2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试名师点拨押题密卷15（含答案详解）

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1、2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 翻译题教育很可能是现在争议最大、争议最多的一个题目。在一个国家未来的经济增长越来越依靠科学和技术的时候，教育在一个国家未来的前途中起着决定性的作用。今天，享受教育的特权已不再限于极少部分人。教育的发展是如此之快，它现在已成为一个大行业。事实上，它是最大的行业，其雇佣的人数和所付的工资比其他任何一个全国性企业的都要多。有一些教育机构包装得非常漂亮，借以提高知名度和吸引学生。在一定意义上讲，教育已经变成一种商品。从事教育的人对商业化这个说法会感到很不舒服，但是，恐怕除了少数例外，很多大学已经陷入了演变成有利可图的大规模制造厂的过程

2、中。培养心智不再吃香；推销可出售的技能成了时髦。这就是教育的悲剧。不用说，某种拯救教育以防其更加衰落的具有想象力的办法和共同努力早就该出台了。竞争性的考试应该由素质教育取代，死记硬背应该让位于创造性和解决实际问题的能力的培养。只有这样，我们才能迎来教育的真正进步。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】Nowadays education is probably one of the most

3、controversial and hotly contested topics. When a countrys economic growth in the future depends more and more on science and technology, education plays a decisive role in its future. Today enjoying the privilege of receiving education is not confined to a very small number of people. The developmen

4、t of education is so rapid that it has now become a huge industry. As a matter of fact, it is the biggest industry, which employs more people and pays more wages than any other national enterprise. Some educational organizations are very attractive in packing whereby they can enhance their popularit

5、y and attract students. In a sense, education has become a commodity. Educators may feel uncomfortable with the idea of commercialization. But except for some exceptions, most colleges and universities are already involved in the process of evolving into large-scale profitable manufacturers. Cultiva

6、ting mentality is no longer sought-after; promoting salable skills has become a fashion, which is the tragedy of education. Needless to say, a certain imaginative way to rescue education from its decline and joint efforts should have appeared long ago. Competitive tests should be replaced by quality

7、-oriented education; learning by rote should give way to cultivating creativity and ability to solve practical problems. Only in this way can we greet a genuine progress in education.2. 翻译题为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。例如，当中东战争中断了原油运输时，全世界石油价格飞涨。对石油和石油产品的消费者来说，这个事件降低了他们的生活水平。对经济决策者来说，它提出了选择最优反应的难

8、题。但对经济科学家来说，它提供了研究关键自然资源对世界经济影响的机会，而且，在战争引起的石油价格上涨结束后，这种机会还会持续很长时间。因此，在本书中我们要考虑许多历史事件。这些事件之所以具有研究价值，既是因为它们能使我们了解过去的经济，更重要的则是因为它们使我们可以说明并评价现在的经济理论。Directions:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English.【答案】In order to find a substitute for laboratory experiments, economists pay close

9、attention to the natural experiments provided by history. When a war in the Middle East interrupted the flow of crude oil, for instance, oil prices soared up throughout the world. For consumers in oil and oil products, such an event has reduced their living standards. For economic policymakers, it p

10、uts forward the problem of choosing the best response. But for economic scientists, it provides an opportunity to study the impact of key natural resources on the world economy, and this opportunity will persist for long after the wartime increase in oil price is over. Therefore, throughout this boo

11、k we will consider a lot of historical events. These events are valuable to study because they enable us to understand the economy of the past, and more importantly, because they allow us to illustrate and evaluate the current economic theories.3. 单选题Over the past decade, American companies have tri

12、ed hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses pay to various performance measures, and giving

13、 bosses share options, so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by Americas larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at t

14、he annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not.Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the bosss friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the concl

15、usion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable deg

16、ree, “independent” boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance.To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked t

17、he bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researchers big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or pla

18、y down other factors that affect a companys overall success.In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage一which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who ca

19、nnot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.1.What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors?2.What does Professor James Westphals study suggest?3.Which of the following statements is true?4.How doe

20、s the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives?问题1选项A.To diversify the business of corporation.B.To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors.C.To introduce effective reforms in business management.D.to protect the interests of the shareholders.问题2

21、选项A.Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result.B.Outside board directors tend to be more independent.C.With a boardroom full of outsiders, senior managers work more conscientiously.D.Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms.问题3选项A.Corporate e

22、xecutives in general are worth the high pay they receive.B.The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits.C.Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves.D.The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests

23、more than those of the shareholders.问题4选项A.Doubtful.B.Optimistic.C.Positive.D.Approving.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. What is the purpose of the large companies in recruiting outsiders and putting them on the board of directors? 1. 大企业把外来者招进董事会的目的是什么？A. To diversify the business of corp

24、oration. A. 使公司业务多样化。B. To enhance the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors. B. 加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作。C. To introduce effective reforms in business management. C. 对企业管理进行有效改革。D. To protect the interests of the shareholders. D. 保护股东利益。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段的内容“美国公司一直在努力寻找方法来阻止高

25、级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价来牟取私利。最受欢迎的三项改革是：招募更多的外部董事以使董事会更加独立”，可知，招募外来者进董事会的目的是阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价来牟取私利，即保护股东的利益，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“使公司业务多样化”是韦斯特法尔的研究发现，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴；B项“加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作”根据解题思路可知，该项曲解原文；C项“对企业管理进行有效改革”，根据第二段最后两句“但这些改革真的有效吗？本周在波士顿召开的管理学会年会上提交的三篇论文表明，答案是否定的。”可知，把外来者招进董事会的这种改革是没有作用的，该项属于反向干扰。第2题:2.【选项

26、释义】2. What does Professor James Westphals study suggest? 2. 詹姆斯韦斯特法尔教授的研究表明了什么？A. Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result. A. 董事会改革未能达到预期效果。B. Outside board directors tend to be more independent. B. 外部董事往往更独立。C. With a boardroom full of outsiders, senior managers work more consci

27、entiously. C. 在董事会里挤满了局外人的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真。D. Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms. D. 高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据关键词Professor James Westphal定位到第三段，最后一句提到“James Westphal教授发现董事会里全是外部人士的老板们花了很多时间来建立联盟，牟取私利，以及取悦外部人士”，潜在意思是说，董事会改革并没有达到预期效果。选

28、项A符合原文。【干扰项排除】B项“外部董事往往更独立”和D项“高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响”没有体现，属于无中生有；C项“在董事会里挤满了局外人的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真”，根据第三段第二和第三句“从表面上，将老板的心腹赶出董事会，并由外部人士取代他们，似乎是让高级管理人员更负责任的完美方法。但这并不是James Westphal教授的一项研究的结论。”可知，该项并不是詹姆斯韦斯特法尔教授的研究结果，该项属于反向干扰。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following statements is true? 3. 下列哪一项是正确的？A.

29、Corporate executives in general are worth the high pay they receive. A. 一般来说，公司高管们的高薪是值得的。B. The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits. B. 公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比。C. Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves. C. 公司高管们往往利

30、用他们的职位来牟利。D. The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests more than those of the shareholders. D. 公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句“董事会里全是外部人士的老板们花了很多时间来建立联盟，牟取私利，以及取悦外部人士”可推断，公司高管利用自己的职位之便来取悦外部人士，以牟取私利，C项“公司高管们往往利用他们的职位来牟利”符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“一般来说，公司高

31、管们的高薪是值得的”，根据第四段最后一句“这类公司将业务多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬与业绩之间的联系（increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance）”可知，董事会改革削弱了薪酬和业绩之间的关系，虽然高管薪酬增加了，但可以推断，高管并不值得这么高的薪酬，该项属于反向干扰；B项“公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比”，原文中没有提到公司利润和公司高管收入的比较，属于无中生有；D项“公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响”文中也没有提到，无中生有。第4题:4.【选项释义】

32、4. How does the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives? 4. 作者如何看待控制高级管理人员的努力？A. Doubtful. A. 怀疑的。B. Optimistic. B. 乐观的。C. Positive. C. 积极的。D. Approving. D. 赞许的。【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，作者所述的三项改革举措并未收到预期的效果，反而适得其反，事与愿违，由此我们可以判断作者对其最终的结果显然持怀疑的态度，所以A项“怀疑的”正确。【干扰项排除】B项“乐观的”、C项“积极的”和D项

33、“赞许的”根据解题思路可知，属于反向干扰。4. 单选题Paradise Lost is Miltons masterpiece. Its story is taken from the Bible, about “the fall of man, that is, how Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to disobey God by eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and how they are punished by God and driven out of Parad

34、ise. In Miltons words, the purpose of writing the epic is to “justify the ways of God to men”, but apparently, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of cruelness of the ruler in the poem. By depicting Satan and his followers as well as their fiery utterance and brave actions, Milton is showing a Pur

35、itans revolt against the dictator and against the established Catholics and the Anglican Church.In the poem God is no better than a cruel and selfish ruler, seated on a throne with a group of angels about him singing songs to praise him. His long speeches are not pleasing at all. He is cruel and unj

36、ust in punishing Satan. His angels are stupid. But Satan is by far the most striking character in the poem, who rises against God and, though defeated, still persists in his fighting.The story of Adam and Eve shows Miltons belief in the power of man. God denies them a chance to pursue for knowledge.

37、 It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to intelligent and active life. It has been noted by many critics that Miltons revolutionary feeling makes him forget religious doctrines. The angels who surround God never think of expressing any opinions of their own, and they

38、 never seem to have any opinions of their own. The image of God surrounded by such angels resembles the court of an absolute monarch. But Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, remind us of a Republic Parliament.1.This passage is most probably taken from（ ） .2.In the poem

39、, Satan is described as （ ） .3.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from this passage?4.According to this passage, the main purpose of Paradise Lost is to （ ） .问题1选项A.a review of Miltons Paradise LostB.an introduction to Miltons Paradise LostC.a depiction of the cruelness of the British rulerD

40、.an introduction to English literature问题2选项A.an evil personB.a rebellious heroC.selfish and cruel devilD.a stupid devil问题3选项A.God acts as the dictator of the Kingdom.B.Satan and his followers act as members of Parliament.C.The angels are depicted as followers of the King.D.Adam and Eve are the peopl

41、e to be enlightened.问题4选项A.praise God for the creation of the worldB.change peoples unfavorable impression of SatanC.express his support for the fight of SatanD.criticize the cruelness of the British ruler【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. This passage is most probably taken from _. 1. 这篇文章很

42、可能摘自_。A. a review of Miltons Paradise Lost A. 弥尔顿的失乐园的书评B. an introduction to Miltons Paradise Lost B. 弥尔顿失乐园的序言C. a depiction of the cruelness of the British ruler C. 对残忍的英国统治者的描绘D. an introduction to English literature D. 英国文学概论【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】结合文章内容可知，本文仅用只言片语简单介绍了失乐园的内容，更多的是讲述弥尔顿的写作目的以及反映出来的思想感

43、情。由此可以推测，这篇文章很有可能节选自弥尔顿失乐园的书评，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“弥尔顿失乐园的序言”根据解题思路可知，这篇文章对失乐园内容的描述很少，所以不可能是序言，该项曲解原文；C项“对残忍的英国统治者的描绘”，文中没有描述残忍的英国统治者，该项属于无中生有；D项“英国文学概论”包含范围太广，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. In the poem, Satan is described as _. 2. 在诗中，撒旦被描述为_。A. an evil person A. 一个邪恶的人B. a rebellious hero B. 一个具有反抗精神的英雄C. selfis

44、h and cruel devil C. 自私残忍的魔鬼D. a stupid devil D. 一个愚蠢的魔鬼【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段最后一句“撒旦是迄今为止这首诗中最引人注目的人物，他奋起反抗上帝，虽然被打败了，但仍然坚持战斗”，上文提到上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，所以可以推断撒旦是一个具有反抗精神的英雄，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“一个邪恶的人”、C项“自私残忍的魔鬼”和D项“一个愚蠢的魔鬼”根据解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from this

45、 passage? 3. 下面哪个选项不能从这篇文章中推断出来？A. God acts as the dictator of the Kingdom. A. 上帝是这个王国的独裁者。B. Satan and his followers act as members of Parliament. B. 撒旦和他的追随者充当国会议员。C. The angels are depicted as followers of the King. C. 天使被描绘成国王的追随者。D. Adam and Eve are the people to be enlightened. D. 亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的

46、人。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据最后一段的最后一句“撒旦和他的追随者们，在议会中自由地讨论所有问题，让我们想起共和议会”可知，这里只是一个比喻的用法，将撒旦和他的追随者们比喻成国会议员，但他们在这首诗中并不是真正的国会议员，所以选项B不符合原文，但符合题意。故该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“上帝是这个王国的独裁者”，根据文章第二段可知，上帝是一个残忍自私的统治者，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；C项“天使被描绘成国王的追随者”，根据第二段第一句中的“上帝不过是一个残忍自私的统治者，坐在宝座上，周围有一群天使唱歌赞美他”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D项“亚当和夏娃是应该被启蒙的

47、人”，根据第三段前几句“亚当和夏娃的故事表明弥尔顿相信人的力量。上帝不给他们追求知识的机会。正是这种对知识的渴望为人类开辟了一条通往智慧和积极生活的宽阔道路。”可知，像亚当和夏娃一样的人类，应该有追求知识的机会，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. According to this passage, the main purpose of Paradise Lost is to _. 4. 根据这篇文章，失乐园的主要目的是为了_。A. praise God for the creation of the world A. 赞美上帝创造了世界B. change people

48、s unfavorable impression of Satan B. 改变人们对撒旦的不良印象C. express his support for the fight of Satan C. 表达对与撒旦战斗的支持D. criticize the cruelness of the British ruler D. 批评英国统治者的残酷【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段倒数第二句“用弥尔顿的话来说，写史诗的目的是证明上帝对人类的方式是正当的，但显然，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残酷的强烈仇恨”，从中可知，弥尔顿在诗中表达了他对统治者残忍行为的强烈憎恨。所以可以推断，失乐园的主要目的

49、是批判英国统治者的残酷无情。选项D符合原文。【干扰项排除】A项“赞美上帝创造了世界”，原文中描述的是一个残暴自私的上帝，所以该项不符合原文，属于反向干扰；B项“改变人们对撒旦的不良印象”和C项“表达对与撒旦战斗的支持”在文章中虽然有依据，但是并不是文章的主要目的，属于本末倒置。5. 单选题There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 80 percent of all households

50、own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11, 000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0. 1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be

51、consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers who have been drinking, but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0. 1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their

52、 involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a countrys population

53、, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heavier drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states

54、, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be the basis for arrest. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this l

55、evel there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the ef

56、fectiveness declined, although in the ensuing three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinkers responsible for mos

57、t fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BACs involved in crashes are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherap

58、y constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either th

59、e recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Project supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court, have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitudes have impro

60、ved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.1.The author is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain（ ） .3.The author

61、 cites the British example in order to（ ） .4.The authors closing remarks can best be described as（ ） .问题1选项A.interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalitiesB.reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk drivingC.suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drank driving in the United

62、StatesD.analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities问题2选项A.changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined driving while intoxicatedB.made it illegal to drive while intoxicatedC.increased the number of drunk driving arrestsD.placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic

63、 drinks问题3选项A.prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deter drunk drivingB.prove that stricter enforcement of laws against intoxicated drivers would reduce traffic deathsC.show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U. S.D.sugg

64、est that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws问题4选项A.ironicB.indignantC.indifferentD.indecisive【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The author is primarily concerned with _. 1. 作者主要关注_。A. interpreting the results of surveys on traffic fatalities A. 解释交通事故死亡调查结果B. reviewing the effectiveness of