想的方法是与画独处，专心于画，与画交流，直到感觉到它生命的韵律。花园，也从来不是纪念性的或装饰性的，而是一个精神交流和净化的地方。在欣赏艺术的过程中，必须深入自然，深刻理解自然，反思自然。这种态度几乎是一种宗教性的态度，在欣赏东方雕塑作品中是

11、绝对必要的。8. 单选题Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: The surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same

12、time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true cost of, say, the constructio

13、n of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to sat

14、isfy the wants of the community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relati

15、onship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhereif the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consume

16、rs, the prices of leather will be bid up correspondingly.1. What does this passage mainly discuss?2. According to the passage, what are the opportunity costs of an item?3. According to the passage, what is the relationship between production and resources?4. What determines the price of a good in a

17、market economy?5. Which of the following examples BEST reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?问题1选项A.The scarcity of manufactured goods.B.The value of scarce materials.C.The manufacturing of scarce goods.D.The cost of producing shoes.问题2选项A.The amount of time and money spent in produci

18、ng it.B.The opportunities a person has to buy it.C.The value of what could have been produced instead.D.The value of the resources used in its production.问题3选项A.Available resources stimulate production.B.Resources are totally independent of production.C.Production increases as resources increase.D.P

19、roduction lessens the amount of available resources.问题4选项A.The cost of all elements in production.B.The cost of not making other goods.C.The efficiency of the manufacturing process.D.The quantity of materials supplied.问题5选项A.A family buying a dog.B.Eating in a restaurant instead of at home.C.Using l

20、and for a house instead of a park.D.Staying at home instead of going to school.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据全文可知文章三段均围绕短缺原料的价值进行说明。文章第一段说明了什么叫原料相对短缺，第二段说明了什么叫机会成本，第三段说明了原料的价格是由什么决定的。A选项“制成品的缺乏”说法错误，文章更多的是描写原料的短缺，而非制成品；B选项“稀有材料的价值”符合题意；C选项“稀有商品的制造”文章没有提到；D选项“生产鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“The cost o

21、f, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. （比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知D选项只是文章中列举的一个例子，并不能概括全文。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means

22、the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.（每一种生产行为都会消耗一些社会可用资源；它意味着放弃一个生产其他东西的机会。）”，由此可知机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，所以C选项“可生产的其他商品的价值”符合题意。A选项“生产它所花费的时间和金钱”只能说是生产成本，不是机会成本；B选项“人们必须购买它的机会”；D选项“在生产中使用的资源的价值”文中都没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same

23、time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.（用于一个目的产品的材料不能同时用于其他产品；如果投入的材料数量是有限的，那么在另一个制造过程中增加投入材料的使用量必然会导致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。）”，由此可知社会总资源是有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产，所以

24、D选项“生产减少了可用资源的数量”符合题意。A选项“可用资源刺激生产”文中没有提到；B选项“资源完全独立于生产”说法错误，资源不可能独立于生产；C选项“产量随着资源的增加而增加”说法错误，产量的增加不止取决于资源。因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it（市场经济条件下，商品的价格和产量取决于其成本）”，然后又提到“The cost of, say, a pair of shoes

25、 is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.（比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知商品的价格取决于生产过程中所有要素的成本，所以A选项“生产中所有要素的成本”符合题意。B选项“不生产其他商品的成本”和C选项“制造过程的效率”以及D选项“材料的数量”都包含在A选项中，因此A选项正确。5.判断推理题。文章主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A选项“一户

26、人家买了一只狗”；B选项“在餐馆吃饭而不是在家里”；C选项“用土地建房子而不是建公园”；D选项“待在家里而不是去上学”。A、B、D选项均未涉及到生产领域，因此C选项正确。9. 翻译题A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and

27、 of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past, the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, a

28、gainst the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that, by their periodical return, put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly. In these crises, a g

29、reat part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurditythe epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put b

30、ack into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cutoff the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed. And why?Because there is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too m

31、uch commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring di

32、sorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand, by enforced destruction of a mass of productive fo

33、rces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.【答案】现在，我们眼前又进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系和交换关系，资产阶级的所有制关系，这个曾经仿佛

34、用法术创造了如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的现代资产阶级社会，现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史，只不过是现代生产力反抗现代生产关系、反抗作为资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出在周期性的重复中越来越危及整个资产阶级社会生存的商业危机就够了。在商业危机期间，总是不仅有很大一部分制成的产品被毁灭掉，而且有很大一部分已经造成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间，发生一种在过去一切时代看来都好像是荒唐现象的社会瘟疫，即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态：仿佛是一次饥荒、一场普遍的毁灭性战争，使社会失去了全部生活资料；仿佛是工

35、业和商业全被毁灭了，这是什么缘故呢？因为社会上文明过度，生活资料太多，工业和商业太发达。社会所拥有的生产力已经不能再促进资产阶级文明和资产阶级所有制关系的发展；相反，生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步，它已经受到这种关系的阻碍；而它一着手克服这种障碍，就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，就使资产阶级所有制的存在受到威胁。资产阶级的关系已经太狭窄了，再容纳不了它本身所造成的财富了。资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢？一方面不得不消灭大量生产力，另一方面夺取新的市场，更加彻底地利用旧的市场。这究竟是怎样的一种办法呢？这不过是资产阶级准备更全面更猛烈的危机的办法，不过是使防止危机的手段越来越少的办法

36、。10. 翻译题residential area, leaves of black barrier, plaque, arch二大门二大门建于1909年，是清华大学的老校门。1933年，校园扩大，西区住宅区延伸，（同时）新校门修建（即现在的西校门）。梁实秋在清华大学读书的时候，这样描述它的老校门：清华大学的老校门由灰砖砌成，复以白漆，笼罩在淡淡的乳白色中，与总是半开着的两扇黑色棚栏相映衬。在拱形大门的横匾上刻着三个醒目的中国字“清华园”，为清朝末期一个叫作那同的达官所书写。大门在文化革命初期被损毁，直到1991年才重新修复。【答案】The Second Gate, built in 1909,

37、 is the old gate of Tsinghua University. In 1933, the campus was expanded, the West Side residential area was extended, and the new school gate (now the West Gate) was built.When Liang Shiqiu was a student at Tsinghua University, he described its old gate this way: The old gate of Tsinghua Universit

38、y was built of grey brick, clad in white paint, and enveloped in a pale milky white, set off by two leaves of black barrier that were always half open.On the horizontal plaque of the arched gate are three striking Chinese characters “Qing Hua Yuan”, written by an official named Natong in the late Qi

39、ng Dynasty. The gate was damaged at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution and was not restored until 1991.11. 单选题It is a pity for _ any disagreement in the family.问题1选项A.there to beB.there beingC.there beD.being【答案】A【解析】考查不定式用法。不定式结构做主语通常表示具体动作，间或也可表示抽象动作，这一点与-ing分词结构做主语恰恰相反。用作主语的不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可以在特

40、定上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名词词组”或“for+ there to be”表示。如：It is important for us to have a good grasp of English.Its a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.（在这种结构中，there后面的不定式只能是to be）本题句意：家庭不和实在是很遗憾。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题The wood was so rotten that, when we pulled, it _ into fragments.问题1选项A.broke o

41、ffB.broke awayC.broke throughD.broke up【答案】D【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项break off“折断；突然停止，暂停”；B选项break away“脱离；放弃；逃跑”；C选项break through“突破；突围；有重要创见”；D选项break up“打碎，破碎；结束；解散；衰落；终止；分手”。句意：木头已经是如此的腐朽以至于我们一拉它就变成了碎片。因此D选项正确。13. 单选题It is difficult to _ of a plan to end poverty.问题1选项A.speculateB.conceiveC.ponderD.reckon【

42、答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项speculate“推测；推断；投机；思索”；B选项conceive“怀孕；构思；以为；持有；设想；考虑”；C选项ponder“仔细考虑；衡量；考虑；沉思”；D选项reckon“测算，估计；认为；计算；猜想，料想”。conceive of“设想；以为；想象；构思”。句意：想出一个消除贫困的计划是很难的。因此B选项正确。14. 单选题A healthy diet includes lots of _ natural food with plenty of proteins and vitamins.问题1选项A.indigestibleB.wholesomeC

43、.leftoverD.heavy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indigestible“难消化的；难理解的”；B选项wholesome“健全的；有益健康的；合乎卫生的；审慎的”；C选项leftover“剩下的；多余的”；D选项heavy“沉重的；繁重的，巨大的；拥挤的；阴沉的”。句意：健康的饮食包括许多健康的天然食物，含有大量的蛋白质和维生素。因此B选项正确。15. 单选题The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Befo

44、re considering this question, （1） will be useful to introduce some （2） concepts. Conflict, （3） as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is （4） from competition, （5） means opposition among social units （6） seeking to obtain something which is （7） inadequate supply. Competitor

45、s may not know about one another, which those who （8） in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both （9） of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social units function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is （10） contrasted to cooperation, a （11） by

46、 which social units function in the service of one another. These （12） are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited （13） , but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very （14） to occur and is probably an es

47、sential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have based their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea （15） in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best adapted remain （16） . In general, however, this struggle （17） is competition, not conf

48、lict. Those who fail in this competition （18） starve to death or are killed by other types of animals. This struggle for existence is not （19） human war, but is （20） the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for th

49、e necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.问题1选项A.itB.thatC.whatD.this问题2选项A.relatedB.relatingC.relativeD.relation问题3选项A.specifiedB.remarkedC.definedD.claimed问题4选项A.variableB.distinguishedC.variousD.isolated问题5选项A.itB.thisC.thatD.which问题6选项A.criticallyB.approximatelyC.independentlyD.co

50、stly问题7选项A.onB.forC.withD.in问题8选项A.enterB.participateC.fallD.involve问题9选项A.formationsB.classesC.termsD.reactions问题10选项A.neverthelessB.howeverC.thusD.maybe问题11选项A.processionB.standardC.processD.measurement问题12选项A.accountsB.definitionsC.descriptionsD.explanations问题13选项A.resourcesB.originsC.sourcesD.ma

51、terials问题14选项A.likelyB.probablyC.necessarilyD.possibly问题15选项A.whichB.whileC.whenD.that问题16选项A.livedB.livingC.aliveD.life问题17选项A.on the contraryB.at lengthC.in particularD.in nature问题18选项A.not onlyB.eitherC.neitherD.both问题19选项A.similar toB.same asC.resembledD.imitated问题20选项A.equalB.alikeC.likeD.unlik

52、e【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:D第8题:B第9题:B第10题:C第11题:C第12题:B第13题:A第14题:A第15题:D第16题:C第17题:D第18题:B第19题:A第20题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。it +be动词+形容词+to do sth.“做某事是的”，该句型中it做形式主语。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。2.考查固定搭配。A选项related“有关系的，有关联的；讲述的，叙述的”；B选项relating“关联；关系；联系”；C选项relative“相对的；有关系的；成比例的”；D选项rel

53、ation“关系；叙述；故事；亲属关系”。related concepts“相关概念”。句意：在考虑这个问题之前，有必要介绍一些相关的概念。因此A选项正确。3.考查动词辨析。A选项specified“被指定；详细说明”；B选项remarked“被评论；被察觉”；C选项defined“被定义；下定义；使明确”；D选项claimed“被声称；被宣称；被断言”。句意：冲突被定义为社会实体之间相互对立的对立。因此C选项正确。4.考查固定搭配。A选项variable“adj. 变量的；可变的；易变的，多变的；变异的”；B选项distinguished“v. 辨别；使有区别；看清，认出”；C选项vario

54、us“adj. 各种各样的；多方面的”；D选项isolated“v. 使孤立；使分离；将剔出”。根据固定搭配be distinguished from“不同于；有别于；与加以区别”可知句意为：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此B选项正确。5.考查定语从句。定语从句的引导词有关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as；关系副词when，where，why。定语从句中引导词的选用主要看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分或者是定语从句中缺什么成分。题干中的从句缺少主语成分，定语从句中缺主语，修饰人时用wh

55、o/that，修饰物时用which/that引导，that引导从句时前面一般不用逗号隔开，因此该题应选which。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。6.考查副词辨析。A选项critically“精密地；危急地；严重地；批评性地；用钻研眼光地；很大程度上；极为重要地”；B选项approximately“大约，近似地；近于”；C选项independently“独立地；自立地”；D选项costly“昂贵的；代价高的”。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获

56、取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此C选项正确。7.考查固定搭配。in short / inadequate supply“缺乏的；供应不足的”为固定搭配，一般不用其他介词。句意：冲突是指社会实体之间相互对立的对立，它不同于竞争，竞争是指社会单位之间为了独立获取供给不足的东西而产生的对立。因此D选项正确。8.考查动词短语辨析。A选项enter in“登记姓名，细节”等。如：enter in an item in an account book将一笔账记入账本；B选项participate in“参与”；C选项fall in“陷入”，如fall in love with sb；D选项involve

57、 in“卷入”，一般为卷入某个事件。句意：竞争对手可能不了解彼此，而那些参与冲突的人却了解彼此。因此B选项正确。9.考查名词辨析。A选项formations“形成；构造；编队”；B选项classes“级别，阶级；种类，类别”；C选项terms“地位，关系；条款；术语；措辞；价钱”；D选项reactions“反应，感应；反动，复古；反作用”。句意：冲突和竞争都是对立的两类。因此B选项正确。10.考查副词辨析。A选项nevertheless“然而，不过；虽然如此”；B选项however“无论如何；不管怎样（接副词或形容词）；然而；可是”；C选项thus“因此；从而；这样；如此”；D选项maybe“

58、也许；可能；大概”。句意：因此，对立与合作形成对比，合作是社会实体相互服务的过程。因此C选项正确。11.考查名词辨析。A选项procession“队伍，行列；一列，一排；列队行进”；B选项standard“标准；水准；旗；度量衡标准”；C选项process“（为达到某一目标的）过程；（自然变化的）过程；工艺流程；诉讼程序；传票；突起；进展；（发型）直发式”；D选项measurement“测量；度量；尺寸；量度制”。句意：因此，对立与合作形成对比，合作是社会实体相互服务的过程。因此C选项正确。12.考查名词辨析。A选项accounts“账户；解释；账目，账单；理由；描述”；B选项definiti

59、ons“定义；清晰度；解说”；C选项descriptions“摘要；说明，说明书；描述”；D选项explanations“说明，解释；辩解”。句意：这些定义是必要的，因为强调在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是。因此B选项正确。13.考查名词辨析。A选项resources“资源，财力；办法；智谋”；B选项origins“起源；原点；出身；开端”；C选项sources“来源；水源；原始资料”；D选项materials“材料；布料；原料；材质”。句意：这些定义是必要的，因为强调在一个资源有限的世界中，个人或群体之间的竞争是不可避免的，但冲突不是。因此A选项正确。14

60、.考查词性。A选项likely“adj. 很可能的；合适的；有希望的”；B选项probably“adv. 大概；或许；很可能”；C选项necessarily“adv. 必要地；必定地，必然地”；D选项possibly“adv. 可能地；也许；大概”。根据句子结构可知空格处应填形容词，句意：然而，冲突是很可能发生的，而且可能是人类社会的一个基本和可取的因素。因此A选项正确。15.考查同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that，whether，what，which，who，when，where，why，how 等词引导，常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，infor

61、mation，wish，promise，answer，evidence等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。当同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句，即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略。该句空格后的句子成分完整，所以应用that作为引导词。句意：许多作者认为战争是无法避免的，他们的论点是基于这样一种观点，即在动物群体之间为生存而进行的斗争中，只有那些最适合生存的动物才能存活。因此D选项正确。16.考查固定搭配。A选项lived“居住；活着；度过；以为生”；B选项living“活的；现存的；在使用的

62、；供生活起居用的；活跃的；逼真的”；C选项alive“活着的；活泼的；有生气的”；D选项life“生活，生存；寿命”。根据固定搭配remain alive“仍然在世；活着；存活”可知句意为：许多作者认为战争是无法避免的，他们的论点是基于这样一种观点，即在动物群体之间为生存而进行的斗争中，只有那些最适合生存的动物才能存活。因此C选项正确。17.考查短语辨析。A选项on the contrary“相反；反之；正相反；反而”；B选项at length“最后，终于；详细地”；C选项in particular“特别地；尤其；特别是”；D选项in nature“性质上；实际上；实质上”。句意：但总的来说，这种斗争本质上是竞争，而不是冲突。因此D选项正确。18.考查固定搭配。A选项not only“不仅是；不只”；B选项either or“二者择一的；要么要么”；C选项neither“两