2022年考博英语-苏州大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷75

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1、2022年考博英语-苏州大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题In the spring of 2010, fiscal austerity became fashionable. I use the term advisedly: the sudden consensus among Very Serious People that everyone must balance budgets now wasnt based on any kind of careful analysis. It was more like a fad, something everyone pr

2、ofessed to believe because that was what the in-crowd was saying.And its a fad that has been fading lately, as evidence has accumulated that the lessons of the past remain relevant, that trying to balance budgets in the face of high unemployment and falling inflation is still a really bad idea. Most

3、 notably, the confidence fairy has been exposed as a myth. There have been widespread claims that deficit-cutting actually reduces unemployment because it reassures consumers and businesses; but multiple studies of historical record, including one by the International Monetary Fund, have shown that

4、this claim has no basis in reality.No widespread fad ever passes, however, without leaving some fashion victims in its wake. In this case, the victims are the people of Britain, who have the misfortune to be ruled by a government that took office at the height of the austerity fad and wont admit tha

5、t it was wrong. Britain, like America, is suffering from the aftermath of a housing and debt bubble. Its problems are compounded by Londons role as an international financial center: Britain came to rely on too much on profits from wheeling and dealing to drive its economy-and on financial-industry

6、tax payments to pay for government programs.Over-reliance on the financial industry largely explains why Britain, which came into the crisis with relatively low public debt, has seen its budget deficit soar to 11 percent of GD.P. - slightly worse than the U.S. deficit. And theres no question that Br

7、itain will eventually need to balance its books with spending cuts and tax increases. The operative word here should, however, be “eventually.” Fiscal austerity will depress the economy further unless it can be offset by a fall in interest rates. Right now, interest rates in Britain, as in America,

8、are already very low, with little room to fall further. The sensible thing, then, is to devise a plan for putting the nations fiscal house in order, while waiting until a solid economic recovery is under way before wielding the ax.But trendy fashion, almost by definition, isnt sensible-and the Briti

9、sh government seems determined to ignore the lessons of history. Both the new British budget announced on Wednesday and the rhetoric that accompanied the announcement might have come straight from the desk of Andrew Mellon, the Treasury secretary who told President Herbert Hoover to fight the Depres

10、sion by liquidating the farmers, liquidating the workers, and driving down wages. Or if you prefer more British precedents, it echoes the Snowden budget of 1931, which tried to restore confidence but ended up deepening the economic crisis.The British governments plan is bold, say the pundits-and so

11、it is. But it boldly goes in exactly the wrong direction. It would cut government employment by 490,000 workers-the equivalent of almost three million layoffs in the United States-at a time when the private sector is in no position to provide alternative employment. It would slash spending at a time

12、 when private demand isnt at all ready to take up the slack. Why is the British government doing this? The real reason has a lot to do with ideology: the Tories are using the deficit as an excuse to downsize the welfare state. But the official rationale is that there is no alternative.What happens n

13、ow? Maybe Britain will get lucky, and something will come along to rescue the economy. But the best guess is that Britain in 2011 will look like Britain in 1931, or the United States in 1937, or Japan in 1997. That is, premature fiscal austerity will lead to a renewed economic slump. As always, thos

14、e who refuse to learn from the past are doomed to repeat it.1.The “fiscal austerity” refers to （ ）.2.By saying “the confidence fairy has been exposed as a myth”，the author means （ ）.3.What is wrong with the current governments financial policy?4.By mentioning Andrew Mellon, the author implies that （

15、 ）.5.To the author, the practice of fiscal austerity will certainly lead to （ ）.问题1选项A.the consensus among financial advisersB.the reduction in expenditureC.the severe economic recessionD.the high inflation rate问题2选项A.balancing budgets does not help with employmentB.businesses have not improved thei

16、r operationC.reducing budgets is no longer a fad nowD.falling inflation has given consumers confidence问题3选项A.It cuts financial-industry tax payments.B.It ignores Britains financial situation.C.It has launched Britain into another slump.D.It is made as a response to crises in America.问题4选项A.the Ameri

17、can leaders have made the same mistakeB.the Treasury secretary ignored the interests of the farmers and workersC.the British governments budget plan is seriously wrongD.the American leaders give substantial support to their British counterparts问题5选项A.an unexpected recoveryB.improved employmentC.rene

18、wed confidenceD.a repeated recession【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一段，“the sudden consensus among Very Serious People that everyone must balance budgets now wasnt based on any kind of careful analysis.”，可知第一句中的fiscal austerity等同于这里的balance budgets。严肃人士之间突然达成的共识是，现在每个人都必须平衡预算，而这种共识并不是基

19、于任何仔细的分析。所以平衡预算需要缩减开支，选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“the confidence fairy has been exposed as a myth. There have been widespread claims that deficit-cutting actually reduces unemployment”，可知自信的神话变成了一种虚构。用来暗示财政紧缩政策并没有帮助经济恢复，而财政赤字实际上能降低失业率，并且在第二段中用大量的事实说明了财政紧缩政策并没带来实际作用。可推断出财政紧缩政策对提高就业率并没有产生帮助。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根

20、据文章第四段，“And theres no question that Britain will eventually need to balance its books with spending cuts and tax increases.”，可知毫无疑问，英国最终将需要通过削减开支和增加税收来平衡收支。可推断出削减金融业的税收的财政政策是错误的。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“the British government seems determined to ignore the lessons of history.”，可知英国政府似乎忽视了历史的教训。下文用An

21、drew Mellon的荒谬政策加深经济危机的例子来进一步说明英国政府的平衡收支计划是错误的，忽视了历史教训。选项C符合题意。5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“premature fiscal austerity will lead to a renewed economic slumpthose who refuse to learn from the past are doomed to repeat it.”，可知过早的财政紧缩将导致新一轮的经济衰退，拒绝吸取历史教训的人注定要重蹈覆辙。可判断出作者认为财政紧缩的做法肯定会导致经济衰退重蹈覆辙。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Environ

22、mentalists are doing everything within their power to （ ）the impact of the oil spill.问题1选项A.rejectB.belittleC.minimizeD.reclaim【答案】C【解析】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE动词词义辨析。reject “拒绝”；belittle “轻视，贬低”；minimize “最小化”；reclaim “开拓，回收利用”。句意：环保人士正在尽其所能将石油泄漏的影响降到最低。选项C符合题意。3. 单选

23、题I am very concerned that our （ ） as a great university could be （ ） if our resources fall behind those of the leading American universities.问题1选项A.pose.alteredB.state.changedC.standing.jeopardizedD.status.reversed【答案】C【解析】词汇辨析。pose “姿势”；altered “改变的”；state “形势”；change “改变”；standing “身份”；jeopardize

24、“危害”；status “地位，状态”；reverse “颠倒，撤销，逆反”。句意：我非常担心，如果我们的资源落后于美国一流大学，我们大学的地位可能会受到危害。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Here in the US, before agricultural activities destroyed the natural balance, there were great migrations of Rocky Mountain locusts. Great migrating hordes of these insects once darkened the skies on the pl

25、ains east of the Rockies where crops were often destroyed; the worst years were those from 1874 to 1877. One of these migrating swarms was estimated to contain 124 million locusts. During another migration in Nebraska it was estimated the swarm of locusts averaged half a mile high and was 100 miles

26、wide and 300 miles long. Usually, these swarms take off from the ground against the wind, but, once airborne, they turn and fly with it. Warm convection currents help to lift them often to great heights. During the great locust plagues the situation became so serious that the original state constitu

27、tion had to be rewritten to take care of the economic problems. The new document was known as “Grasshopper Constitution”. It is now believed that these locusts were a migratory form or phase of the lesser migratory locust, which is still common there. In this respect, the North American migratory lo

28、custs resemble their African relatives. In both regions the migratory forms arise as a result of crowding and climatic factors. Migratory forms are apparently natural adaptations which bring about dispersal when locust populations become too crowded. Fortunately for our farmers, the migratory form,

29、the so-called spretus species, no longer seems to occur regularly, although there was a serious outbreak as late as 1938 in mid-western United States and Canada. Actually, there is no reason why the destructive migratory form might not again appear if circumstances should become favorable.1.Which of

30、 the following is the best title for the passage?2.It can be inferred from the passage that the state constitution of Nebraska was rewritten in order to （ ）.3.According to the passage, North American and African migratory locusts are similar in that （ ）.4.The passage supports which of the following

31、conclusions?问题1选项A.The Life Cycle of Locusts.B.Migratory Locusts in the US.C.Locust Plagues in Nebraska.D.The Reproductive Capability of the Locust.问题2选项A.make the constitution more understandable to the publicB.encourage the farmers to leave the stateC.provide for a regular census of the locus popu

32、lationD.solve difficulties that resulted from loss of crops问题3选项A.they always travel toward mountainous regionsB.their destructive activities occur only in plain areasC.climates affect their developmentD.they are both mentioned in state constitutions问题4选项A.The outbreak of locusts in 1938 was more se

33、rious than any other in history.B.Nebraska farmers had no locust problems in the years 1874 - 1877.C.There is a possibility that crops in the US might be destroyed by locusts in the future.D.There is a chance that African migratory locusts may make their way to the US.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.主

34、旨题。本文主要讲述了美国的两次蝗灾，下文接着提到了内布拉斯加州政府修订了州宪法来解决蝗虫带来的经济灾难，最后提出预测，如果条件允许，蝗虫依然会迁徙而带来灾害。所以整篇文章都关于蝗虫的迁徙。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章， “During the great locust plagues the situation became so serious that the original state constitution had to be rewritten to take care of the economic problems.”，可知在蝗灾期间，情况变得如此严重，原来的州宪法不

35、得不重写，以处理经济问题。可判断出内布拉斯加州的州宪法是为了解决因农作物减产而造成的经济问题。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章，“In this respect, the North American migratory locusts resemble their African relatives. In both regions the migratory forms arise as a result of crowding and climatic factors.”，可知在迁移形式上，北美和非洲的蝗虫很相似。在这两个区域，迁徙形式都是由于拥挤和气候因素而产生的。可判断出北美

36、和非洲的蝗虫相似原因在于气候影响。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章，“the worst years were those from 1874 to 1877.”，可知最糟糕的年份是1874年到1877年。可判断出1938年不是最严重的一年，选项A可排除。文中只提到1874-1877年遇到了蝗灾问题，并没有提及内布拉斯加州是否发生，选项B可排除。根据文章最后一句，“there is no reason why the destructive migratory form might not again appear if circumstances should become favora

37、ble.”，可知如果情况有利，破坏性的迁移形式有可能会再次出现，并不能说明非洲蝗虫一定会迁徙到美国。选项D可排除。根据排除法，选项C符合题意。5. 单选题The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physi

38、cian-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects - a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen - is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors

39、 have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until n

40、ow have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.”George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,

41、 the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death, “Its like surgery， he says, “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide

42、 as long as you dont intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on ph

43、ysician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the pe

44、riod of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for asserting and

45、treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it con

46、stitutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear . that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompletely managed and should result in license suspension.”1.From the first three paragraphs, we can learn that （ ）_.2.Which of the following statements

47、is true according to the text?3.According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is （ ）.4.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they （ ）.问题1选项A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients painB.it is still illegal for doctors to

48、 help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide问题2选项A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B.Modem medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The

49、 Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.问题3选项A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care问题4选项A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.gi

50、ve patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patients.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain”，可

51、知近年来，医生们使用大剂量吗啡来缓解晚期病人的疼痛。A选项中used to表示过去，时间上与原文不符，选项A可排除。根据文章第二段，“the Court in effect supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects”，可知最高法院实际上支持“双重效果”的医学原则，这是一个有着几百年历史的道德原则，它认为一个行为有两种效果，可判断出“最高法院强烈反对医生协助自杀”是不正确的，选项C可排除。根据

52、文章第二段，文章提及宪法没有赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，并未提及病人没有宪法赋予的自杀权利。选项D可排除。根据文章第二段，“Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，可知没有宪法赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，可判断出医生协助垂死的人自杀仍然是非法的，选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide”，

53、可知没有宪法赋予医生协助病人自杀的权利，并没有提及他们使病人受到了死亡的威胁将被判有罪。选项A可排除。根据文章第六段，“modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.”，可知现代医学延长了死亡的身体痛苦，可推断出现代医学并不能帮助绝症患者无痛康复。选项B可排除。根据文章第五段，“as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patien

54、t uses the drug to hasten death”，可知只要医生开药方是出于合法的医疗目的，即使是为了加速病人的死亡，医生也没有做任何违法的事情。可推断出医生的用药以他的意图为依据。选项D可排除。根据排除法，选项C符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第七段，“It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dyin

55、g” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.”，可知对疼痛治疗不足和无效强制性医疗程序是临终护理的两个问题。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompletely managed and should

56、 result in license suspension.”，可知许多医生似乎并不关心他们的病人所遭受的不必要的、可预见的痛苦，这些痛苦都是由于管理不善造成的，应该要吊销执照。可判断出George Annas认为延长病人不必要的痛苦的医生应受到惩罚。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题Every effort should contribute to the healthy development of our company, but how did they reach such a decision that may be （ ） to the companys future?问题1选项A.i

57、rrelevantB.detrimentalC.casualD.preceding【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。Irrelevant “不相干的”；detrimental “有害的”；casual “随意的，偶然的”；preceding “先前的”。句意：每一项努力都应该为公司的健康发展做出贡献，但是他们是如何做出这样一个可能对公司未来不利的决定的呢?选项B符合题意。7. 单选题One third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, （ ）in the San Francisco area.问题1选项A.remar

58、kablyB.severelyC.drasticallyD.predominantly【答案】D【解析】副词词义辨析。remarkably “显著地，惊人地”；severely “严重地，严格地”；drastically “彻底地，激烈地”；predominantly “主要地，显著地”。句意：在美国，三分之一的中国人居住在加利福尼亚，大多数主要居住在旧金山地区。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题We cannot always （ ） the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by w

59、ater.问题1选项A.hang onB.hold onC.count onD.come on【答案】C【解析】词组辨析。hang on “坚持下去，不挂断”；hold on “坚持，继续”；count on “指望，依靠”；come on “开始”。句意：我们不能总是依靠风，所以新的风车应该设计得也能由水驱动。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题The childs hysterical crying （ ） the doctor from completing his examination.问题1选项A.fosteredB.spurredC.impededD.sustained【答案】C【解析】

60、动词词义辨析。foster “培养，养育”；spur “激励，鞭策”；impede “阻碍”；sustain “维持”。句意：那孩子歇斯底里的哭声妨碍了医生完成检查。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题The oil price is also a big risk, mainly because the Bush （ ） appears determined to attack Iraq.问题1选项A.governmentB.administrationC.cabinetD.registration【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析。government “政府”；administration “管理

61、，行政”；cabinet “内阁”；registration “登记，注册”。句意：油价也是一个很大的风险，主要是因为布什政府似乎决意要攻打伊拉克。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题A few years ago a lone American campaigner wrote a book in which he set out the main points of his fascinating crusadeto abolish television. His book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television is an Americ

62、an cult bestseller, and after eight editions it is still generating concern and savage debate in the USA.Jerry Mander, a former advertising expert is convinced that for the sake of our freedom, and mental and physical health, we should learn to live without TV. Through his advertising background Man

63、der is aware how much of television is concerned with advertising. He sees the planting of values for profit as a deep, profound and disturbing act by the few against the many, for a trivial purpose. And, even without commercials, he sees TV as disturbing because it crams peoples heads with images which alter the way they feel and behave. Pictures formed by 300,000 tiny dancing dots altering 30 times per second, bombard their eyes as people scan the images 10 times a second. The brain registers and stores all 30 images, but the conscious